nghiem trong nghien cuu khoa hoc, dua ra khal niem quan tinh, xac dinh duoc tinh tuong doi cua chuyen dong, nghien cuu cac dinh luat ve su roi cua cac vat va su chuyen dong cua cac va[r]
(1)KHONG lis VA CAC HQC TRd /j^ on hQC te gi vay? - Ba me ngac nhidn h6i
Khong Khau tra loi:
- Bay gia khong hoc tot 1§ nghi, khong c6 kien thuc, sau Ion len kho lam mot vi quan tot dugc
Nam muoi chin tuoi, Khong Tu lay vg va lam mot chiic quan nh6 coi kho NSm hai muoi hai tuoi, ong bat dau mo 16p day hoc Hoc tro cua ong c6 den hon ba tram nguoi, trong so c6 bay muoi hai ngirdi "thong hieu luc ngh?", cong hien kha nhieu cho chii truong giao due cua ong
Ngoai day hQC va nghien ciiu sach va, Khong Tu
la nguoi yeu thich ca hat, viet nhac, choi dan
De hpc cho dugt; each danh that huyen cam, ong da dich than den thinh giao mpt nhac su nirac L6 la Tuang Tu
Khong Tii hoc dugc mot thai gian thi Tuang Tu dira cho ong mpt ban nhac de ong tu luyen tap Muoi sau, nghe Khong Tu dan, Tuang Tii noi:
- Ngai da choi dupe khiic nhac roi, de toi day ngai ban khac
Khong Tuvpi dap:
1 I
- Chua duac, toi moi chi hpc thupc giai dieu chu each dua tay van long ngong lam
Tuang Tu de Khong Tu luyen tap tiep, may sau lai bao:
- Ngai luyen the dupe roi, cdch dua tay cung rat thanh thuc Chung ta hpc ban m6i thoi!
That khong nga, Khong Tu van khong dong tinh: - Chtra dau, toi vln chua hieu dupe npi dung cua b ^ nhac, chua the coi la thuan thuc dupe
Noi roi, ong lai vui dau vao danh dan tiep
Rat nhieu sau, thay Tuong Tu den tham va khuyen: - Ngai da thupc giai dieu, each dua tay cung da thuan thuc, tham chi cung da hieu npi dung cua ban nhac, gia
CO the hpc khuc nhac moi dupe roi
Vay ma Khong Tu vSn cuang quyet:
- Chua dupe, vi toi vdn chua hieu tinh each ciia tac gia, nen vhn chua the coi la hieu ro npi dung cua ban nhac
Thay Khong Tu noi c6 ly, Tuang Tu cung thoi khong giuc nua Ngay lai tr6i qua Roi bdng mpt hom, Khong Tu vui mtmg chay den noi voi Tuong Tu rang:
(2)Tuong Tu v6 cung ngac nhien, nh6 lai nam xua ngudi thay cua minh da tung noi rSng ban nhac ten la "Van Vuong Khiic", tac gia chinh la Chu VSn Vuong Tuong Tu v6 Cling kham phuc Khong Tii, xuc dong bai ong mot lay Khong Tu voi dap 1§, phan khoi giuc:
- Gia xin ngai day toi ban nhac mai!
Khong Tii thuong day hoc tro khong duoc c6 thdi sam bang long voi chinh minh, da tot can phai tot hon, da gioi can phai gioi hon Trong hoc tap phai khong ngimg tim toi, de hieu sau, hieu thau dao, hieu tan goc van de Khong chi day hoc tro nhu vay, ban than Khong Tu cung luon lam theo quan diem d6, la tam guong sang cho hoc tro noi theo
Cdc tu tuong va hoc thuyet ve giao due cua Khong Tu duoc cac de t u tiep tuc ke thua va phdt trien Nhung tu tuong khong chi c6 anh huong rat Ion a Trung Quoc ma a cac nuac chau A nhu Viet Nam, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc
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Od P H O - 09c HON VAN QUYEN SACH,
HA BUT NHU C6 THAN
6 Phu (712-770), tu Tu My, la nha tho noi tieng
Trung Quoc doi Duong Ong xuat than mot gia dinh quy toe da sa sut song giau truyen thong van hoc huyen Cung, tinh Ha Nam, Trung Quoc
Nam Do Phu mot tudi, theo tuc le "trao chu", ngudi nha de rat nhieu thii truofc mat D6 Phii nhung cau be khong chon thu nao ma cam quyen tha khien ca nha vui mung khon xiet, hi vong day se la nguoi tiep tuc ke thua truyen thong tha ca ciia gia dinh
Me D6 Phu mat tu cau nho, cha lai lam quan
6 xa nen D6 Phu duQC gui cho mot ba c6 a Lac Duong nuoi duong It lau sau, cha cau lay va khac va c6 them bon nguoi nua Nguoi c6 thuong D6 Phu nhu de, day d6 rat chu ddo Buoi toi, truoc di ngu, ba thuong ke chuyen c6 tich cho cau nghe
Mot Ian, nguoi c6 noi:
- Nha ho D6 C6 kha nhieu nguoi noi tieng nhu D6 Du,
(3)dan xung tung Ong n o i D6 T h a m Ngon ciia cung la nha t h a n d l tieng T h a cua nguoi da t u n g duoc hoang t h u o n g khen nggi va ban cho hai tieng ky tai
N h u n g cau chuyen ve truyen t h o n g gia d i n h da k h i c h 1$ D6 Phii rat nhieu, n h u n g cQng giong n h u bao dua irk t i n h nghich khac, D Phu chSng the nao ngoi yen m p t cho de hoc bai N e u cau ngoi yen dau nSm p h u t t h i la chuyen la l u n g h i e m x^y The nen da n a m t u o i r o i m a cau be vdn chua n h o duoc m p t bai t h o ngSn nao
Ong n o i D Phu la D T h a m N g o n luc dau rat ky vong vao diia chau trai, sau thay no nghich n g g m qua t h i rat tuc gian M o t Ian, D Phu t r o n c6 d i choi voi l u tre hang x m , den bua Sn cung khong c h i u ve Ong n o i buc qua, m o i tat Do Phu hai cai va bdt cau n h j n i n ba bua Ong n o i :
- C u de cho b u n g no doi t h i cdi dau no m o i sang D6 Phu vua xau ho vCra t u ai, t u cau be quyet t a m hpc tap, lap c h i ke thua truyen thong gia phong Ngay nao cung vay, c u ga gay ba h o i la cau qua d o i ngoai t h o n hQC bai, mat troi len lai ve t h u phong hpc tiep
V o n la m p t dua tre thong m i n h , c6 t u chat vSn chuong, sau m o t t h o i gian chSm chi, co gSng hoc tap, D Phu tien bo rat n h a n h Bay tuoi, cau l a m bai t h a " V i n h Phuong hoang" de n o i len c h i h u o n g cua m i n h
