Nghiên cứu các ẩn dụ trong thuật ngữ kinh tế ngành tài chính ngân hàng trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER A STUDY ON METAPHOR IN TERMINOLOGY FOR FINANCE AND BANKING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Mai Huu, MA Student: Vu Thi Thuy Linh Class: QH2009.E25 HANOI – 2013 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC ẨN DỤ TRONG THUẬT NGỮ KINH TẾ NGÀNH TÀI CHÍNH- NGÂN HÀNG TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Giáo Viên Hướng Dẫn: Th.S Nguyen Thi Mai Huu Sinh Viên: Vũ Thị Thuy Linh Khóa: Qh2009 HÀ NỘI - NĂM 2013 ACCEPTANCE PAGE I hereby state that I : Vu Thi Thuy Linh from QH2009.F1.E25, being a candidate fro the degree of Bachelor of Art (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan and reproduction of the paper Vu Thi Thuy Linh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis has benefited greatly from the support of many people that I want to express my sincerest thanks to Initially, I would like to thank Mrs Nguyen Thi Mai Huu, as the supervisor for my thesis deserves special recognition for her always highly competent suggestions and her friendly manner to instruct me to overcome difficulties occurring Right from the beginning, she has helped me a lot from the stage of orientating, choosing topic as well as throughout my process of conducting this research Furthermore, I would also like to thank all my friends in Class 09E25 They have been always beside me to share both difficulties and tiredness of doing graduation paper Last but not least, I owe profound indebtedness to my parents who always stand by me and encourage me not matter what happens i ABSTRACT It is undeniable that there are numerous reasons for the growing popularity of metaphors in business and economics, not only in linguistic world However, the previous researches is just conducted to have a general view about metaphor using in economics so there has been little research on metaphorical terms themselves as a target of the study As an attempt to contribute to gaining more insights into metaphorical term in finance and banking, this research aims to reveal much inside metaphor in economics, from that, some suggestions would also be given Finally, it can be made step-by-step about the application and exploitation of other rhetorical measures in economics terms in other branches of economics study These goals were achieved by a research using document observation and using both qualitative and quantitative analysis Findings from the study show that similarities and difficulties of basic transferences and source domains among English and Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking The study also suggests some aspects of metaphor for students to invest for their further study Hopefully, students and researchers can use it as a helpful material for their graduation thesis as well as their post-graduation thesis ii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER : INTRODUCTION 1.1.Statement of the problem and the rationale for the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Scope of the study 1.4 Significance of research 1.5 Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.Terminology 2.2.Terminology in finance and banking 2.3.Metaphor 2.3.1 Definition of metaphor 2.3.2 Conceptualist view of metaphor 2.3.3 Basis Transference of metaphor 2.3.4 Metaphor in finance and banking 11 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 14 3.1.Sampling 14 3.1.1 Participants 14 3.1.2 Sampling Size .14 3.1.3 Sampling Strategy 15 3.2.Data collection 15 3.3.Data analysis 15 3.3.1 Statistical Analysis – Qualitative Analysis Strategies 15 3.3.2 Content analysis – Quantitative Analytical Strategies 