Những nghĩa khác nhau của từ money trong các thành ngữ tiếng anh

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH ******************* KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NHỮNG NGHĨA KHÁC NHAU CỦA TỪ ‗MONEY‘ TRONG CÁC THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: PGS.TS Nguyễn Xuân Thơm Sinh viên: Trương Thị Nga Khoá: QH2008 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2012 ii - VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION ******************* GRADUATION PAPER MEANINGS OF THE WORD « MONEY » IN ENGLISH IDIOMS Supervisor : Assoc Prof Nguyen Xuan Thom Student : Truong Thi Nga Course: K42 HÀ NỘI – NĂM 2012 iii - ACCEPTANCE I hereby state that I: Truong Thi Nga from group 081E20, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Hanoi, nd May 2012 Truong Thi Nga iv - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my teachers, my friends and my relatives for their assistance and guidance First of all, I would like my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Asso Prof Dr Nguyen Xuan Thom, for valuable guidance, comments and corrections from the very beginning of this paper I take this opportunity to extent my special thank to all my teachers in English Department, University of foreign language and international studies, Vietnam National University They have generously offered me useful lectures, much help and encouragement In addition, my gratitude also goes to my friends with their ideas, materials and enthusiasm Finally, I would also like to thank to my family and my classmates for their great support and encouragement in the accomplishment of my thesis Definitely, I will not able to anything without their help Hanoi, nd May 2012 Trương Thị Nga 08.1.E20 ABSTRACT In the English language, idioms are one of issues that have never been studied comprehensively There are many interesting topics in this valuable treasure of the language, and money is not an exception I would like to choose the humble thesis ‘Meanings of the word ‘money’ in English idioms’ to study My study consists of three parts: introduction, development and conclusion Introduction introduces the rationale, the aims, the scope, the method as well as the design of the study Development, the main part of the study, contains three chapters in which I represent the literature review, the English and Vietnamese people‘s views on ‗money‘ and the idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ in English and Vietnamese The literature review consists of the theories of the idioms and ‗money‘ as an ordinary word and as a term in finance The main part of the study is the idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ in English and Vietnamese focusing on the meanings of the English idioms containing the word ‗money‘ and a comparative analysis with Vietnamese ones Conclusion contains the findings coming from the above comparative analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE .i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Aim of the study Scope of the study .3 Method of the study Design of the study DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW .5 1.1 Idioms 1.1.1 Definition of idioms 1.1.2 Characteristics of idioms 1.2 Money .9 1.2.1 Money as an ordinary word 1.2.2 Money as a term in finance 1.2.2.1 Definition and classification 1.2.2.2 Role and function 10 1.2.2.2.1 Money as a measure of value 10 1.2.2.2.2 Money as a medium of exchange 11 1.2.2.2.3 Money as storing and accumulating of value and purchasing power 11 1.2.2.2.4 Money as measure of payment 12 CHAPTER 2: ‘MONEY’ IN THE VIEW OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE AND ENGLISH PEOPLE .13 CHAPTER 3: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS CONTAINING THE WORD ‘MONEY’ IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 15 3.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘money’ .15 3.1.1 Positive meanings .15 3.1.1.1 Good Financial capacity 15 3.1.1.2 Characteristics of job/ thing 18 3.1.1.3 Spending money .19 3.1.1.4 The personal characters and behaviors 19 3.1.2 Negative meanings 20 3.1.2.1 Illegal actions 20 3.1.2.2 Wasting money 21 3.1.2.3 The personal characters and behaviors 25 3.1.3 Neutral meanings 26 3.2 A comparison with Vietnamese ones 31 3.2.1 Idiomatic expressions containing the word ‘money’ in Vietnamese 31 3.2.2 A comparative analysis with Vietnamese ones 32 3.3 Analysis 36 3.4 Summary 40 CONCLUSION .41 REFERENCES .43 v - INTRODUCTION Rationale From the writer‘s point of view, idiom in general and English idiom in particular is a form of collocation which reflects every activity occurring in daily life briefly and condensedly, which helps conversationers communicate with each other effectively because they must not say much to express what they want to say with idioms Due to of this advantage of idioms, idiomatic expressions are more and more popular in daily conversations It means that it will be often encountered by every learner Actually, there is nothing that sounds worse than a learner of foreign languages who use an idiom inappropriately or slightly incorrectly or in an unsuitable context For example, it is trouble if you not know the meaning of "The smart money is on" (ability to know most about situation that is likely to happen) In general, learning idioms (including idioms containing the word ‗money‘) is necessary for both the native speakers and the learners Besides, learning idioms is one of evaluation criteria of their English proficiency It‘s true that understanding and using English idioms in everyday communication well is a success of foreign language learners, which only people who really master English can I still remembered when I started learning English, my teacher used to ask our class ―What you think is the most difficult in learning English?