Perspectives of vietnamese facebook users towards lgbt parade expressed under posts about hanoi pride parade

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF LINGUISTICS & CULTURES OF ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES GRADUATION PAPER PERSPECTIVES OF VIETNAMESE FACEBOOK USERS TOWARDS LGBT PARADE EXPRESSED UNDER POSTS ABOUT HANOI PRIDE PARADE Supervisor: Hoàng Thị Hạnh Student: Nguyễn Hồng Hạnh Course: QH2016 Hanoi, 2020 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA NGÔN NGỮ VÀ VĂN HÓA CÁC NƯỚC NÓI TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP QUAN ĐIỂM CỦA NGƯỜI DÙNG FACEBOOK VỀ DIỄU HÀNH PRIDE CỦA CỘNG ĐỒNG LGBT ĐƯỢC BIỂU ĐẠT TRONG PHẦN BÌNH LUẬN DƯỚI BÀI VIẾT VỀ DIỄU HÀNH PRIDE HÀ NỘI Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Hoàng Thị Hạnh Sinh viên: Nguyễn Hồng Hạnh Khóa: QH2016 Hà Nội, 2020 ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Nguyễn Hồng Hạnh, class QH2016.F1.E10, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Honours program, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Signature Nguyễn Hồng Hạnh Date ACKNOWLEDMENTS This research would not have been possible without the wholehearted support from all people around me First of all, I would like to express sincere appreciation to my conscientious supervisor, Ms Hoang Thi Hanh for her valuable feedback Her extensive consultation during the researching progress has assisted me to successfully accomplish this research paper Secondly, I would like to send a special thanks to my constant companion – Pham Bao Anh for giving constructed advice and encouraging me through all the ups and downs I would also like to pay my special regards to my dearest friends – Nguyen Hai Linh and Vo Thi Truc Quynh for supporting me spiritually throughout my research Last but not least, I would like to extend my gratitude to family members for their devotion, unconditional love, support and optimism which create a strong motivation for me to fulfill this research i ABSTRACT This research seeks to explore Vietnamese Facebook users’ perspectives on LGBT Pride Parade when it is publicly discussed on Facebook platform The study analyses 915 comments collected in the comment section under two posts about Hanoi Pride Parade on Hóng Chuyện Hollywood and LGBT Việt Nam Qualitative method was applied in this research to investigate the underlying perspectives of Facebook users The comments express both the support from the public and the prejudices against the Hanoi Pride Parade While more than half of the comments express positive perspectives towards this LGBT social movement, some prejudices can still be found Supporters explain the underlying message of the Hanoi Pride parade and reveal the prejudices that LGBT people still face in contemporary society Ideas in opposing remarks appeal to normativity and trivialize the self-pride and LGBT rights Paradoxically, while expressing supportive attitudes towards the Pride Parade, the commenters reveal their aggressive attitudes towards LGBT protestors and the regional prejudice against the Northern region of Vietnam This has created the circle of prejudices between supporters and objectors and also disclose the sense of cultural inferiority in some Vietnamese people The study contributes to our understanding of the current perspectives of Vietnamese Facebook users about LGBT community ii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgments i Abstract ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of research problem and objectives/questions 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Significance of the study 1.5 Organization CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Public frames on homosexuality 2.2 Vietnamese social and sexual norms 2.3 Public attitudes towards the Pride Parade 2.4 LGBT movement in Vietnam CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data collection procedure 3.1.1 Selection of Facebook’s fan pages 11 11 3.1.2 Selection of comments 11 3.1.3 The language of data 12 3.2 Data analysis procedure 12 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Frequencies and evaluation in comments 13 4.2 Support from the public 15 4.2.1 More than a parade 15 4.2.2 Social attitudes under supporters’ perspectives 17 4.2.3 Supporters’ attitudes towards objectors 19 4.2.4 Regional prejudice 20 4.2 Prejudices of Facebook’s users about Hanoi Pride Parade 22 4.2.1 The standard for being an LGBT 22 4.2.2 Self-pride and LGBT rights 26 DISCUSSION 30 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of major findings 34 5.2 Limitations and suggestions for further studies 35 REFERENCES 36 CHAPTER - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study In the ever-growing world of technology, social networking sites have become an indispensable means of communication in people's daily life Murray and Waller (2007) described social media as virtual communities that create room for people to interact with others who share the same interests Facebook, launched by Mark Zuckerberg, is one of the most popular social networks worldwide It is reported to attract 1.15 billion active users every day on average (Clement, 2019) This social networking site enables users to freely create accounts and reveal their owners’ information It also allows people to express their own opinion, feelings, activities publicly or send messages to other users regardless of time and space Moreover, users may establish their relationship when