16 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 17 4.1 Basic transferences of metaphorical terms in finance and banking 17 4.1a Types of basic transferences 17 iii 4.1a.1 Position 17 4.1a.2 Movement .18 4.1a.3 Shape 18 4.1a.4 Size 18 4.1a.5 Function 19 4.1a.6 Co lor 19 4.1a.7 Sound .19 4.1a.8 Characteristic 19 4.1b Frequency 22 4.1c Dispersion 23 4.2 Similarity (s) and difficulty (s) between source domains in English and Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking 24 4.2.1 LIQUID 24 4.2.2 HEALTH 25 4.2.3 NATURE .26 4.2.4 EXPLOSIVE 27 4.2.5 WARFARE 28 4.2.6 VEHICLE .28 4.2.7 MACHINE 29 4.2.8 HOUSE 30 4.2.9 HUMAN 30 4.2.10 FORCE 31 4.2.11 COLOR 31 4.2.12 OTHER OBJECTS 31 4.3.High frequency 35 4.4.Dispersion 37 iv 4.5 How equivalent between English and Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking? 38 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 42 6.1 Summary of findings 42 6.2 Strength of the thesis 43 6.3 Limitations 43 6.4 Implications 44 6.5 Suggestion for further study 44 APPENDIX Error! Bookmark not defined REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined v TABLE OF FIGURES Picture 1: Do mains used in conceptual metaphors Picture 2: Example of main used in metaphor Chart 1: Basic transferences of English metaphorical terms in finance and banking 21 Chart 2: Basic transferences of Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking 21 Chart 3: Source mains of Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking 34 Chart 4: Source mains of English metaphorical terms in finance and banking 34 Chart 5: Non-equivalent and equivalent Vietnamese-English and English-Vietnamese metaphorical terms 39 Chart 6: Expression and no expression in non-equivalence between English-Vietnamese and VietnameseEnglish metaphoric terms 40 Table 1: Basic t ransferences of Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking 19 Table 2: Source mains of English and Vietnamese metaphorical terms in finance and banking 33 Table 3: Rate of equivalence and non-equivalence between English-Vietnamese and Vietnamese-English metaphorical terms in finance and banking 38 Table 4: Expression and no expression in non-equivalence between English-Vietnamese and VietnameseEnglish metaphoric terms 40 vi CHAPTER : INTRODUCTION This first chapter will provide the rationale, the aims and objectives, the organization and significance of the research In addition, the research questions are addressed to work as a guideline for the whole research 1.1 Statement of the problem and the rationale for the study Metaphor itself has drawn scholars‘ attention for more than 2000 years Traditionally, scholars regarded it as a matter of language, a linguistic phenomenon and defined it as a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two unlike entities Thousand years ago, Aristotle gives his definition of metaphor that ―Metaphor consists in giving the thing a name that belongs to something else; the transference being either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or on grounds of analogy.‖ Metaphor is the transference of meaning from one object to another based on similarities between these two It is used when the author wants to hide his real attitude or opinion Metaphor is a rhetorical device used in literature; so many people assumed that metaphor belongs to matter of linguistics for some artistic and rhetorical purpose, not sciences like economics It is not true The truth is that the economy is complex so we have right to use metaphors to make it understandable However, at that time, its study was confined mostly to literature and rhetoric, its role being primarily decorative The followers changed that by approaching