Ngoai l a m tha, D6 Phu rat chSm chi luyen tap t h u phap H a n g de luyen c h u cho d^p, cau be can
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m a n chep di chep lai rat nhieu bai t h a da doc duac sach Len c h i n tuoi, t r i n h dp t h u phap cua D 5 Phu da chac tay, cac t a giay luyen c h u cung nhet day m o t t u i to
Song m o t gia d i n h t h a dao N h o va c6 truyen thong d6 dat l a m quan suot may doi, t u k h i n h D o Phu da duoc giao due theo d u n g huong: hoc d i t h i -d6 dat - l a m quan Vi the cau be da sue kho luyen d^ t h a n h tai
Khi hai m u o i tuoi, D6 Phu len d u a n g ngao d u khap noi, thong dong n h a n nha t h u o n g ngoan canh dep va l a m tha, the h i e n tai nang xuat chung cung t i n h each phong khoang, m a n h me cua m o t chang trai tre dang tran day n i e m t i n va nhiet huyet voi cuoc doi
N a m 744, D Phu gap Ly Bach, va giua hai nguoi da sinh m o t t i n h ban t h a m thiet T m h b a n tr6f t h a n h n o i tieng l i c h su van hoc T r u n g Quoc
H p cving n h a u ngdm canh, say sua d a m l u a n van chuang, uong r u g u den say m e m
M o t Ian, D Phu dua t h a cua m i n h cho Ly Bach xem Ly Bach doc xong bai t h a "Vpng nhac", lien t a n thuong:
- T u My, bai t h a cua cau k h i phach that p h i thuong D 5 Phu k h i e m nhuang:
- Sao da sanh duoc bang the t h a cua Ly huynh
(4)0 § P H O ( K H A C G O T R U N G QUdC TK XVII)
ai nam sau, D6 Phu va Ly Bach chia tay D6 Phu tra ve Truong An trieu Duong da suy yeu nhung be ngoai vSn tri mot canh tuong phon vinh gia tao Vua Duong Sn chol trac tang, toi chi say sua voi 161 ca tieng hat va sSc dep cua cac cung phi, khong de y gi den viec trieu chinh Tat ca quyen binh deu nam tay ten te tuong gian ac, tham hiem Ly Lam Phu Trieu dinh roi ren, cuoc song cua ngudi dan tra nen cue kho
Truoc hoan canh ay, tham vong Ion nhat cua D6 Phu la CO mot chuc quan de thoa tarn nguyen cuu nuoc giiip doi
Mot nam sau, vua Duong Huyen Tong mo khoa thi, tuyen nhung nguoi c6 tai giiip nuoc, nhung khoa thi nSm ay cung khong tranh khoi su sSp dat ciia Ly Lam Phu
D6 Phu ung thi ma khong dat duoc ket qua gi, nhimg
khong nan chi Nhieu Ian, ong tim each dang tho cho eac vi quan to, mong duoc tien cu nhung vSn khong cong
Muoi nam cho dpi a Truong An la muoi nam song vat va, kho cue cua D6 Phu CCing voi su bat man a chdn
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an truong, ong cung nhan thay nhung su bat cong cua xa hoi Tu tuong cua ong c6 su thay doi, ong quan tarn nhieu hon den n6i thong kho cua nhan dan De the hi?n su quan tarn do, ong lam rat nhieu tho ve ho
Nam bon muoi tuoi, eudi cung D6 Phu cung eo mot chue quan nho, nhung mot nam sau do, qua that vong vi trieu dinh, D6 Phu da tu bo tat ca de song mot cuoc doi luu lac Tren duong di, ong ehung kien nhieu tinh canh bi tham va da cam tae, lam duoc nhieu bai tho hay
D6 Phu mat nam 770 tren mot chiee thuyen xuoi
song Tuong, tinh canh ngheo doi, benh tat
(5)GAULEO GALILEI •
NHA VAT LY VT OAI THE' KY XVII
> | X a l i l e i la nha vat ly va thien van Italia vi dai Ong
K^la nguoi dau tien ap dung phuong phap thuc
nghiem nghien cuu khoa hoc, dua khal niem quan tinh, xac dinh duoc tinh tuong doi cua chuyen dong, nghien cuu cac dinh luat ve su roi cua cac vat va su chuyen dong cua cac vat tren mat phSng nghieng, cac dinh luat chuyen dong nem mot vat theo mot goc v6i phuong nam ngang, su dung Idc de thai gian Ong cung la nguoi dau tien huong ong kinh len bau troi, phat hien nhieu t r i thuc ve vu tru, la nguoi dung cam ung ho thuyet "nhat tam" cua Copernicus, cho dii n h u vay phai chiu bao noi cay dang boi sir tra thii ciia Giao hQi
T u dao dong ciia chiec den treo
Do la mot cuoi tuan, miia thu nam 1583, dai
giao duong Pisa, Pisa, a nuoc Italia Mot top
sinh vien y khoa cua truong Dai hoc Pisa dang quy gian dai 16 cua dai giao duong cau nguyen Gian dai 1^ chim bau khong trang nghiem tram mac, chi thinh thoang moi vdng len tieng lanh canh truoc gio cua may chiec den treo la lung tir tren mai vom ru xuong
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Khi do, CO mot sinh vien tre top nguoi do, c6 le
chang ly thu gi vai chuyen cau nguyen dan dieu, te nhat, Ivic luc lai ngo nghieng n h i n ngam xung quanh, tua n h u muon giet thai gian B6ng nhan chiec den lac sang ben no, dao ve ben kia, theo mot quy luat nhat dinh
Anh ta nghi: "Bien do m6i Ian dao dong n h u the c6 dan
dan giam di khong nhi?" Khi do, nguoi chua c6 dong ho deo tay n h u bay gia The la anh ben theo mach dap a tay m i n h lam chuan, t h u luang thoi gian ung vai m i dao dong cua den treo
Dot nhien, chang sinh vien tre dung day, la ky reo len:
- 6i! That la! Thoi gian m i mot dao dong hoan toan giong
Tieng reo lam kinh dong nhung nguoi giao duong Ho nhin nhin chang sinh vien tre to ve trach moc,
mieng vhn khong ngimg lam ram cau nguyen Nhung
anh ta, duong n h u chang nhan biet dieu do, lai 16 ve vui mung khon ta, voi vang chay khoi giao duong
Anh ta chay ve nha minh, t i m hai soi day dai bang