they join different groups based on their workplace, hobbies, or other categories Thousands of Facebook fan pages are also established to provide people with the latest news every single hour so that users can keep up with the constantly changing world through their Internet devices Furthermore, people can leave comments under friends’ posts or other public ones on Facebook to give a personal perspective or show their attention to a topic (Stroud, Duyn, & Peacock, 2016) In Vietnam, by the end of 2017, the number of Facebook users had accounted for 3% of global Facebook users and shown signs of increasing in later years (Phuong, 2017) In 2019, it has been reported by Clement that the number of Facebook users in Vietnam reached around 58 million people This rapid increase in the number of users indicates that Facebook has become a part of the Vietnamese social community Gender and sexualities have been given so much attention for years as more and more LGBT social movements have been organized The term LGBT (or GLBT) is an abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender, which was used since the 1990s (Mitchell, 2017) Pride Parade is known as an outdoor event organized by LGBT community and LGBT supporters to celebrate social and self acceptance of LGBT people along with raising awareness about the LGBT community This event has been annually celebrated in many countries around the world dated back in 1970 in Chicago (Smith, 2019) The Pride Parade was first considered as a political movement to acquire LGBT rights; however, after LGBT community has started to be approved in some countries, the event is now a special occasion for people to show their pride of being themselves and encourage people to live with their actual sexual identities (Thompson, 2019) Pride Parade has recently been celebrated in Hanoi with hundreds of participants including LGBT people and supporters from Vietnam and other countries (VTV, 2019) Hanoi Pride Parade is one of the most noticeable social events held by LGBT community in Vietnam (Dao, 2016) Following the step of LGBT community in the world, the first Pride Parade - Viet Pride was organized in 2012 in Hanoi with the aim to connect LGBT people and encourage them to feel proud of their identities (Gia Đình Mới, 2018) Since then, the Pride Parade has become an annual event that spreads out all over big cities in Vietnam such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, etc (Dao, 2016) In September 2019, Hanoi Pride Parade marked Hanoi’s eight-year of organizing this LGBT event with more than 1000 participants (VTV News, 2019) The event aimed to convey spirit of happiness and pride via the theme “I Am Also A We” This event comprised of a series of activities that lasted for seven days from 16th to 22nd On the first four days, exhibitions, talk shows and workshops were held to provide people with better understanding of the LGBT community The two following days were time for seminars and art performance, which LGBT people and others could share their own opinions and talents The last day of the series of activities was celebrated with walking bicycle parade 1.2 Statement of research problem and objectives/questions Twenty years ago, homosexuality was considered against the social norms in many countries in the world (Burston, et al., 2017) During that time, LGBT According to Tan, he/she claims that LGBT people have the same civil rights as other people in the whole community Minh also implies that LGBT people are not the victims of violence or exploitation; hence; the Hanoi Pride Parade is seen as not “normal” activity Both Facebook users believe that LGBT should feel fulfilled because they not lack any rights Based on these commenters’ perspective, equality is considered equivalent to suffrage or not suffering from physical abuse However, they seemed to leave out other aspects that LGBT might face such as stereotypes, mental abuse or social prejudices To recapitulate, these commenters believe that Hanoi Pride Parade is not needed for these main reasons Firstly, the commenters seem to be of the opinion that some LGBT people are being extreme and behaving like victims even when all of LGBT rights are fully protected Secondly, based on these commenters’ perspectives, the idea about equality is enfranchisement and not being maltreated Finally, it is also strongly asserted by both members of LGBT community and other commenters that self-pride is unnecessary since LGBT is more accepted in Vietnamese society 29 DISCUSSION By employing a qualitative approach, the present research aimed at exploring the Vietnamese Facebook users’ perspectives about LGBT Pride Parade in the comment section under two posts about Hanoi Pride Parade on two Facebook fan pages which are LGBT Việt Nam and Hóng Chuyện Hollywood This research finds out that Vietnamese Facebook users' attitudes expressed in their comments are divided into two main stances: supportive attitude and the opposing one Besides, two unexpected results about supporters’ detestation towards the protestors along with regional prejudices between two regions of Vietnam and between Vietnam and the world are also explored in the collected data The study discovers that supportive attitude dominates the others presented in the comment section with the number of 583 out of 915 comments (64%) Concerning Facebook management policy, the fan page’s administrators can hide the comments based on their preferences; therefore, other