Các chiến lược lịch sử được sử dụng trong các đoạn hội thoại ở phần nghe của giáo trình innovations pre intermediate li

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT PHAN THỊ NGỌC BÍCH POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE CONVERSATIONS IN THE LISTENING SECTIONS OF THE COURSEBOOK “INNOVATIONS PRE-INTERMEDIATE” CÁC CHIẾN LƯỢC LỊCH SỰ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN HỘI THOẠI Ở PHẦN NGHE CỦA GIÁO TRÌNH “INNOVATIONS - PRE-INTERMEDIATE” M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 HÀ NỘI – 2013 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT PHAN THỊ NGỌC BÍCH POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE CONVERSATIONS IN THE LISTENING SECTIONS OF THE COURSEBOOK “INNOVATIONS PRE-INTERMEDIATE” CÁC CHIẾN LƯỢC LỊCH SỰ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN HỘI THOẠI Ở PHẦN NGHE CỦA GIÁO TRÌNH “INNOVATIONS - PRE-INTERMEDIATE” M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 Supervisor: Dr Tran Thi Thu Hien HÀ NỘI – 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Tran Thi Thu Hien, whose sincerity and encouragement has been my inspiration as I hurdle all the obstacles in the completion this research work Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and my friends for both their encouragement and supports during the time undertook my study Without them my thesis would not be able to complete ABSTRACT This study examines 55 conversations in listening sections of the book ―Innovations – Pre-Intermediate‖ – a course book of natural English to indicate the ways speakers apply politeness strategies in everyday conversations The length of conversations ranges from 18 seconds to minutes 40 seconds and all of them deal with familiar topics such as everyday problems, studying, fixing objects, buying and selling things in the shop, life style, job and money The theory of politeness has been reviewed by many scholars Brown & Levinson (1987), Kasper (1994), Fraser (1990), Eelen (2001), Watts (2003), and House and Kasper (1981) This study mainly focuses on the theory of Brown and Levinson‟s (1987) as theoretical background to investigate positive and negative politeness strategies used by speakers in the conversations of the book Majority of the tactics found to be utilized in this book belong to positive politeness strategy while the most frequently used tactic is that of negative politeness strategy TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgment Abstract List of tables List of abbreviations INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 1 Rationale………………………………………………………… 2 Aims of the study………………………………………………… 3 Scope of the study………………………………………………… Significant of the study …………………………………………… Design of the study ……………………………………………… CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND……………………… Face theories ………………………………………………… 1.1.1 Face ………………………………………………………… 1.1.2 Face threatening acts……………………………………… 1.1.3 Politeness …………………………………………………… 1.1.4 Politeness strategies ……………………………………… 11 1.1.4.1 Bald on-record strategy ………………………… 12 1.1.4.2 Off record strategy ……………………………… 13 1.1 1.1.4.3 Positive politeness strategy ……………………… 15 1.1.4.4 Negative politeness strategy ……………………… 16 1.2 Conversation ……………………………………………………… 18 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY …………………………………… 18 2.1 Data collection …………………………………………………… 18 2.2 Participants ………………………………………………………… 19 2.3 Research method ………………………………………………… 19 2.4 Research procedure ……………………………………………… 21 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ……………………… 22 3.1 Positive politeness strategies ……………………………………… 32 3.2 Negative politeness strategies …………………………………… 36 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………… 36 Summary……………………………………………………… 37 Implications…………………………………………………… 38 Limitations ………………………………………………… 40 REFERENCE …………………………………………………………… APPENDIX …………………………………………………………… 43 List of tables Table 1: Frequency of positive politeness strategies Table 2: Frequency of negative politeness strategies List of abbreviations FTA: Face Threatening Act e.g: for example INTRODUCTION Rationale Language plays an integral role in social life, which is not only a tool for people to communicate but also to identify with a particular cultural group Language can reflect the way people live and think as well as the culture of a country, an ethnic Among languages all over the world, English is considered the most widely used language because it is becoming the common language on the Internet and in the world English not only is the effective means of communication but also shows its progressive effects in many aspects of life English, for many people, is especially useful because it can