the idea of metaphors differently When Lakoff‘s and Johnson‘s theory was introduced, it opened a new horizon for the study of metaphor They developed a new theory that has become known as the cognitive view of metaphor According to this new perspective, the metaphor is defined as a cognitive mechanism which the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another Within the theoretical framework hiệu 25 T Cơn địa chấn kinh FUNCTION DISASTER Economic earthquake Nhảy vọt MOVEMEN SPORT Jump/ tế 26 T 27 Phát triển nóng rocket/shoot up FUNCTION HEAT Hot economic development 28 Sọt rác tài FUNCTION WASTE Financial gabage bin 29 Vốn ứ đọng FUNCTION WASTE Dead capital 30 Cán SHAPE MACHINE Balance of trade SIZE HUMAN NE cân thương mại 31 Tế bào thị trường bODY 32 Vỡ nợ MOVEMEN GLASS T NE Go insolvent/ bankrupt 33 Án binh bất động MOVEMEN WAR T NE Take no action 34 Bể khủng hoảng SIZE LIQUID NE 35 Gói tín dụng giá FUNCTION MATTRESS NE mềm preferential package 36 Ngáo ộp nợ công CHARACT ER 37 Bất động sản tê liệt HUMAN NE FEAR MOVEMEN ILLNESS T 52 NE credit 38 Thèm vốn FUNCTION FOOD Hungry for capital 39 Bức tranh kinh tế FUNCTION PICTURE NE Economic overview 40 Chợ đen COLOR COLOR Black market 41 Quỹ đen COLOR COLOR NE Secret fund 42 Túi rác tài chính1 FUNCTION WASTE NE 43 Cơn sốt (vàng) FUNCTION ILLNESS Fever 44 Rơi MOVEMEN FALLING Freefall tự (thị trường bất động sản) T 45 Bong bóng tín dụng FUNCTION BALLOON Creadit bubble 46 Rửa tiền FUNCTION LIQUID Money laundering 47 Thả nổi(tỷ giá) MOVEMEN SHIP Floating FUNCTION ANIMAL Hibernating FUNCTION ILLNESS NE FUNCTION HEAT Warm T Các hộ cao cấp 48 ngủ đông Bốc thuốc cho nợ 49 xấu Thị trường bất động 50 sản ấm lên real-easte market 51 Bất động sản chết FUNCTION DEATH NE 52 Kinh tế ốm FUNCTION ILLNESS Ailing economy Túi rác tài ko có ti ếng Anh 53 53 Mức thu nhập bị thổi phồng lạm phát 54 MOVEMEN BALLOON T Dòng tiền NE Inflated incomes MOVEMEN LIQUID Cash flow MOVEMEN DISASTER Market T 55 Thị trường bắt đầu rung lắc 56 T Chứng khoán đuối sức 57 to fluctuate MOVEMEN HEALTH NE FUNCTION HEAT NE T thị trường cho vay nóng 58 starts Call market Nhịn chi tiêu FUNCTION HUMAN Abstinence ACTION 59 Lãi suất qua đêm FUNCTION HUMAN ACTION 60 Hoa hồng FUNCTION FLOWER Overnight interest rate NE Commission 61 Siết chặt lợi nhuận MOVEMEN PRESSURE Squeeze profit MOVEMEN PRESSURE Squeeze profit MOVEMEN ANIMAL Galloping inflation T 62 Thắt bớt lợi nhuận T 63 Lạm phát phi mã T 64 Tiền gốc POSITION PLANT Principal 65 Cấp tiền qua cửa FUNCTION HOUSE Backdoor fancing MOVEMEN WAR NE sau 66 Giải tồn kho phóng hàng T inventory release 54 67 Bơm tiền MOVEMEN BALLOON Inject MOVEMEN LIQUID Inject MOVEMEN LIQUID Melt MOVEMEN LIQUID Valve MOVEMEN PRESSURE Loose T 68 Rót tiền T 69 Tan băng T 70 Mở van tín dụng T 71 Nới lỏng T 72 Nợ trắng COLOR COLOR Deadweight debt 73 Vật lộn với nợ xấu MOVEMEN FIGHTING Struggling with bad T debt 74 Cứ điểm nợ xấu FUNCTION WAR NE 75 Giá vàng bốc MOVEMEN LIQUID NE T 76 Trái phiếu rác FUNCTION WASTE Junk bond 77 Hãm phanh (giá) MOVEMEN BIKE Apply/ put the brake T 78 Đứt phanh (Giá vàng) 79 on price decline MOVEMEN BIKE NE MOVEMEN ANIMAL Fleecing of the flock MOVEMEN WAR NE POSITION TIDE Shadow banking T Xén lông cừu T 80 Hồi mã thương T 81 Ngân hàng ngầm 55 82 Giá vàng lao dốc MOVEMEN BIKE Gold crash MOVEMEN ANIMAL NE MOVEMEN SPORT Loose momentum FUNCTION FITNESS NE FUNCTION CINEMA NE T 83 Lột xác (ngân hàng) T 84 Mất đà (cổ phiếu) T 85 Sức đề kháng (ngân hàng) 86 Kịch cổ phần hóa 87 Giá vàng thủng đáy FUNCTION BAG NE 88 Thị trường ngách SIZE HOUSE Niche market 89 Profit corrosion MOVEMEN SHIP Ăn mòn lợi nhuận MOVEMEN LIQUID Pha T 90 Brand dilution Fleecing of flock the thương hiệu T 91 lỗng MOVEMEN ANIMAL Xén