For example: She had driven. past tense past participle This tense takes us another step back in time. The action was completed before another one took place. For example: He had eaten it before I arrived. auxiliary past participle past tense past perfect tense (pluperfect) The future perfect tense Both auxiliaries ‘to have’ and ‘to be’ are used to form the future perfect tense. This tense shows that an action will have been completed at some time in the future. For example: They will have driven 200 km by the time they arrive. auxiliaries past participle A table of perfect tenses – active voice Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect Singular Person 1st I had hidden I have hidden I shall have hidden 2nd You had hidden You have hidden You will have hidden 3rd He/she/it had hidden He/she/it has hidden He/she/it will have hidden 123 p e rf e c t ten s e s A table of perfect tenses – active voice (continued) Plural Person 1st We had hidden We have hidden We shall have hidden 2nd You had hidden You have hidden You will have hidden 3rd They had hidden They have hidden They will have hidden A table of perfect tenses – passive voice Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect Singular Person 1st I had been told I have been told I shall have been told 2nd You had been told You have been told You will have been told 3rd He/she/it had been told He/she/it has been told He/she/it will have been told Plural Person 1st We had been told We have been told We shall have been told 2nd You had been told You have been told You will have been told 3rd They had been told They have been told They will have been told 124 G r AM M A r for e V erYo n e A 18.1 Activities: perfect tenses 1. Students take turns to mime an action and the others guess or write down what the action is. The answers will be present participles, such as laughing, cooking etc. Students should think up their own actions. 2. Students complete a tense table with the verb ‘to forget’ in the active voice. Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect Singular Person 1st 2nd You had 3rd He/she it has Plural Person 1st 2nd 3rd We shall have 3. Students complete a tense table with the verb ‘to rescue’ in the passive voice. Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect Singular Person 1st 2nd You will have been rescued 3rd He/she it Plural Person 1st 2nd 3rd They 125 p e rf e c t ten s e s A 4. Students are given the list of verbs on the left, and fill in a table showing the past tense and past participle of each. verb Past tense Past participle a. sweep swept swept b. take took taken c. bring brought brought d. tread trod trodden e. be was been f. write wrote written g. leave left left h. sting stung stung i. ring rang rung j. go went gone 5. Students answer the following questions by adding three tasks that they/others have done. a. What have you done so far today? 1. I have . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . b. What has your brother/sister done today? 1. She . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . 6. Students match each verb to its tense: a. I shall have eaten too much. Past perfect b. He was telling a good joke. Future c. See how they run. Future perfect d. They will take us to the wedding. Past continuous e. Maureen had bent her ruler. Present a. Future perfect, b. Past continuous, c. Present, d. Future, e. Past perfect 126 G r AM M A r for e V erYo n e C Checklist: perfect tenses Students should now be able to • define the term ‘participle’ • state the present participle of any common verb • state the past participle of most common verbs • complete past, present and future tenses using present and past participles together with auxiliaries • change the tense in a sentence to another tense, from those already learnt • recognise the tense used in a given sentence 127 p e rf e c t ten s e s More about adjectives and adverbs Numeral adjectives (numbering) These are the words that qualify nouns according to number. They include: • cardinal adjectives – state how many For example: one fine day ten green bottles • ordinal adjectives – state order or position For example: the second volume the twelfth day Indefinite adjectives These give an idea of number but are not exact. For example: Many ships sailed; some reached port; several sank. Quantitative adjectives As the name suggests, they indicate quantity. For example: I have little money; in fact, I haven’t any money. 19 128 A This is a good time to explain to students the difference between the words few and less. Few is applied to items that can be num- bered or counted. Less is used for things that cannot be counted separately. For example: few people; few ships; few opportunities less sugar; less happy; less increase Interrogative adjectives These ask which or what. For example: Whose boots are they? Which door did you come through? Possessive adjectives These accompany a noun and indicate possession. For example: The dog licked its paw. 19.1 Activities: adjectives 1. Students mark and list the adjectives in the passage below. My brother got a Ford car. It is second-hand, but newer than mine. There were ten cars for sale. The newest had several dents in it, so he chose that one which was his second choice. Now each member of the family has a car. 129 M o re A b o ut A d j ect i V e s A n d A dVe r b s . For example: She had driven. past tense past participle This tense takes us another step back in time. The action was completed before another. was completed before another one took place. For example: He had eaten it before I arrived. auxiliary past participle past tense past perfect tense (pluperfect)