users can only see the remarks that are allowed to be displayed This may lead the commenters to follow the dominant comments and affect their perspectives on the situation However, the presented remarks still provide more understanding of the perspectives of Vietnamese netizens The comment reveal that only twenty-four supporters give explanation about the purpose of the Hanoi Pride Parade The parade is organized with the aim to give LGBT community a chance to express their identities, build a connection with the whole society along with political aspects (Engel, 2001; Grupo Estudios Sobre Sexualidad, 2006) Understanding the underlying message behind this social movement, the supporters provide an explanation to clear up the misinterpretation among Vietnamese Facebook users in the comment section However, their elucidation differs from one of Grupo Estudios Sobre Sexualidad (2016) in that those commenters emphasize that politics, specifically LGBT rights and equality are not the aim of the event The meaning provided by the commenters in this study explain that the main purpose of the Hanoi Pride parade is to connect the whole community and encourage 30 people to freely express themselves regardless of their sexual orientations instead of only focusing on LGBT people 96 comments accounting for 10.5% of the total remarks disclose the existence of ethnocentrism and prejudices towards LGBT community, which shares the same viewpoint with other conclusions from previous research such as ones from Lauren and Shelley (2016), Faludi (2016) and Ha (2013) Additionally, the findings of this research are also in line with Nguyen et al.’s (2016) about the fact that the term “normal” is still used as an invisible border to marginalize LGBT people even by supporters The aggressive attitudes raised in supporters’ discourse is a noticeable discovery of this research Throughout the collected data, the term “low intellectual standard” is used to characterize all people who not approve the Hanoi Pride parade or accept LGBT people The motivation behind their actions is justifiable in the present society circumstance which prejudices about LGBT can still be found However, paradoxically, the act of eradicating prejudices is performed in a negative way by comments attacking other groups of people who disapprove of LGBT people This may spark off many unnecessary heated fights and create a circle of prejudices between supporters and objectors in society This action of a part of supporting people might worsen the situation and become a serious obstacle for LGBT people to be fully accepted by the whole community In the discourse of commenters, the research comes frequent of expression of regional prejudice Inside the Vietnamese border, the prejudice exists between the North and the South Precisely, it is the prejudice between Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City which are two destinations of the Pride parade in 2019 Outside the national border, Vietnam is compared with the Western countries in terms of ideology In earlier studies, not only in Vietnam but also in foreign countries frame LGBT as anti-traditionalism (Horton & Rydstrom, 2011; Johnston, 2005) It is believed that homosexuality is a downward trend from Western countries, which devastates the family bloodline and the social balance (Horton & Rydstrom, 2019; Faludi, 2016) However, this research finds out a contrary point 31 of view in comparison with the previous ones The North is claimed to be retrogressive as it is strongly affected by Confucian ideology while the South is considered more advanced since it follows the Western lifestyles Moreover, any Vietnamese commenters who oppose the Hanoi Pride parade are also regarded as going against the development of the world, or going against the civilisation process Paradoxically, while expressing supportive attitudes towards LGBT events, the commenters reveals their regional prejudice against the Northern region of Vietnam This means that there is a change in the mindset of Vietnamese users about the influence of Western countries on Vietnam, especially in terms of the LGBT social movements This change can also be considered a culture cringe People who praise the Western culture dismiss the Confucian ideology that has rooted in Vietnamese society for a long period Hence, they believe that accepting LGBT community is the act of superior culture while the contrary is inferior The second attitude arising under two posts is the prejudices of Facebook users towards the LGBT community and the Hanoi Pride Parade After scrutinizing the discourse of unsupportive commenters, two main ideas which are the standard for LGBT and the unnecessary of the Hanoi Pride Parade are found In line with previous research (Nguyen, Poteat et al 2016; Institute of Studies for Society, Economy and Environment, 2011b), this study found that the term “normal” is constantly repeated and is regarded as an ethical standard of how LGBT people should behave Under the objectors’ perspective, unless LGBT people follow heterosexual people’s actions and behaviours, they are considered abnormal Moreover, this research admits that homosexuality is still being identified as a disease like in other previous research (Lauren & Shelley, 2016; Faludi, 2016, Davis 2008; Padva 2008; Raley & Lucas 2006) However, rather than being judged as a social disease, commenters believe that LGBT people are experiencing a mental pathology It is also discovered in this