‖ and most of us answered that we have trouble with verb tenses and not have enough vocabulary As a language teacher, he tried to find many methods to help students increase both their passive and their active vocabularies One of the most effective ways he mentioned is to incorporate new words and expressions into their language are through the study of idioms and idiomatic expressions Indeed, the Oxford Dictionary of English Idioms (1993) states in its introduction that the "accurate and appropriate use of English expressions which are in the broadest sense idiomatic is one distinguishing mark of a native command of the language and a reliable measure of the proficiency of foreign learners" That is, once students were not able only to understand idiomatic expressions, but also to produce them, we can say that they have attained a high level of second-language proficiency Moreover, as a student of the Translators- Interpreters training DivisionEnglish Department, I find it is necessary for a translator or an interpreter to touch every field but more importantly to be specialized in a certain field that he is very interested in For me, idioms containing the word ‗money‘ are complicated but very interesting and useful in both oral and written communication, which is the subject of great interest Thus, I am very eager for choosing the above thesis With my determination to go gradually into the challenging world of its terminology and idioms, this studied is carried out With this study, the writer hope for bringing a clear understanding of various meaning aspects of the term ‗money‘ in English idioms and differences in ‗money idioms‘ in Vietnamese and English, especially helping the translators and interpreters have a good reference source to translate terminologies and idioms containing ‗money‘ available in related documents successfully Aim of the study With this graduation paper, I hope readers will get the two following things Firstly, my objective of writing this graduation paper is to explore various meaning aspects of ‗money‘ in English idioms and compare them in Vietnamese Then, it is to establish the similarities and differences between Vietnamese and English idioms containing the words ‗money‘ Due to difficulties in learning, understanding and using idioms, I hope that this paper will help English language learners to improve their understanding of idioms containing the word ‗money‘ and using them in appropriate contexts in daily communication as well as in business area Furthermore, it may provide a basic knowledge of idioms in general and ―money‖ idioms in particular for people who are interested in further individual - use the word ‗money‘ in the idiom expressing the good thing A person is too rich in money, fortune and rice that he can‘t spend all, the Vietnamese language has an idiom: Tiền dư thóc mục (also Tiền dư thóc lẻ) or Tiền rừng bạc bể For instance, ‗Năm bác Chín tiền dư thóc mục, làm giàu‘ (Uncle Chin is very rich in rice and money this year.) 3.2.1.1.2 Spending money When everything that one has paid for; the best quality for the money paid, English people use the noun phrase One’s money worth, Vietnamese people also have an equivalent idiom Tiền to emphasize the value of money is equivalent to quality of goods For example, ‗Đúng tiền nấy, loại loại hai giá chênh lệch phải, hai loại chất lượng khác trời vực.‘ 3.2.1.2 Negative meanings If English people use the idiom Throw money at something to talk about someone is trying to solve a problem by spending a lot of money without good results, Vietnamese language has an idiom: Tiền tật mang It is used to say about that somebody spends a lot of money on treating diseases but being unhealthy and even having more pains or in a broad view, someone takes a lot of minds and money on something or any job but does not get good results For example, ‗Hắn có chứng bệnh tim, uống khơng biết thứ thuốc mà tiền tật mang‘ (A short story by Nam Cao) In Vietnamese, to criticize someone who spends money unreasonably, more money on secondary one than the major one, people often say ‗Tiền rợ tiền trâu‘ For instance, ‗mua xe máy cũ có triệu, tiền sửa chữa, tân trang gần hai triệu bạc, tiền rợ tiền trâu‘ 32 - 3.2.1.3 Neutral meanings In most cases, there is bribe money, the job will be smooth thereafter referred to the principle of fair and principles The Vietnamese people use the idiom Tiền bạc trước, mực thước theo sau For example, ‗Chuyện chuện phải có tiền được, tiền bạc trước mực thước theo sau mà‘ In term of trading relationship, to mention the fair exchange, sales without delaying between the sellers and the purchasers, people use the idiom Tiền trao cháo múc For instance, ‗Có điều bà Lơ-Rơn hào nhống với tơi nghiệp vụ, cịn quyền lợi vật chất bà ta sịng phẳng tới mức tiền