nhau, buoc vao m6i day mot mieng chi c6 luang
bang nhau, sau treo dau cua m i day len xa nha, day cho hai mieng chi dung dua A n h ta phat hien la
tuy diem bat dku dao dpng cua hai day c6 the khac nhau,
nhung cung mot thoi gian giong thi so Ian dao dong la n h u N h u the day, t u tinh ca theo doi
(6)dao dong cua chiec den treo a giao duong, chang sinh vien tre cua truong Dai hoc Pisa da tim mot phat hien moi: Dinh ludt ve tinh dang thai cua cdc Idc dao
dong Toi tan horn nay, nguyen ly vSn dugc ung
dung rong rai ghi lai nhip dap cua mach mau nguod, lam dong ho qua Idc, tinh toan nhat thuc, va suy doan sir van dong cua tinh tii
Chang sinh vien y khoa tre tudi la ai? Anh ta sau tra nha toan hoc, vat ly hpc va thien van hoc vi dai: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Da bao doi, nhung chiec den treo da treo tren vom toa nha dai \k cua giao duong Pisa Cung khong biet da may ngan, van luot nguol da toi do, nhin thay chung Vi sao chi CO Galilei tir ma phat hien mot chan ly that don gian va rat quan ay? Do la vi tu tho au, Galilei da ua tim toi, hieu ky, ham hieu can ke cac su vat, suviec
Cau hoc tro hay suy xet, hoi han
Ngay 15 thang nSm 1564, Galilei sinh a Pisa, Italia Cha Galilei la mot thay thuoc, dong thai la nha toan hoc c6 tieng Galilei la truong Nguoi cha dat bao hy vong a Galilei Ngay tu au tha Galilei da to thong minh khac thuang, thich tim hieu moi thu Khong chi CO the, cau be Galilei lai nhanh nhen, kheo leo, ching bao gia chiu de ngoi chan ngai tay Cau dac cac ki'ch thuoc vat rat chinh xac khien nguoi Ion cung phai ngac nhien
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Nguoi cha luon kin dao theo doi Galilei Mot hom ong tro chuyen voi vcr
- Galilei da toi tuoi di hoc Co dieu thu gi no cung thu, chang biet nen huang no hoc cai gi cho thich hop?
- Toi xem n6 c6 ve c6 tai nang ve toan Nen chang boi duong cho no tro mot nha toan hoc, giong nhu ong? - Nguoi va gop y
Cha Galilei lac dau:
- Khong, khong nen! Toi da nem du n6i kho voi toan hoc, chang nen cho no di theo duong
Nguoi vg khong khoi ngan ngo, hoi lai: - The, theo ong thi
- Toi muon boi duong cho no mot thay thuoc gioi giang Lam thay thuoc thi dugc moi nguoi ton kinh ma thu nhap cung cao, c6 the dua lai cho gia dinh vinh du, diavi, tien tai
Nguoi vg nhin chong, hieu rang chong da suy nghi ky ve chuyen nen khong phan doi gi nua
Nam 1572, Galilei tam tuoi, dugc cha dua vao hoc b truong cua Vien tu dao Cha Galilei dan do:
- Con chiu kho hoc hanh thi thay giao se yeu men, giup da con, de den mot se tra mgt thay thuoc!
Galilei da hgc tap rat gi6i Thay gido rat tu hao ve cau hgc sinh thong minh, thich dong nao, c6 6c phan doan
nhayben ^
(7)Galilei rat thich suy xet Dung tren ba bien, cau be thuong hoi niinh: "Con cua vi khong chim xuong day bien nhu cac hon da?" Ngang dau nhin man trcri dem, thi nhung cau hoi sau day lai xuat hien: "The gioi cua Chung ta xet cho cung la rong Ion toi ngan nao?", "Mat trang lam lai dep den the nhi?" De tim nhung cau giai dap, cau hoi cha, hoi thay giao, nhung thuong la nhung cau tra lai khong lam thoa man cau, tham chi chi nhan duoc cai lac dau, to y "khong biet" Y dinh phai boc nhung bi mat cua t u nhien cu mot them bam r§ tarn hon tho tre cua Galilei
Mot Ian cha cua Galilei bao:
- Dpi len muoi ba tuoi, cha se dua toi mot trucmg dai hoc tot nhat a Florence c6 nhieu giao su rat uyen bac, c6 the giai dap nhung cau hoi cua Ho
CO the giiip vao hoc a bac dai hpc Neu mudn
lam bac si thi phai vao dai hoc!
Khong lau sau, Galilei toi hoc a Florence, nhung cau khong thich thu gi hoc a vi cac thay giao chi muon dao tao hoc tro nhung nguoi phuc vu nha tha ma thoi Nhung Florence c6 phong canh that d?p, cang quan hon la thu vien c6 rat nhieu sach bao de Galilei tim toi, hoc hoi Theo y nguyen cua cha, vao nSm muoi bay tuoi, Galilei da thi xuat sic de duoc nhan vao hgc truong Dai hoc Y khoa Pisa
Thai gian a dai hoc, Galilei da truomg thanh, tra nen mot nien gioi bien bac, c6 nhung suy tu, kien giai
doc lap, da hien ro tinh each kien tri di tim chan ly, kien tri bao ve chan ly Du la sach viet, hoac la thay giang van de gi Galilei cung qua suy tuang cua minh de quyet dinh tin hay khong tin Galilei thuong hoi han, dat nguac van de, cho dix gap thay nao
Hom do, mot thay giao giang ve phoi thai hoc:
- Nguoi me sinh trai hay gai la a ca the nguoi cha manh hay yeu Nguoi cha cuong trang thi nguoi me sinh trai, va ngugc lai thi se sinh gai
- Thua thay, thay giang khong dung! Toi khong tin! Thay giao dua mat nhin, thi sinh vien noi cau tren la Galilei The la ong ta tvic gian bao:
- Anh hay hoi nhieu qua! Anh nen nghe lai thay giang, tiep thu quan diem cua toi, khong nen suy nghi,
an noi lung tung!
Galilei cai lai:
- Do khong phai la an noi lung tung Lang gieng cua toi la nguoi dan ong cuong trang, chua thay bao gio 6m
dau, nhimg vg de may nguoi deu la gai ca
Nhu the la the nao?
- Toi can cu theo quan diem cua Aristotle ma giang, khong the sai! - Thay giao c6 cai ly
(8)moi Chung ta khong nen chi nhin vao sach Lai ciia Aristotle khong phai cau nao cung deu la chan ly!