study that the ideology of heteronormativity strongly affects a significant part (24%) of the Vietnamese Facebook users under both posts This idea was explained in earlier 32 studies (Nguyen 2002; Nguyen & Angelique 2017) as the consequence of Confucianism after more than a millennium being invaded and controlled by China In these comments, the users directly express their prejudices towards the LGBT community rather than the Hanoi Pride Parade The protestors indicate in their comments that extreme actions, self-victimization are reasons for the public hostility Undeniably, the Hanoi Pride Parade in Vietnam does suffer the same prejudices as one mentioned in Brickell research (2000) The objectors’ idea about LGBT equality and rights in Vietnam is also uncovered in the research When talking about these aspects, the commenters believe that citizenship is equally applied to the whole community; hence, there is no reason for the parade to be organized The claim about the tolerance of Vietnamese society toward sexual minorities was presented in Khuat, Le and Nguyen’s research in 2009; however, these researchers did not disapprove of the need of having LGBT social movement and they did admit that prejudices still exists The disapproval comments also raise a question about whether self-pride needs to be publicly proved Surprisingly, the research discovers that even some people in LGBT community trivialize the Hanoi Pride Parade and go against it since they also consider it an annoyance Besides the mentioned perspectives of Vietnamese Facebook users, the finding also finds out that the term “LGBTQ+” is not widely used in the comments, even by supporter Since most comment only used “LGBT” to refer to the people of this community, it can be concluded that there is a lack of awareness about other sexualities in a part Vietnamese society 33 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary of major findings From the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a growing encouragement from Vietnamese Facebook users towards the Hanoi Pride Parade However, prejudices still exist on Facebook platforms through users’ comments Most ideas used to support commenters’ perspectives contribute and strengthen the previous research findings However, this research also discloses surprising results beyond the initial expectations about the supporter’s attitudes towards objectors and regional prejudice Overall, there are two main stances presented in the findings Firstly, 64% of the commenters express supportive attitudes towards the Hanoi Pride Parade By explaining the underlying message of the event, they aim at clearing up the misunderstanding that appears in the comment section The bitter reality that LGBT people face along with difficulties that supporters experience in their lives indicates the existence of prejudice in Vietnamese society Unexpected aggressive attitudes from supporters towards objectors are discovered in this research Regional prejudices about the North and South of Vietnam and between Vietnam and Western countries are also found in the collected discourse While approving the Hanoi Pride parade is consider following the world’s development, opposing is criticized for going backward This reveals that the inferior complex does exist in some Vietnamese Facebook users’ mindset since they consider Western culture superior to their own culture The second perspective is the opposition against LGBT ad the Hanoi Pride parade The comments set the social acceptance standard for LGBT people, which marginalizes them in the term “‘normal” This also reveals that LGBT people are being dehumanised with strong heteronormativity bias The second 34 one is the belief about the gratuitousness of self-pride and crying for rights by both LGBT people and other unsupportive commenters From the research findings, some implication can be offered to highlight the significance of this study First, as LGBT social movements’ meaning still cannot avoid misunderstanding, promotion of LGBT activities should be increased on media or in education to raise people awareness The findings also reveal that prejudices remain in the society; hence, LGBT community and its supporters still face some struggle to get the acceptance of the whole community However, expressing aggressive attitudes and prejudices towards the protestors is not the solution for the problem 5.2 Limitations and suggestions for further studies The limitation of this research lies in the study’s data As clarified in chapter three - Methodology, access to all comments on both fan pages was restricted due to Facebook policy which allows the fan page’s administrator to censor unwanted or offensive comments Thus, findings of this study should be interpreted with cautions Though the research can only reflect a part of the users’ perspectives about the Hanoi Pride parade, it is still able to contribute our understanding of the current perspectives of Facebook users by strengthening previous findings and discovering unexpected results about the prejudices raised by LGBT supporters along with the regional prejudices I also suggest that more research about LGBT supporters’ attitudes towards objectors should be done as studies about this topic are still limited 35 REFERENCES Adamczyk, A., & Cheng, Y.-H A (2015) Explaining attitudes about homosexuality in Confucian and non-Confucian nations: Is there a ‘cultural’ influence? 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