trao cháo múc‘ (Tùng, Lê Bá 1977, Đời sân khấu, 1st Edn, Nxb Văn Hóa, Hanoi) or ‗Nói thơ ‗đặt hàng‘ danh từ dường chứa đựng nhiều vị tư sản tiền trao cháo múc ấy‘ (Literature magazine No 4-1964) (Ý, Nguyễn Như, Khang, Nguyễn Văn & Thành, Phan Xuân 2010, Từ điển thành ngữ học sinh, Nxb Giáo dục, Hanoi) We have represented interesting English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ In order to find out similarities and differences in the way the English and Vietnamese view ‗money‘ through these idioms, we have designed the following comparative analysis 3.2.2 A comparative analysis with Vietnamese ones In the following table, I have selected all the above idioms in which money appears Surprisingly, there are two English idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ have their Vietnamese equivalents In English In Vietnamese Be in the money Make money hand over fist [Tiền vô nước, 33 - Kiếm tiền nước] Be coining in money Be coining in it Good money Pots of money Money is no object [Tiền bạc không thành vấn đề] Make of money Make money Money for old rope 10.One‘s money worth 10 11 Marry money 11 12 A good run for his money 12 13 Easy money 13 14 A lience to print money 14 15 Spend money like water 15 [Tiêu tiền nước] 16 Have money to burn 17 Money burns a hole in sb‘s pocket 18.Throw money around (also Throw 16 .Ném tiền qua cửa sổ money about) 19.Throw money at a rat hole 20 Throw money after bad 21 Throw money at st 22 Lose/spend money hand over fist 23 22 A fool and his money are soon 23 parted 24 For my money 24 25 Be right on the money 25 26 You pay your money and you take 26 34 - your choice/chances (informal) 27 The best that money can buy 27 28 Careful with money 28 29 Take the money and run 29 30 Put one‘s money where one‘s mouth 30 is 31 See the color of sb‘s money 31 32 Not for love or/ nor money 32 33 Money is the root of all evil 33 [Tiền gốc rễ tội lỗi] 34 Money makes the mare go 34 [Có tiền mua tiên được] 35 35 Tiền dư thóc mục Tiền dư thóc lẻ Tiền rừng bạc bể 36 36 Tiền 37 37 Tiền tật mang 38 38 Tiền rợ tiền trâu 39 39 Tiền bạc trước , mực thước theo sau 40 Tiền trao cháo múc 40 Note: […] No idiom but there is the same meaning correspondents … There is no correspondent in language 3.3 Analysis There may be still more idioms containing the word ‗money‘ I have not known and have not included in this table However, it is very easy for us to see 35 - that the idioms containing the word ‗money‘ appear more in English (34) idioms than Vietnamese (8) ones From the above table, we can see that the number of English idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ in which their negative meanings (11) are nearly equal to that of the positive (12) ones Another thing that is clear from the table is that, most of original English idiom containing the word money has no correspondents in Vietnamese such as in cases of idioms 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25 , 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 (number in English column) This makes me pay attention most after I analyze those original Vietnamese idioms whose English counterparts are based on a different pragmatic scenario, or that not have a correspondent money idiom in English, as well as those original English idioms without any Vietnamese correspondent ones Then, I am also amazed at that all of Vietnamese money idioms listed in the above table have also no correspondent in English This shows the higher tendency in Vietnamese to use metaphors related to familiar animals or close things in money idioms to present how speaker deal with certain life experiences In the cases of idioms 2, 6, 15, 33, 34 (number in English column), English money idioms have no equivalent Vietnamese idioms but equivalent phrases of informal language that the Vietnamese often say in daily conservations Among them, idioms 6, 15 and 33 are based on the same metaphors and the same language but idiom and 34 is not The different metaphors in the case of idiom expose the differences in the way of thinking of the Vietnamese and the English Vietnamese people always use ―water‘ as a symbol of anything with a large amount or endless life while the metaphor ‗hand over fist‘ in ‘Make money hand over fist’ originates in growth in stock trading that led to hand-over-fist hiring on Wall Street Similarly, English people borrow the image ‗mare‘-a slow walking animal; thanks to money, it can go without being controlled by people to talk about power of money while the image of fairy is used in Vietnamese idiom Most Vietnamese people are Buddhists and fairy is a beautiful character and represents a supernatural 36 - power in the thought of the Vietnamese for years Therefore, fairy only exists in their dream or their imagination through fairy tales Nothing can buy fairy except money, which means that money is very powerful Thereby, the phrase ‗có tiền mua tiên được‘ was created and has been used until nowadays It is an interesting exploration that in the same pragmatic scenario of talking about wasting money, Vietnamese people use only one idiom ‘Ném tiền qua cửa sổ’ meanwhile in English there are always other alternative idioms based on different metaphors, though transmitting the same massage but their different meaning nuances This is the case of idioms 