broaden their employment opportunities, since it is used so commonly and widely in business Employers of multilateral institutions and agencies recruit employees with professional skills also expect the candidates to have good English-speaking skills In today‟s world, English serves as a medium for communication for not only people in English speaking country but also learners of English as second and foreign language As a result, there is an increasing demand of studying English in many countries all over the world including Vietnam In the past ten years, English has developed with an unprecedented speed in Vietnam Though not yet fully documented, around 90% of foreign language learners have been studying English Various language centers, both public and private, have been established with different courses, programs and types of training to serve the different learning needs of different types of learners In daily life, people communicate to each other using language and through conversations In order to avoid embarrassing other people or making people feel uncomfortable, it is advisable for participants in the conversations to be aware of politeness strategies The development of politeness strategies is mainly for the purpose of saving hearers‟ face (Brown, P & Levinson, S C., 1978) People use politeness when 10 Conversation 34 A: It‟s delicious! It‟s one of the best places to eat in town Every time I‟ve been there it‟s been great You should try it I‟m sure you‟d like it B: Really? Well I think I might take one of my clients there tomorrow evening I‟ve got someone coming over from Germany on business and I want to take her somewhere nice A: Honestly It‟d be ideal Conversation 35 A: Wonderful! Really great… the wine, everything! We had a really great time The weather was nice, the people were nice It was brilliant! B: It sounds lovely! And what was your hotel like? A: Oh, it was wonderful! It was a really old place, family-run, and they were so friendly and helpful It was brilliant, it really was Conversation 36 A: Awful! It was really terrible – the acting, the story, everything! It was a waste of money, and go and see something else instead B: Was it really that bed? It stars Kevin Clint, doesn‟t it? What was he like in it? A: Don‟t ask! It‟s the worst, I‟ve never seen him act He was awful Conversation 37 A: Great! He was funny He‟s always making me laugh He‟s very smart as well – he works with computers, so he really good with numbers and machines, and things like that B: He sounds nice Do you see him very often? 89 A: Yes, quite often He lives quite near where I work, so we have lunch together once or twice a month Conversation 38 A: OK I suppose It wasn‟t the best I‟ve ever been to It went on a bit too long, I think I‟ve heard that piece played much better elsewhere B: Oh, really? T doesn‟t sound very good What was the venue like? I‟ve heard the building is incredible A: Oh, yes The place was amazing It‟s really beautiful in there It‟s just a shame the music wasn‟t as good Conversation 39 A: Brilliant I‟m really enjoying it It‟s very practical, so we spend a lot of time making things, and looking at things and talking about them It‟s really nice to be so active for a change B: And what‟re the other students in the class like? A: They‟re all really nice – apart from this one strange English girl who never really talks to anyone, but most of them are lovely B: What about the teacher? What‟s she like? A: It‟s a he, actually He‟s great Really interesting, really good Conversation 40 A: It‟s nice It‟s quite large, so there‟s plenty of space for the three of us The kitchen‟s very modern, so that‟s good and the bedrooms are OK too, the bathroom is a bit small, but it‟s OK I‟ve lived in much worse places before! B: Oh, it sounds lovely what‟re your neighbors like? 90 A: I‟m not sure, actually I‟ve only seen them on the stairs I haven‟t talked to them yet They look OK, though UNIT 15 Conversation 41 (L = Leroy, S = Ticket seller) L; Hi I‟d like to book two tickets for the show on Saturday, please S: OK Is that for the afternoon show or the evening one? L: Oh I didn‟t realize that there was a choice Let me think …um… the evening one please S: Right Let me just check if we have ticket available… Oh, I‟m sorry, but I‟m afraid that show is completely sold out We still have tickets for the afternoon, though It starts at four L: oh right…um…well, I suppose that should be OK S: Ok, it‟s two tickets for the four o‟clock show on Saturday afternoon Whereabouts would you like to sit? L: As near to the front as possible, please S: OK, I‟m checking Oh, I‟m sorry, but the closest to the front that we‟ve got is Row S Does that sound OK? L: Well, not really We wouldn‟t see much from