Thay gido d6 tiic qua, nat no uy hiep:
- Anh lam loan nua, toi se trimg tri anh!
Sau do, qua nhien Galilei hi hieu truong qua trach, de dpa:
- Sach cua Aristotle la dau nao cua Giao hoi, deu la chan ly Neu anh khong chiu tiep thu thi roi se gSp rui ro day!
Galilei khong phuc chut nao voi kieu ran de ay, anh noi vol ban hoc:
- Giao hoi chi thich menh lenh ma khong noi ro ly thi tin phuc dugc? Moi nguoi gia day deu c6 suy nghi dpc lap roi!
Duong nhien, khong phai thay giao nao cung nhu thay giao ap che sinh vien ke tren Ching han nhu giao su toan hpc noi tieng Ricci
Mot Ian, Galilei toi tham noi cua thay Ricci vua luc thay dang giang hinh hpc cho mot so nguoi Galilei chu y lang nghe loi thay:
- Hinh hoc la mon hoc ly thu, dinh ly Pythagore chi la mpt VI du Trong tam giac vuong thi binh phuang canh huyen bang tong binh phuang hai canh goc vuong
Thay Ricci giang toi thi gpi mot nguoi len bang Chung minh Nguoi khong diing thuoc de cac canh
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g6c vuong ma dung phep toan de chung minh khien Galilei het sue tan thuong
Tiep do, thay Ricci ke mot cau chuyen cho mpi nguoi nghe:
- Co mot quoc vuong c6 ba nguoi deu da Ion, mudn dem lanh tho cua minh chia cho cac The la cac ong giao cho m6i nguoi mot ngua quy, bao rSng quy dinh vong mot ngay, cho phi ngua de quay lay phan dat cua minh Ba nguoi deu muon dupe nhieu dat hon Nguoi anh ca quay manh dat cua minh c6 hinh chu nhat Nguoi anh thu hai cho ngua chay vong manh dat c6 hinh bau due Duy chi c6 nguoi em ut cho ngua chay mot vong tron de quay lai viing dat cua minh Quoc vuong sai nguoi manh dat cua cac hoang tu thi thay manh dat ciia hoang t u ut la Ion nhat Ion hon gap doi ciia hoang t u ca Quoc vuong nhan thay hoang t u ut la thong minh nhat, ve sau nhucmg ngoi cho!
Ke xong cau chuyen, Ricci mot de toan:
- Co mot doan day c6 dp dai c6 dinh Cac anh hay thu xem la nen vay no hinh gi thi dien tich vay dupe la Ion nhat?
Cau chuyen va de toan ay da gay thu rat Ion cho Galilei Tro ve phong minh, Galilei lay mot doan day de thu vong lai du loai hinh va tinh dien tich cua chung Galilei phat hien cac hinh do, dien tich hinh tron la Ion nhat Hom sau, Galilei mang dap an lai thay Ricci, dupe thay khen ngpi
(9)Ricci thuong phu dao cho Galilei, dong vien Galilei nghien cuu nhung nghi van ve hoc thuyet cua Aristotle, va dua sdch cua Archimedes, Euclid - nhung nha toan hoc noi tieng Hy Lap c6, cho xem Galilei hi toan hoc hap dan, suot me toan hoc
Dan dan, dau 6c Galilei da chua bao van de muon tim tim toi Gioi hoc gia bay gia hi chi phoi boi hoc thuyet Aristode, khong dam c6 y kien khac Galilei thi kliac: Galilei luon qua cac thi nghiem, suy nghi mot each khach quan cua minh de tim toi 161 giai dap cho cac van de Galilei kh6ng lay viec hoc thugc mot each giao dieu cac quan diem cua Aristotle, ma la thong qua hoc tap the gioi tu nhien de nhan thiic cac van de
Tuyen chien vol quyen uy von c6 tir truoc
Tai nang toan hoc cua Galilei cang Ip ro Nhimg cac thay giao ciia truong Dai hoc Pisa cang ghet chang sinh vien thuong giau sach toan cua Archimedes va Euclid duoi cuo'n sach giao khoa ve y hoc de xem len, lai them c6 nhung each hieu khac v6i nhung giao dieu cua Aristotle The la ho tham thti, khong che, va roi khong cap bang tot nghiep Dai hoc Y khoa cho anh NSm 1585, nam Galilei tr6n 21 tuoi, anh phai roi truong Dai hoc Pisa
Galilei khong noi len lop hoc hanh, nhung lai c6 th6i gian de tu hoc toan, va cac m6n khoa hpc tu nhien Anh thuong tu hop v6i mot so' be ban tranh luan
do ve cac van de khoa hoc Ban be thuong gpi anh la "Archimedes duong dai" vi anh c6 kien thuc rong, kh6 bat be noi cac lap luan cua anh
Trong thoi ky tu hoc, Galilei phat hien thay cac tac pham cua Archimedes c6 nhung tri thuc toan hoc va Itrc hpc phong phii Mot s6' thi nghiem vat ly cua Archimedes dac biet thu hut su chu y cua Galilei Galilei rat thich lam cac thi nghiem
Vao liic nay, tir phat hien ve chu ky dao dong Idc truong Dai hpc Pisa, Galilei nghi tiep:
- Da CO the diing nhip dap binh thuong cua huyet quan chung minh tinh ding thoi cua dao dong lac thi lam khong dung tinh dang th6i cua lac de nhip dap huyet quan nguol?
Qua may dem miet mai suy nghi, thuc nghiem, cuoi C l i n g Galilei da che may mach dap Ngay nay,
'cdc thay thuoc dung dong h6 deo tay de dem mach dap cua nguoi Nhung vao th6i ciia Galilei, may mach dap la mpt phat hi^n moi
Tiep sau, Galilei lai nghi mpt y:
- Neu CO the che mpt may bao gior chuan xdc thi c6 phai rat hay khong?