lơng cừu T 92 Ailing economy FUNCTION ILLNESS Kinh tế ốm yếu 93 Animal spirit FUNCTION ANIMAL NE Tâm lí hùa theo 94 Chugging SOUND MACHINE NE Đều đặn 95 Meltdown MOVEMEN EXPLOSIVE NE dịch ―khủng T hoảng trầm trọng‖ 56 96 Junk bond FUNCTION Trái phiếu rác, trái WASTE phiếu đầu 97 Nosedive MOVEMEN FALLING NE Sự xuống giá đột T ngột 98 Graduated interest FUNCTION HUMAN NE Tiền lãi trả làm nhiều ACTION kì 99 Haircut MOVEMEN T 100 Baby boomer HUMAN ACTION CHARCAT HUMAN NE Chiết khấu NE Những người sinh từ ER 1946-1964, có tầm ảnh hưởng với giới ví dụ Bill Gates, V.Putin 101 Boom MOVEMEN EXPLOSIVE Bùng nổ T 102 Backdoor fancing FUNCTION HOUSE Cấp tiền qua cửa sau 103 Ceiling POSITION HOUSE Mức trần 104 Cash drainage MOVEMEN LIQUID NE Thất thoát tiền mặt T 105 Face value POSITION HUMAN NE Mệnh giá 106 Easy money FUNCTION HUMAN CHARCATER 107 Active money FUNCTION MACHINE NE Tiền dễ vay NE Tiền lưu thông 57 108 Candlestick SHAPE CANDLE NE Biểu đồ thể mức lên xuống gía chứng khốn 109 Principal POSITION HUMAN Vốn tiền gốc 110 Baloon mortage FUNCTION BALLOON NE Thế chấp ngắn hạn 111 Dirty float MOVEMEN SHIP T 112 The cleaning house Thả khơng hồn tồn FUNCTION HOUSE NE Phịng tốn cổ for share phiếu 113 Inflation erodes MOVEMEN LIQUID Giảm làm phát T 114 Capital Injection NE MOVEMEN LIQUID Bơm vốn MOVEMEN LIQUID Dòng tiền MOVEMEN LIQUID NE T 115 Cash flow T 116 Circulation Sự lưu hành T 117 Hard circulation FUNCTION GLASS NE Khó tiêu thụ 118 Hard currency FUNCTION GLASS Đồng tiền mạnh (có giá trị quy đổi cao) 119 Soft currency FUNCTION MATTRESS Đồng tiền yếu (có giá trị quy đổi thấp) 120 Brake FUNCTION BIKE 58 NE 121 Blocked currency 122 a heavy run of withdraw 123 FUNCTION WAR Tiền bị phong tỏa MOVEMEN SPORT NE Rút tiền ạt T The lender of the last resort CHARACT HUMAN Người cho vay để cứu vãn tình thế, ám ER ngân hàng trung ương 124 Bad debt FUNCTION HUMAN Nợ xấu CHARACTER 125 Bearish = CHARACT ANIMAL pessimistic about the ER NE Bi quan future of a stock 126 Bear market CHARACT ANIMAL Thị trường giá xuống ER 127 Bear trap NE CHARACT ANIMAL Bẫy giảm giá ANIMAL NE ER 128 Bullish = optimistic CHARACT Lạc quan about the future of a ER stock 129 Bull market CHARACT ANIMAL Thị trường giá lên ER 130 Bull trap NE CHARACT ANIMAL Bẫy tăng giá COLOR Chợ đen/ chợ xám ER 131 Black market COLOR nơi diễn hoạt động trao đổi hànpháp (mặt hàng phi pháp kênh trao đổi phi pháp) 59 132 Grey market COLOR COLOR Thị trường xám nơi diễn hoạt động trao đổi hàng hóa cách hợp pháp khơng thức 133 Flood the market MOVEMEN LIQUID Tràn ngập thị trường POSITION HOUSE NE T 134 Exchange floor Phòng giao dịch chứng khoán 135 Room FUNCTION HOUSE NE Khối lượng giới hạn (chứng khoán) 136 Dead debt FUNCTION DEATH Nợ xấu 137 Fuel FUNCTION MACHINE NE 138 Cash cow SIZE ANIMAL NE cơng ty có khả tạo tiền lớn lợi nhuận biên cao 139 Dog eat dog CHARACT ANIMAL NE Thương ER trường chiến trường 140 Cats and dogs CHARACT ANIMAL NE ER 141 Goldbrick share FUNCTION HOUSE NE 142 Golden goose CHARACT ANIMAL Gà đẻ trứng vàng/ Cỗ 60 máy in tiền ER 143 Bad debt ticking FUNCTION EXPLOSIVE Bom hẹn nợ công time bomb 144 Dead capital FUNCTION DEATH Vốn ứ đọng 145 Slaughter MOVEMEN ANIMAL NE MOVEMEN HOUSE NE T 146 Shut down Phá sản T 147 Blue-chip investor FUNCTION GAMBLING NE Nhà đầu tư thượng hạng 148 Penny stock SIZE CURRENCY NE Cổ phiếu nhỏ 149 Chronic inflation FUNCTION ILLNESS NE Lạm phát kéo dài 150 Raw material FUNCTION FOOD NE Nguyên liệu thô 151 Floating MOVEMEN SHIP Trôi MOVEMEN LIQUID NE T 152 Liquidity Tính khoản T 153 Maturity FUNCTION HUMAN NE Ngày đáo hạn 154 Rise MOVEMEN TIDE Tăng T 155 Up NE MOVEMEN TIDE T NE Lên 61 156 Down MOVEMEN TIDE Xuống T 157 Wage drift MOVEMEN SHIP Fall MOVEMEN TIDE Dive MOVEMEN SPORT