there, would we? Have you dgot anything upstairs? S: I‟ll just check…Yes, we have We‟ve got a couple of seats in Row C, if you‟re interested L: That sounds great Are those the same price as the ones downstairs? S: No, I‟m afraid they are a bit more expensive These are £42 and the ones downstairs are £27 91 L: Forty-pounds! Each! You‟re joking , aren‟t you? I can‟t afford that I‟ll have to go for the two in Row U or whatever it was S: Certainly, sir, so that‟s two seats in Row S And how will you be paying? L: By credit card, please, if that‟s OK S: Yes, of course What kind? L: It‟s an American Express S: OK, And can I take your number please? L: Yes It‟s 4926-8631-6231-9221 S: And the expiry date? L: It‟s 04/07 S: And can I have the address where the card is registered, please? L: Yes, it‟s 14, Boochwood Park, E17 and í‟s in my name, Leroy Jones That‟s L-E-R-OY S: OK, that‟s fine You can just pick the tickets up from the box office, any time after four today L: Great OK Thanks for your help UNIT 16 Conversation 42 C: What happened to you yesterday? L: I‟m really sorry There were some roadworks and the bus was really slow It took me over an hour to get there C: Why didn‟t you ring? I would‟ve waited L: I tried, but my mobile was dead, because I‟d forgotten to recharge it 92 C: Oh, what a shame We did wait for about half an hour, but we didn‟t want to miss the beginning of the film, so we went without you L: Yes, I thought that was what you must‟ve done, so I just went home again! Conversation 43 P: Are you OK? You look a bit fed up K: Yes I‟ve just had my mobile stolen P: You‟re joking? What happened? K: I was stupid I was just having a coffee in that bar over the road and I stupidly left it lying on the table Anyway, a couple of young lads came up to me and started talking really fast And I just said I didn‟t understand and they just walked off By the time I noticed the mobile had gone, they‟d disappeared P: That‟s terrible Are you insured? K: Yes, yes I can replace the phone easily, but the problem is all the phone numbers I keep in the phone P: Oh, no! You don‟t have them written down anywhere? K: No, I just always put them straight into my mobile I never bother to write them anywhere else P: What a pain K: Yes, I don‟t really know how I can contact some of them Conversation 44 F: Where did you say we were meeting Tom? E: Well, ii thought it was here, in front of Tesco‟s 93 F: Don‟t you remember? When did you last speak to him? E: Last week sometime I tried calling him yesterday, but he wasn‟t in F: Have you got his mobile number on you now? E: Yes, one minute I think it‟s here somewhere…um…no, it‟s not Sorry F: What a pain! So what shall we now? E: Let‟s wait five minutes and if he doesn‟t come, let‟s just go without him Conversation 45 B: Is that new? T: Yes, haven‟t you see one of these yet? They‟re the new fourth generation ones They‟re great! B: Really? So what does it do, then? T: Well, you can all the normal things like phone and test people and it‟s got Internet connection and games, and things like that B: Yes, mine has all that T: Yes, OK, but this one can take photo and send them and…look…you can watch TV on it too and download films from the Internet B: No! T: Yes, look There you go B: Wow! That‟s amazing! How much did you pay for it? T: It was only $2.000 I got it in Hong Kong B: Only $2000! You think that‟s cheap! T: Yes, it‟s not expensive for something like this! B: And how long the batteries last? 94 T: Ah, well, that‟s the problem, you see Only about 20 minutes, usually, but they‟re trying to sort that out UNIT 17 Conversation 46 (V=Vernon, J=Jenny, A=assistant) V: Have we got everything now? Can we go home? J: Yes, almost I just need to go to this shop I want to get a present for Anna It‟s her birthday on Wednesday V: OK, but let‟s make it quick… J: Do you think she will like this? V: I don‟t know! Maybe, what is it? J: What you mean, what is it? It‟s a vase, isn‟t it? Men! Honestly! You‟ve got no idea V: How much is it? J: I don‟t know Let me have a look…Oh no! It‟s £80 V: Eighty pound! For that! It probably only holds one flower J: It is very nice, though V: Don‟t be silly, let‟s put it back J: OK, careful…Vernon! V Oh, no I‟m sorry I don‟t know what I was doing It just slipped from my fingers as I was putting it back on the self I‟m really sorry A: Well, I‟m afraid you‟ll have to pay for it V: Pay for it? You‟re joking, aren‟t you? Aren‟t you cover by insurance for that kind of things? A: I‟m sorry sir, but it does say very clearly on the sign over there, any breakages must be paid for 95 V: But, it‟s £80 A: I‟m sorry, but those are rules and we can‟t afford to have things broken like that We lose money We lose money V: Do you think I can