(10)m o t chiec dong ho hoan chinh Do la chiec dong ho qua Idc dau tien cua the gioi, dugc goi la "dong ho Galilei"
T u t h i nghiem k i e m tra chiec vuong m i e n cua Archimedes, Galilei lai n g h i toi viec u n g d u n g ket qua t h i n g h i e m nghien c u u t i n h chat lire hoc va vat ly cua hop k i m Khong lau sau, Galilei thong qua xac d i n h trong lucmg cua vat the a nuac, phat hien thay l u g n g giam nhe k h i cho vat the vao bang l u o n g nuoc m a no choan ch6, ong phat m i n h loai can ty trong, c6 the dg dang biet duoc ty cua cac loai hop k i m Ong da viet m o t l u a n van gioi thieu nguyen ly, p h u o n g phap s i i d u n g loai can Rat n h i e u nha toan hoc da ca ngoi l u a n vSn cua Galilei Nha toan hpc Ricci dem ban l u a n vSn chuyen t o i dai cong tuoc cai q u a n vung Pisa, va n h a n luc ong ta to rat hai long da nhac t o i d o i song kho khSn cua Galilei N h o the Galilei
duQC c u giir chiic giao su toan hoc truong Dai hoc Pisa
N a m 1589, t r u o n g D a i hoc Pisa trao t h u phong Galilei - sinh vien chua he tot nghiep cua t r u o n g nay, chuc v u glao su N a m do, Galilei m o i 25 tudi
Vao n a m t h i i hai, sau k h i t r o lai t r u o n g Dai hoc Pisa, Galilei phat bieu m p t l u a n van rat c6 sue nang: "Ban ve
trong luc", Ian dau tien n e u d i n h luat r o i t u cua vat
the: "Vat the, bdtke to, nhd, nhe, nang the ndo, qua
trinh roi tu do, neu khong ke toi dnh huang sdn sinh tra luc cua khong khi, thi toe roi cua chung hoan toan
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nhu nhau" D i e u p h u d i n h nguyen ly cua Aristotle la: "Vat the cdng nang thi rod cdng nhanh" H a n h dong d a m
tuyen chien voi " t h a n h n h a n " gay xon xao Ion ca truong Dai hoc Pisa, b i b g n t i n cua Aristotle x i i m vao cong kich:
- H o a n toan la lao leu!
- Aristotle l a m sai duoc? L a m c6 the n h u the! De hoan toan danh guc q u a n d i e m sai l a m cua Aristotle, tra dua phai p h a n d d i m i n h , Galilei quyet d i n h l a m m o t t h i nghiem de c h u n g m i n h quan d i e m cua m i n h Ong chon dia d i e m t h i n g h i e m la thap nghieng Pisa n o i tieng
Do la m o t dep troi cua n a m 1590 M o i hoc gia, sinh vien, dan chung t h a n h Pisa l u l u o t t o i gan thap Pisa, xem Galilei bieu dikn t h i nghiem Bon t i n cua Aristotle ho t u o n g len: "Hpc thuyet cua Aristotle tien b o i tuyet d o i khong sai!"; "Ten tieu tot t h d i tha nhat d i n h la ke dien!"
Vao khoang trua h o m do, Galilei d i vao cua thap, roi leo len cau thang xoan 6c, len toi d i n h thap cao 54 met
M o i nguoi chan thap cang mat m a n h i n len d i n h thap Chi thay Galilei tren d i n h thap, hai tay cam hai qua cau sat Ong het to de m o i nguoi duoi chan nghe thay:
- Qua cau nang 10 kg, qua cau nang kg Bay gid toi Cling tha xuong hai qua cau t h i chung r o i dong thoi m o t luc xuong dat M o i nguoi hay chii y n h i n that can than m a xem!
(11)Noi xong, hai qua cau da roi khoi tay Galilei "Ung!" Moi nguoi deu nhin thay ca hai qua cau dong thai roi xuong mat dat
' - Galilei thing r6i! - Moi nguoi reo vang len nhu sam Chi CO bon phan doi Galilei thi mom ra, tiu nghiu, khong dam ban tan ho he gi nua
Thanh cong cua buoi thuc nghiem da danh ket luan cua Aristotle ma may ngan nSm qua khong dam hoai nghi, chi luon mieng noi la "chan ly"(!)
Nhung cong lai dan den tai hoa cho Galilei! Nhung giao su Dai hoc Pisa vdn khong chiu tin a mdt ho, cang khong tin la Aristotle sai lam, noi bay la Galilei yem ma thuat vao qua cau sit Ho tim moi each cong kich, tay chay Galilei NSm 1892, Galilei tuc gian tir bo chuc vu giao su, Ian thu hai roi khoi truang Dai hpc Pisa
Nam thang kho quen
Mat noi day hoc, Galilei tay tr^ng tra ve gia dinh Nguoi cha dau 6m da lau ngay, nhin dua ch4ng tim loi nao de sinh ke, rat lo iSng cho tuong lai ciia Galilei May sau, ong 6m nSng, qua doi
Me mat som, ca gia dinh van a thu nhap cua cha de s6ng qua Con thi Galilei 28 tuoi dua lu em trai, em gai lam vao canh s6ng ban han, dang thuong biet bao Mot thoi gian dai, Galilei phai nhan lam cac cong viec lat vat de c6 tien nuoi cac em Khong lau sau, nho mot nguoi ban giup do, Galilei lai dugc bo
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nhiem chuc giao su truong Dai hoc Padua, day toan va thien van hpc
Truang Dai hoc Padua nam a nuoc Cong hoa Venice Venice cung nhu Florence, deu la mot nuoc vien ciia Italia Net khac la Venice la mot rat vui ve,
CO vu moi nguoi tu kham pha, thu vien a day phong
phu sach bao han moi noi chau Au, truang Dai hoc Padua thoat khoi su kiem toa cua toa La Ma, ma rong cua don nhan nhung tu tuong, tin nguong khac Galilei a khong bi bai xich da tim nhung sai lam cua Aristotle Co the c6 nguoi khong dong tinh voi hoc thuyet cua ong, nhung khong c6 nguoi lam nhuc ong
Hit tho khong tu cua Venice va Padua, Galilei tua nhu bien mot nguoi moi, song giua ban be nhiet tinh mong ong "an cu lac nghiep" truang dai hoc
That ly thu la gia day hinh hoc dau tien cua Galilei a Padua da c6 sue hap d&n sinh vien manh den the! Ho im lang lang nghe, va roi v6 tay hoan nghenh Galilei giang bai xong Sau do, nha truang phai chon cac giang duong Ian nhat truang de Galilei giang toan hoc, moi dap ung yeu cau cua sinh vien toi nghe giang
(12)khi chuyen dong Ong da tien hanh a thi nghiem chuyen dong cua vat tren mat phing nghieng, rat noi tieng; tong ket mdi quan he so luong giua cu ly va thoi gian vat the roi tu do; nghien cuu van dong cua dan phao Khai niem ve "gia toe" cung la Galilei dua Ian dau tien, rat chinh xac Vao nSm 1593, ong phat minh chiec nhiet ke khong dau tien de than nhiet cho nguoi benh hi phat sot
Vao nam 1600, Galilei dang lam cong viec giang day dai hoc thi xay viec nha triet hoc noi tieng Italia la Bruno, tuyen truyen thuyet cua Copernicus, sau 10 nSm hi day doa song sat, 17 thang 2, da bi Giao hoang xii tu tren gian thieu, quang truong La Ma Galilei biet dugc tin tham khoc do, long dau nhu cat, bi thuong khon cung Galilei cung la mon cua Copernicus nhimg chua dam cong khai bien ho cho Bruno Nhung sir kien da lam cai bien phuong huong nghien cuu cua Galilei Ong chuyen tir doi tuong nghien cuu la lire hoc va vat ly hoc sang nhung van de cua linh virc vu tru hoc Ong da tien hanh rieng cac loai thi nghiem khoa hoc, nham c6 gang phat trien hon mot buoc nua hoc thuyet cua Copernicus
Mua dong nam 1604, c6 mot ngoi moi sang la thuong xuat hien tren bau trol Vi khach khong mdi ma den da hap dan sir chii y cua nhieu nguol Vi khach ay toi miia xuan nam sau lai mat di mot each than bi Moi nguoi tranh luan soi noi, neu bao cau hoi: "Do la ngoi
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nao? No tu dau toi, va lai di dau? Nhiing ngoi diem day tren man dem xet cho ciing thi van dong theo quy luat the nao?" Nhung chang c6 giai dap duoc ro rang nhting cau hoi
Galilei dem dem luu y quan sat ngoi la ay Gang ong cang nhan loai nguoi biet it qua ve nhung hi mat cua vu tru
Nhung chi dua vao mat nguoi binh thuong de quan sat thi cung chi quan sat duoc muc ban che ma thoi, luc lai chua c6 kinh vikn vong Galilei nghi hoai toi viec lieu c6 the c6 each nao lam cho thi luc ciia nguoi cang tinh, nhay, cang mo rong hon, gidng nhu mat thien ly truyen than thoai c6 the nhin thay nhung vi t h i m xa hay khong?