Slip MOVEMEN BIKE Slump MOVEMEN FALLING Drop MOVEMEN FALLING Weaker NE Giảm mạnh T 163 NE Sự giảm mạnh T 162 NE Tụt dốc T 161 NE Giảm mạnh T 160 NE Giảm T 159 NE Giảm lương T 158 NE FUNCTION ILLNESS NE Yếu, suy thoái 164 Pump money MOVEMEN LIQUID Bơm tiền T 165 Ease monetary grip FUNCTION GRIP NE 166 Erode the profit MOVEMEN LIQUID Xói mịn lợi nhuận T 167 Debt burden FUNCTION BURDEN Gánh nợ 168 Jump MOVEMEN SPORT NE ―a jump in oil T Tăng vọt price‖ 169 Rocket MOVEMEN MACHINE NE Tăng vọt T 62 170 Shoot up MOVEMEN EXPLOSIVE Tăng vọt T 171 Squeeze profit NE MOVEMEN FRUIT Siết chặt lợi nhuận, hạn chế lợi nhuận, thắt T bớt lợi nhuận 172 Interest rate cut MOVEMEN PLANT Cắt giảm tỉ lệ lãi suất MOVEMEN HOUSE Khóa lợi nhuận MOVEMEN HOUSE NE T 173 Lock profit T 174 Close Cuối phiên T 175 Baby bond SIZE HUMAN NE trái phiếu mệnh giá nhỏ nợ khả hoán hay trực tiếp có mệnh giá $1.000 dollar, thường từ $25 đến $500 176 Water the nominal capital of the company MOVEMEN LIQUID làm loãng vốn danh nghĩa công ty (bằng T cách tăng cổ phần mà vốn tương xứng) 177 A drug on the FUNCTION DRUG Hàng ế market 178 NE Sinking fund MOVEMEN SHIP NE Quỹ hồn trái, quỹ dự T phịng rủi ro 63 179 Pool fund FUNCTION LIQUID NE Quỹ vốn chung 180 hemorrhaging money 181 MOVEMEN LIQUID Mất lượng tiền lớn T business circle NE SHAPE CINEMA NE Chu kì kinh doanh 182 z-score POSITION ALPHABET NE Hệ số nguy phá sản 183 Cash leakage MOVEMEN LIQUID Khoản tiền bị rò rỉ MOVEMEN LIQUID NE T 184 Backwash effect Hiệu ứng ngược T 185 Slush fund MOVEMEN LIQUID QUỸ ĐEN MOVEMEN LIQUID NE T 186 Dried up Cạn kiệt T 187 Pour money down the drain 188 MOVEMEN LIQUID T Healthy economy NE Vơ ích FUNCTION HEALTH Nền kinh tế khỏe mạnh 189 Immune FUNCTION HEALTH Miễn dịch 190 market saturation MOVEMEN LIQUID Thị trường bão hòa MOVEMEN HUMAN Lãi suất qua đêm T 191 Overnight interest rate 192 Money laundering T ACTION MOVEMEN HUMAN 64 Rửa tiền T ACTION 193 Niche market SIZE HOUSE Thị trường ngách 194 Market cell SIZE HUMAN Tế bào thị trường BODY Siphon the money 195 MOVEMEN MACHINE Bòn rút tiền MOVEMEN VEHICLE NE T Bandwagon effect 196 Hiệu ứng theo trào T lưu 197 Free rider FUNCTION VEHICLE Người ăn theo 198 Rent-seeking FUNCTION HUMAN NE ACTION Tìm kiếm đặc lợi 199 Shadow banking COLOR HUMAN Ngân hàng ngầm 200 Bulk purchase SIZE ANIMAL NE Mua sỉ Cut-throat 201 competition MOVEMEN WAR NE Cuộc cạnh tranh khốc T liệt Debt binge 202 MOVEMEN T Crash (gold price) 203 HUMAN ACTION NE Nợ triền mien MOVEMEN VEHICLE Giá vàng lao dốc MOVEMEN HOUSE NE T Build revenue 204 In economics, the free rider problem refers to a situation where some individuals in a population either consume more than their fair share of a common resource, or pay less than their fair share of the cost of a common resource In the context of a brokerage firm, a free rider problem refers to a situation where a client has been allowed to purchase shares without actually paying for them, and then subsequently sells the shares (ideally for profit) 65 Thu lợi nhuận T 205 Surender silver) 206 (gold, MOVEMEN WAR NE MOVEMEN FLOWER NE T Blossom Tiến triển thuận lợi T 66 ... GIA HÀ NỘI ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP NGHIÊN CỨU CÁC ẨN DỤ TRONG THUẬT NGỮ KINH TẾ NGÀNH TÀI CHÍNH- NGÂN HÀNG TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Giáo Viên Hướng Dẫn:... chết” “dying bank” (? ?ngân hàng hấp hối”), “dead capital” Besides, SURGERY as Source Domain is applied in metaphorical terms E.g “cuộc đại phẫu” (các ngân hàng) , “mổ xẻ kinh tế? ?? It is necessary... health protecting a person from catching illness, diseases E.g ―Sức đề kháng‖(cho doanh nghiệp, ngân hàng, cho kinh tế) 4.2.3 NATURE Not only important in reality, the researcher sees that Nature