afford it? It was an accident! A: I‟m sorry, sir Would you like me to call the manager? J: Oh, Vernon, let‟s just pay for it I‟ll pay it for half It was partly my fault V: OK, yes, I suppose I mean thanks But Jenny - £80 It‟s such a waste of money! J: I know, but that‟s life Conversation 47 (F=Freddie, L=Lisa) F: Would you like another drink before we go? L: No, I‟m fine I‟ve still got a bit left here F: OK, you mind if I just go and ask for a bit left here? L: No, of course not Go ahead F: Oh, no, sorry Oh no, er…let me get a cloth… Excuse me, excuse me Could you bring us a cloth? We‟ve spilt some wine Lisa, I‟m really sorry L: Don‟t worry about it! F: Oh, no, it‟s gone on you dress L: It‟s all right It‟s not too bad I‟ll just rub some salt in it It‟ll come out in the wash F: Are you sure? It‟s such a lovely dress I‟ll pay to get it cleaned L: Don‟t be silly! It‟s fine It‟s only a couple of drops It‟ll be fine It‟s quite an old dress anyway F: I just feel bad I wanted us to have a great evening 96 L: Forget about it These things happen I‟m having a lovely time F: OK, I can be so clumsy sometimes I‟m sorry Shall we just go? L: Yes, let‟s and don‟t worry about it F: OK Here, let me get your coat Oh no, I‟m really sorry… UNIT 18 Conversation 48 A: Hi, I wonder if you can help me with this? B: What‟s the problem with it? A: I‟m not really sore It‟s just not working properly When you press record, the red light doesn‟t come on and then, even if it works, the films usually comes out looking very strange B: OK Let me have a look at it…oh, it‟s very dirty How long have you had it? A: Quite a while now Maybe four or five years B: Right That‟s quite a long time And when was the last time you clean it? A: Clean it? I didn‟t know I had to! I‟ve never cleaned it I don‟t know how to it B: Ah-ha.! Well, that could be part of the problem Let‟s open it all up and give it a good clean, and see if that makes any difference A: Oh Great Thanks Can I leave it with you? B: Yes, of course It should be ready later on today, if you want to come back later to collect it Conversation 49 A: Hi, thanks for coming B: That‟s OK Where is it? 97 A: Just through here in the kitchen There you are B: Right, OK And what‟s the problem with it? A: I‟m not really sure It‟s making a funny noise when it goes round and I think it‟s leaking somewhere because water keeps coming out from underneath here/ B: I see And how long‟ve you had it? A: Almost four years now and I‟ve never had any problems with it before B: No, it‟s a very good make They don‟t usually break down Let‟s start with the noise, you always check there‟s no money in your pockets before you put things in? A: Well…um…I try to of course, but it‟s possible I missed some sometimes B: Well, that could be it, then Sometimes, coins get stuck just here and start making a horrible noise Let‟s open this up and have a look OK? And then we‟ll worry about the leak Conversation 50 A: So what‟s wrong with it? B: I‟ve no idea! I‟ve tried turning it on and off, but nothing happens at all I‟ve tried pressing all the buttons here, but that didn‟t make any difference I‟ve even tried changing the batteries in the remote control I use with it, but that didn‟t help either I really don‟t know what to A: How long have you had it? B: Just a couple of days I only bought it last Saturday and the man in the shop told me it was the best brand you can buy It makes me really angry A: OK, OK Calm down and let‟s just have a look at it It‟s all connected op OK B: I know I checked all that earlier A: It‟s very strange Let‟s start from the beginning with it, then OK Oh, look – you idiot! B: What? What have I done? 98 A: You haven‟t plug it in over here, haven‟t you! I‟m not surprised it hasn‟t been working! B: Oh no I‟m really sorry I‟ve completely wasted your time, then! A: Oh, well, never mind You live and learn, I suppose B: Yes, maybe…but it‟s a really stupid mistake, isn‟t it? A: You can say that again! UNIT 19 Conversation 51 (B1=boy 1, B2=boy 2) B1: Can‟t you ask your mum and dad for some? B2: I have, but they just said I‟ve had my pocket money already They only give me £15 a week I buy one CD and it‟s nearly all gone It‟s a pain I can never afford to go out these days B1: Won‟t they give you anymore? Fifteen pounds is nothing B2: No I‟ve ask them, but they just said I should get a job It‟s so unfair You don‟t have a job Gino doesn‟t have a job None of my friends have one B1: I know It‟s awful! B2: I don‟t want to spend my weekends filling shelves in a supermarket for £5 an hour B1: I‟m glad they‟re not MY parents Conversation 52 (M = Man; W=Woman) M: So how‟s work? 99 W: Oh, don‟t ask! It‟s just the same old thing I‟m really fed up with it You know, I‟m earning the same money