Ong het tram tu suy nghl lai tinh tinh, toan toan, tim toi ve van de Galilei tCmg noi vol ban be:
- Ducrc song bau khong tir nhu a Padua, toi cam thay sung suong lam roi Toi khong c6 ly ^ ma khong cong hien het minh cho khoa hoc
Co that Galilei hoan toan sung suong, thoa man? That doi song rieng cua ong cung nhieu n6i dau kho 1dm Tieng tam ciia ong cang Ion thi vo cua ong lai cang lanh nhat v6i ong Vg cua ong cam thay ong ngoai chuyen tro ve khoa hoc ra, rat it tam tinh voi minh nen rat chan chudng Co la nguoi phu nu binh thuong, mudn CO nguoi chong binh thucmg Nam 1605, vg chong Galilei cudi cimg phai chia tay
(13)Moi ngiroi thtrong noi niem vui va n6i buon luon dan quyen voi Galilei yeu vq, nhung ong cung rat yeu su nghiep cua minh Du sung suong hay dau kho, Galilei khong the quen la phai kien dinh hien doi minh cho khoa hoc
Khdm ph6 bi mat cua vu tru
Nam 1609, nha thien vSn hoc Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), nguoi Due, viet cuon "Thien van hoc mai" tuyen truyen hoc thuyet cua Copernicus Galilei cung tim c6 duoc mot cuon, va doc no rat thii Kepler c6 viet trong cuon sach do: " T6i cdng nghien cuu cdng dong
tinh v&i thuyet cua Copernicus!" Galilei thua nhan rSng
6ng cung thay nhu vay Nhung, de moi nguoi toan tam toan y tiep nhan hoc thuyet can c6 cang nhieu hon nua nhimg chiing minh Ong hy vpng c6 mpt minh lam dupe dieu
Vao mpt thang nam 1609, Galilei nhan dupe thu cua mpt nguoi ban Ha Lan Trong thu c6 viet: " a
day CO mot nguoi Idm mot chiec kinh dac biet Horn qua toi di choi ben ba song da gap d ba song doi dien c6 mot c6 gdi rat dep Toi nhin qua chiec kinh cua anh ta thay mat co ta ro nhu can ke v&i minh vay B&i loai kinh chua co toi chiec thu hai nen toi khong c6 each gi thay anh mua mot chiec"
Galilei lat thu, dpc di dpc lai, tu nhu:
"Minh cung se lam mpt chiec kinh khong chi nhin ro
duoc mat CO gai, ma nhin ro dung nhan cua mat trang va cac vi sao"
Khong lau sau, mpt cau hpc tro cua Galilei cung giii thu toi, noi ve chiec kinh dirpc sang che a Ha Lan, khang dinh rang ong kinh co tac dung phong to vat the len gap nhieu lan
"Ong kinh!" - Galilei xem di xem lai roi vao phong thi nghiem cua minh nghl each thiet ke, tuyen chpn cac thau kinh, sap xep cac thau kinh loi va thau kinh 16m, luc tim cac tai lieu ve thau kinh de tham khao Miet mai suot dem, cuoi cung, Galilei dung thau kinh loi va thau kinh lom dat each mpt quang thich hop, tao nen ong kinh co the bang mat thuong nhin ro vat rat xa Galilei mung qua, lien chang he nghi ngoi, bat tay che tao thuc su mpt chiec kinh vi6n vpng dung quan trdc thien van, hoan phdt minh cua minh Kinh vign vpng cua Galilei co kha nang phong to vat the gap 32 lan, ket thuc thoi ky cac nha thien van chi dua vao mat minh quan sat tinh tu, mo mpt thoi ky moi cua su phat trien thien van hpc can dai
Miia thu nam 1609, Galilei diing kinh vi&n vpng cua minh quan sat mat trang Ong kinh ngac thay be mat mat trang hien rat ro rang, khien ong nhimg muon tho tay mo vao mat trang mpt chut xem sao!
(14)vong thi no lai go ghe, voi nhung song, nui, bien, ho, khong he bang phdng chut nao
Lien tiep may dem quan sat mat trSng bang kinh vign vong, Galilei so sanh voi cac hien tuong a trai dat, cang tin rang tren mat trang c6 niii non, lai phat hien thay cac diem sang, diem ma tren nua Khi mat trang len cang cao, cac diem sang, diem ma cung thay doi sang, do toi chung to mat trang duac mat trai chieu sang voi do sang thay doi, chu khong phai la "mot vat the tu phat sang", "mot qua cau lua" nhu hau het cac nha thien van da noi!