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (number in English column) Both ‗money‘ in English idioms and Vietnamese idioms express a clear signal of the good financial capacity of the rich people/ family For example, ‘Good money’, ‘Pots of money’, ‘Money is no object’ in English idioms and ‘Tiền dư thóc mục’, ‘Tiền dư thóc lẻ’, ‘Tiền rừng bạc bể’ in Vietnamese ones Both English people and Vietnamese people consider money as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country or socio-economic context They use money for personal demands, their daily life such eating, drinking, clothing, to maintain their relationships with girlfriends or boyfriends, etc Therefore, money becomes a factor to distinguish the poor and the rich However, we see that Vietnamese idioms sometimes appear the word ‗thóc‘ (Rice) that are hardly seen in English ones The reason is that Vietnam is an agricultural country with nearly 80% of the population in the agricultural sector, life attached to rice fields made their thought of rice as a signal of wealt h The more rice they have, the richer they are In contrast, most of the western countries are industrial countries, so the wealth is expressed through the amount of money one person or a family has in their hands or bank accounts, etc Another thing expo ses the differences in cultural features of English languages and Vietnamese one For example, old Vietnamese farmers often use familiar and close animals such as 37 - buffalos and ropes, which is for tying a buffalo to a bamboo tree to say about spending money unreasonably (more money on secondary one than the major one) in ‘Tiền rợ tiền trâu’ Because buffalos and ropes are close friends of famers, they became a symbol to compare and convey their thought about life experiences Meanwhile, in English, it is hardly seen such images in English idioms In Vietnamese, we can hardly see the idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ which mention that a person becomes rich in a short period of time thanks to good luck or their talent in doing business In my thesis, there is no phrase like it Differently, the English idiom treasury has such many idioms In my thesis, there are idioms including ‘Be in the money’, ‘Make money hand over fist’, ‘Be coining in money’, ‘Be coining in it’, ‘Make of money‘, ‘Make money’ Money in English idioms are also used to talk about an easy way of earning money or a job or a business deal that brings people more money quickly with a little effort ( it is called making-money jobs) They portray the positive meanings; for example, ‘money for old rope’ In Vietnamese; however, there are no idioms containing the word ‗money‘ implying making-money work like that The relationship between a mount of money they spend buying something and the value a thing brings to users or buyers are expressed in English and Vietnamese idioms containing the word ‗money‘ For instance, in my thesis, there is one English idiom (‘one’s money worth) and one Vietnamese idiom (‘Tiền nấy’) In English, it‘s sometimes seen that the idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ which mention a person of good financial capacity and satisfactory behaviors in competition There are two idioms in my thesis like it: ‗marry money’, (give sb) a good run for his money‘ Meanwhile, such idioms are rarely seen in Vietnamese 38 - One thing in common between English and Vietnamese idioms is that the word ‗money‘ is used to criticize on spending money quickly or extravagantly without solving the problems For example, when saying that someone takes a lot of minds and money on something or any job but does not get good results, Vietnamese people often say ‘Tiền tật mang’ or ‘Ném tiền qua cửa sổ’ Take these idioms as typical examples: ‘Spend money like water’, ‘throw money at something’, ‘have money to burn’, ‘money burns a hole in somebody’s pocket’, ‘throw money around/ about’, ‘throw money in a rat hole’, ‘throw money after bad’, ‘lose/ spend money over fist’ Money in both English and Vietnamese idioms often symbolizes power and influence such as ‘Tiền bạc trước, mực thước theo sau’ or ‘Money makes the mare go’ Besides, the thought of the strength of money and the ambition of wealth make some people commit crimes There is one English idiom like it: ‘Money is root of all evil’ Vietnamese people share the same view on the origin of evil In my thesis, there is only one English idiom of same meaning correspondent, which conveys the same meaning scenario with the expression containing the word ‗money‘ It is ‘Money is no object’ or ‘Tiền bạc không thành vấn đề’ Vietnamese and English people think that water is endless resource, so they compare both making and spending money with water Therefore, there are Vietnamese idioms such as ‘kiếm tiền nước’, ‘Tiêu tiền nước’ Sharing the same meaning, in English, it also has correspondents ‘Make money hand over fist’ and ‘spend money like water’ 39 - Furthermore, if we examine the messages those idioms transmit, we can see that there are certain coincidences with respect to their pragmatic and social meanings Idioms 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (number in Englíh column) are all built around a common idea: waste money irrationally These idioms have the same correspondent idiom related to the