as I was when I first started there five years ago M: That‟s terrible Haven‟t you had any pay rise in five years? W: No, nothing M: So how much you get? W: Seven euros an hour M: Seven? That‟s awful How you survive? W: Well, I have to live at home with my parents, I cycle to work, that kind of thing, I manage, but it‟s terrible money I never have any money at the end of the month M: So why don‟t you get another job? W: I can‟t afford to take time off work to got to interviews And there aren‟t many jobs around at the moment, anyway M: That‟s awful Conversation 53 (G1=Girl1; G2=Girl 2) G1: Did you see the new jeans Jenny was wearing? G2: yes, they look OK I‟m not sure I would wear them, though G1: No, me neither But you know how much they cost? G2: No were they expensive? G1: Two hundred and fifty pounds G2: Two hundred and fifty pounds for a pair of jeans! You‟re joking G1: No, honestly, she told me herself She got them in some fancy designer shop on Saturday G2: That‟s crazy Is she really well off, then? 100 G1: I don‟t think so She‟s a nurse She works at Spingfield hospital I think she just pays for everything on her credit card I went out with her the other day and she probably spent £150 then Honestly, she just spends money like water G2: Maybe she‟s from a rich family G1: I don‟t think so – and she was complaining she couldn‟t afford to go on holiday in the summer because she‟s in debt! G2: I‟m not surprised Conversation 54 (T1=Tourist 1, T2=Tourist 2) T1: did you get the bill? T2: Yes T1: How much was it? T2: Fifteen pounds T1: Really? Let me have a look… What? Two fifty for a coffee That‟s terrible T2: No, that‟s normal, isn‟t it? T1: No way! Things like that are much cheaper in my country than they are in London I mean, you probably only pay about six or seven T2: Oh, in my country it‟s fairy similar to here The only thing which is cheaper there is public transport Buses and trains are much cheaper than they are here And they‟re nicer as well T1: Yes, well, everything‟s cheaper in my country that it is here That‟s why I can‟t afford to study in the UK much longer I‟m running out of money – fast! 101 UNIT 20 Conversation 55 D: Did you see those two young people at the bus stop? M: I did Young people nowadays have got no shame We were never allowed to kiss in public like that, were we, Doris? D: No we lived in a more polite time The language young people use today – it‟s awful They swear all the time – using those bad words Honestly, it‟s shameful M: I know Did I tell you what happened to me in the supermarket the other day? D: No, what happened? M: Well, you know I have a bad leg D: Oh, yes You have to use a stick sometimes, don‟t you? M: Yes, well, I did my little bit of shopping – you know, just a little bit of bread and cheese – I don‟t eat much these days And then I bought some tins of cat food D: Just a few things, then M: Yes, and I came to the checkout to pay there and there was a queue Well, my leg was hurting because I‟d been round the shop, you know D: Well, you‟ve got a bad leg, haven‟t you? M: But no one offer to let me go first I just had to wait D: Oh, young people! When we were young, we always used to let old people go first, didn‟t we? M: I know, but it doesn‟t happen any more D: No Young people today – they‟re always in such a ruch M: Anyway, I told the boy in front of me, I said “My leg‟s hurting They should have help for old people like me We should get treated better” D: Good for you 102 M: But you know what he did then? He called something which I‟m not going to repeat and he laughed at me! D: No! That‟s terrible, Marge They‟ve got no respect, these young people Oh, look at those two standing by the door Are they boys or girls? You can‟t tell the difference sometimes with these girls with their short hair and trousers and the boys with rings in their ears and noses and everywhere M: Oh I know It wasn‟t like that in our day Girls were girls and boys were boys D: Oh that‟s mine Hello, Reg is that you? Yes, I‟m on the bus I said I‟m on the bus! 103 ... POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THE CONVERSATIONS IN THE LISTENING SECTIONS OF THE COURSEBOOK ? ?INNOVATIONS PRE- INTERMEDIATE? ?? CÁC CHIẾN LƯỢC LỊCH SỰ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN HỘI THOẠI Ở PHẦN NGHE CỦA... SỰ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG CÁC ĐOẠN HỘI THOẠI Ở PHẦN NGHE CỦA GIÁO TRÌNH ? ?INNOVATIONS - PRE- INTERMEDIATE? ?? M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 Supervisor: Dr Tran Thi Thu Hien... study namely: ―Politeness strategies in the Conversations in the Listening Sections of the Course book Innovations Pre- Intermediate? ?? with the expectation to reveal the linguistic politeness strategies