V6 sau, Galilei tiep tuc quan trdc cac thien the khac, kham pha them cac hi mat ciia vu tru Vao dem thang Gieng nam 1610, Galilei kham pha bon ve tinh cua sao Moc va khang dinh Ngan Ha la mot tap hgp cac Ong cung phat hien cac pha cua Kim va vet den tren mat trai Theo doi sir thay doi vi tri cua vet den mat troi, Galilei ket luan rang mat trai quay xung quanh true cua no Chinh Galilei cling da phat hien Tho voi cac vanh dai noi tieng
"Copernicus da dung! Mat trai la trung tam cua he mat trai Trai dat va cac hanh tinh khac deu quay quanh mat trai!" Galilei cuoi ciing da tim nhung chung cu, sau bao nhieu nam tim kiem cho ket luan ay
Voi nhiing phat hien lam phan chan long nguoi, hinh thanh quan diem mol ve vu tru , Galilei cam but, viet
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nen tac pham moi nhat ve thien van hoc, cong bo vol toan the gioi Thang nam 1610, cuon sach "Thong bdo ve cac thien the" cua Galilei doi, lap tuc gay chan dong chau Au
Tuy nhien, hanh dong cua Galilei su dung kinh vi6n vong kham pha bi mat cua vu tru cung lam nhieu nguoi noi gian Galilei rat biet dieu do, boi nhimg qua nghien ciiu cua ong da lam lung lay quyen uy cao nhat cua Giao hoi Song ong van kien tri cong viec cua minh Ong hieu rang, cha doi ong c6 the la nhung don chi mang!
Trai dat diing la van quay!
Chau Au thai Trung the ky la thai ky mau chot chuyen doi tir xa hoi phong kien sang xa hoi tu ban chu nghia Mot thai ky rat dai, tinh toi luc do, bon than quyen thong tri a chau Au tuyen bo khong biet nguang mom: "Vu tru la noi chiia day nhung "thien su" a cac ding cap khac va nhung qua cau thuy tinh Trai dat la dung im, bat dong va la trung tam cua nhung qua cau thuy tinh do" Ho suy ton thuyet "dia tam" (Trai dat la trung tam vu tru) boi cac nha than hpc cho rang mat troi quay quanh trai dat, chieu sang cho trai dat Thuong de da dinh the sang tao mat troi, de thi an cho loai nguoi Do la chan ly vinh vi6n khong thay doi, khong the pha do!"
Vao thoi gian do, Giao hgi Thien chua van quyen luc khong che rat Ian doi voi chinh quyen cac nuoc a
(15)chau Au Hp CO toa an ton giao de c6 the tiay y bat ha, xet xu, tra khao, tham chi xu tii nhung khong "ngoan dao" hoac de xuat nhung y kien, quan diem khac voi giao ly Nam 1327, mot nha thien van Italia da hi thieu song tren gian lua chi vi noi trai dat hinh cau, tren ban cau ben kia cung c6 nguoi cu tni Nam 1600, Bruno cung hi thieu chet boi toi danh la hoc thuyet cua ong lam lung lay thuyet "dia tarn"
Nam 1611, Toa an ton giao da ghi ten Galilei vao so den Giao hoi trudc tien cho nhung hoc gia theo than giao uy hiep, cong kich, thoa ma Galilei la "nghich dao, bang bo than linh" Tiep den, Giao hoi tuyen bo: "Nghiem cam bat cii ban luan ve hoc thuyet cua Copernicus; khong dirpc doc sach cua Copernicus!" Khi cuon sach "Thong
boo ve cdc thien the" cua Galilei duoc xuat ban, Galilei da
tra ngirai ung ho kien quyet cho hoc thuyet cua Copernicus Ong khong chi phat bieu luan van phe phan, bac bo Aristotle, ma thong qua thu tir, khong he che giau su ung ho hoc thuyet cua Copernicus, tham chi gui ca sach cua minh toi Giao hoi La Ma Galilei qua la nha khoa hoc CO luong tam, va luong tam cua ong chinh la kien tri di tim chan ly
Mot lanh leo khac thuong cua miia dong nam 1615, Galilei mgt minh phai toi La Ma, theo trat goi cua Toa an Giao hoi Nam nam truoc do, Galilei da tung toi tham La Ma, du^c nhiet tinh tiep dai, theo nghi 1§ vQng nhat Do hang loat nhung phat hi?n moi thien
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van hoc va phat minh kinh vi§n vong, ong duoc Giao hoang La Ma Paul V quy trong, gioi quy toe va cac nha Idioa hoc La Ma lay viec duoc ket than vol ong lam vinh dir Nhung chi each c6 nam nam, bo mat cua La Ma da hoan toan doi khac doi voi Galilei: khong c6 hoa tuoi va nhung net mat tuoi cuoi, toi dau cung la lanh hoac tim each tranh xa ong nhu mot thu on dich !
6 Toa an ton giao Hong y gido chu doi mat v6i
Galilei dang dung a vi tri cua ke hi cao, noi giong uy hiep: - Nguoi phai bo nhung ta thuyet di giao, cang khong dupe tuyen truyen chiing Khong dupe cho bat cii ai ban tan ve nhimg loi noi bay ba cua Copernicus !
Duoi su ep bupc cua Giao hpi, Galilei bupc phai hua la khong theo thuyet Copernicus, roi dau kho tro ve Florence
Khi do, Galilei moi nam muoi hai tuoi, dang a thoi ky nghien cuu khoa hpc sung sue, nhung lai hi troi bupc nhu vay Trove Florence khong lau, Galilei roi khoi pho huyen nao chuyen ve trang trai rieng a Arcetri Cupc song cua ong be ngoai c6 ve yen a nhung thuc dau 6c ong dau c6 ngoi nghi! Ong ket hpp cac tri thuc vat ly, toan hpc, thien van , cilng doi lay kheo leo, da sang che nhieu dung cu khoa hpc
(16)Viet: " MQi each cuong che deu khong c6 the lam toi thay doi mot su that la trai dat dung la vSn quay!"
Chan ly khong the bi lat nguoc
Galilei sau nhieu nSm danh toan tam toan y vao lam viec, CO the da suy hao, benh tat giay v6 Nhung ong vin khong quen hoc thuyet Copernicus NSm 1621, ong nga benh, hon me may
Vua guong day, Galilei da viet thu giii Giao hoang La Ma trinh bay quan diem cua minh ve thien vSn hoc va long mong moi dugc tiep tuc nghien ciiu thien vSn hoc Ong viet thu: "Toi khong chong doi Gido hoi bai vi
toi Id mot thdnh vien cua Gido hoi Nhung toi Id nhd khoa hoc, luong tdm cua nhd khoa hoc budc toi can ton su thuc khdch quan "
Cung CO the bi su chan tinh cua Galilei thuc tinh, cung CO the la tai nSaig cua Galilei c6 sue thuyet phuc, nam 1624, Giao hoang La Ma dong y tiep kien Galilei Ket qua la, Galilei duoc phep ban luan khen, che quan diem cua hpc thuyet Copernicus, nhimg khong dugc dua ket luan noi trai dat quay quanh mSt troi!