money in Vietnamese It is ‘Ném tiền qua cửa sổ’ 3.4 Summary In this chapter, we have shown the English idioms containing the word ‗money‘ and the comparison with Vietnamese ones In the former part, the discussion on the view of the Vietnamese and the English on money and the lis t of English idioms containing the word ‗money‘ These idioms are categorized into subgroups based on the positive, negative and neutral meanings about financial capacity, characteristics of jobs/ things, human behaviors or percept on money and so on In the later part, we designed a list of Vietnamese idioms containing the word ‗money‘ Similarly, these idioms are divided into subgroups conveying the positive, negative and neutral meanings about financial capacity, characteristics of jobs/ things, human behaviors The last part is a comparative analysis table to indicate the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese cultures in the ways of using the word ‗money‘ in those idioms At a certain extent, the answers to three research questions are explored in this study They are three following main points: • Idioms containing the word ‗money‘ can be categorized into major meanings: positive, neutral and negative • Most of English idioms contaning the word ‗money‘ have no equivalent Vietnamese ones 40 - • Differences between Vietnamese and English cultures about money originate from georaphical, economic and social distinctive features in two countries 41 - CONCLUSION In both Vietnamese and English society today, money is very important Status of someone is greatly influenced by how much money he/ she makes We see the effects of money in economic activities and life Especially, in the era of industrialization and modernization, ‗money is the root of evil‘, money is the reason of corruption that is existing in English and Vietnam societies However, in money matter, English people are fairer than Vietnamese people The English can say ‗money‘ issue directly easily while the Vietnamese who value the relations between husband and wife, teacher-pupil, friend often hesitate to mention it Due to differences in habit in eating and drinking as well as living environment, symbol of money are not similar in English and Vietnamese cultures The main source of income of Vietnamese people is ‗cooked rice –clothing- rice – money‘, therefore, rice often is used in Vietnamese idiom to talking about wealth Meanwhile, bread and butter is the symbol of the English For example, talking about the wealth there are ‘Good money’, ‘Pots of money’, ‘Money is no object’ in English idioms and ‘Tiền dư thóc mục’, ‘Tiền dư thóc lẻ’, ‘Tiền rừng bạc bể’ in Vietnamese ones Besides, close friends of Vietnamese farmers such as buffalos and ropes became familiar images in Vietnamese idioms implying their life experiences Take the idiom ‘Tiền rợ tiền trâu’ as a typical example This is harly seen in an industrial country like English Also in term of differences, there are many English idiomatic expressions containing the word ‗money‘ indicating a rich person or satisfactory behaviors in competition such as ‘marry money’, (give sb) a good run for his money’ Meanwhile, such idioms are seldomly seen in Vietnamese In my thesis, there is no Vietnamese idiom containing the word ‗money‘ that mention a person of a good financial capacity or good behavior In English, there are so many idioms containing the word ‗money‘ with the negative meanings- most of them are used to criticize or give people advice on spending money For instances, when mentioning a person wasting money without dealing with the troubles, Vietnamese people say ‘tiền tật mang’ or ‘Ném tiền qua cửa sổ’ while English people have a group of idioms with different metaphors such as ‘Spend money like water’, ‘throw money at something’, ‘have money to burn’, ‘money burns a hole in somebody’s pocket’, ‘throw money around/ about’, ‘throw money in a rat hole’, ‘throw money after bad’, ‘lose/ spend money over fist’ Portraying the positive meanings, money in English idioms are also used to talk about an easy way of earning money or a job or a business contract that brings people more money quickly with a little effort ( it is called making-money jobs) for example, ‘money for old rope’ However, there are no Vietnamese idioms containing the word ‗money‘ implying making-money work like that Because of time and knowledge limitation, in this graduation paper, I only focused on the ‗money‘ in English and Vietnamese; thereby, I could draw differences in each language community‘s cultural characteristics in using idioms containing the word ‗money‘ 42 - 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... GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH ******************* KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NHỮNG NGHĨA KHÁC NHAU CỦA TỪ ? ?MONEY? ?? TRONG CÁC THÀNH NGỮ TIẾNG ANH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: PGS.TS... coining in money Be coining in it Good money Pots of money Money is no object [Tiền bạc không thành vấn đề] Make of money Make money Money for old rope 10.One‘s money worth 10 11 Marry money. .. butter (Những tranh anh đẹp Ken ạ! Nhưng anh có muốn từ bỏ mức lương để chuyển sang vẽ tranh chun nghiệp khơng đấy? Đó việc làm mạo hiểm, anh biết Suy cho cơng việc miếng cơm manh áo anh) – ‗Thanks