Duoc the vol Galilei da la mirng iSm roi Ong c6 the nhan dip de viet cuon sach dang cau tu dau Chi khong day mot nam sau do, Galilei da hoan tac pham vT dai: "Doi thoai ve hai he thong vu tru", thucmg duoc goi tat la "Doi thoai" Trong tac pham nay, Galilei dung len ba nhan vat doi thoai voi ve hai thuyet cua
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thien van hoc: mot la tin a thuyet "dia tam"; mot tin a thuyet Copernicus (thuyet "nhat tam"), va mot la nguoi neu cau hoi, dan de cho cuoc doi thoai tiep difen
Nam 1630, Galilei dua in tac pham cua minh a La Ma Trai qua nhieu phien ha, thang nam 1632, tac pham da in xong, mat doc gia Cuon sach lap tuc gay chan dong Ion boi chi can doc ky la khong kho gi nhan ra: Bang nhung luan cu chac chan va luong Ion su that khong the tranh bien, Galilei da phe phan day sue thuyet phuc ly luan sai lam cua thuyet "dia tam", chung minh mot each khoa hoc thuyet trai dat quay ciia Copernicus, phu dinh triet de nhung luan dieu xang bay cua nhirng nha than hpc ton giao
Duong nhien, cuoc da'u tranh khong the khoan nhuong giua nha khoa hoc va than hoc phai no Thang 8 nam 1632, Toa an ton giao La Ma lenh cam ban sach
"Doi thoai" Ho ket luan rang, Galilei khong dua
ket luan nao nhung chi eo nhimg ke xuan ngoc moi khong nhan y that cua ong Chi mot thang sau day, Galilei bi xieng xieh, dieu toi La Ma giua lue ong da gia yeu, benh tat dang hanh
Ngay 22 thang nam 1633, sau bao nhue hinh, tra khao, hong ep buoc Galilei tir bo chinh kien cua minh ma khong xong, Toa an ton giao La Ma da tuyen bo cam chi voi sach "Doi thoai" cua ong va bo tu ong suot doi!
Galilei da ngoan cuong bao bpn quan toa:
(17)- Chan ly khong c6 the bi lat nguoc Toi khong the tu bo nhung viec ma mot nha khoa hoc nen lam!
Nha khai phd bat khuat
Sau bao tra khao hanh nguc tu, than hinh Galilei da tieu tuy, nhung y chi bao ve chan ly a ong khong he giam sut Trong hoan canh nguc tvi cung cue toi kho ta het, Galilei vSn bi mat viet cuon sach "Dam thoqi ve khoa hoc m&i". Nhung nguoi ung ho ong da bi mat cung cap giay, muc va dua ban thao cua ong khoi nha til, canh gac cho ong viet Dang tiec la ban thao sau bi that lac
Nam 1637, Galilei bi 16a ca hai mat Giao hoi bi ap luc cua du luan xa hoi buoc phai dong y quan thuc ong tai nha ong a Arcetri Ngay Florence la noi rat gan noi ong a, ong cung khong duoc phep toi
Galilei ve nha khong lau thi nguoi than nhat la gai cua ong cung qua doi Ong song nhung khon kho va bi tham, nhimg vSn ngoan cuong chien dau Nam 1640, nhd mot hoc sinh giup do, ong da hoan tac pham cudi Cling cua doi minh: "Nguyen li cua chuyen dong", tong ket ca mot thoi gian dai nghien cuu vat ly cua ong
Mua dong nam 1641, sau cudn sach tren duoc xuat ban, Galilei lam benh nang Ngay thang Gieng nam 1642, nha khoa hoc cu phach cua the gioi the ky XVII da ngung tho
Ngay 10 thang nam 1979, Giao hoang La Ma, mot dai hoi cong khai, da chinh thuc thua nhan viec xu toi Galilei hon 300 nam truoc la khong cong chinh, la "dinhtoi sailam"!
(18)ANDERSEN • VIET TRUYEN C O TfCH
BANG NHONG GIXC M O
/^I'ndersen (1805-1875) la nha vSn nguoi Dan <«C^Mach, noi tieng the gioi ve nhung truyen c6 tich Viet cho thieu nhi
Ong noi Andersen bi benh tarn than, bi nhot nha thuong dien, cha cau la mot nguoi thg gia Cha Andersen ngheo den n6i ket hon voi me cau, ong khong CO lay mot chiec giuong con, danh lay g6 van quan tai ke lam phan de ngii va Andersen da dugc sinh tren tam phan ay
Thuo nho, Andersen mat mui xau xi, nha ngheo, Sn mac lai nhech nhac nen chSng choi voi cau ca, tham chi CO ban thoa ma, danh dam Andersen nua
Vi vay, cau be von mSc cam vi hoan canh gia dinh minh cang rit nha, Ian tranh tiep xuc voi cac ban
Cha Andersen thuong con, khong c6 tien mua choi cho con, ong mang lai niem vui cho bang each doc cho cau be nghe nhCmg mau chuyen nhimg cuon sach tren cai gia sach con cua minh Nguoi cha thuo nho cung la mot cau be ham dpc sach nen cSn nha ngheo nan, toi tan ay van giu ^ dugrc vai
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cuon nhu: "Than thoai Hy Lap", "Truyen ngu ngon Aesop", "Nghin le mot dem" Nhung luc cha doc, Andersen thuong ngoi iSng nghe mot each say sua
Tri thong minh va 6c tuong tuong tuyet voi cua Andersen da duoc nuoi duong them boi nhung cau chuyen cha ke tu tho au ay
Sudt thoi tho au, Andersen c6 mot tinh yeu nong chay voi vSn hoc noi rieng, nghe thuat noi chung Tach xa khoi nhung tro choi cua lu ban cung hoc, Andersen danh nhieu thoi gian de doc cac vo kich cua Shakespeare, Holbergham, tu lam cho minh cac mon choi, may ao cho nhung roi
6 truong hoc, la mot nhung hoc sinh nho tuoi nhat nhung Andersen duoc cac thay c6 giao rat quy men vi cau be thong minh, hay mo mong c6 tri tuong tuong rat phong phii
Trong lop cua Andersen c6 mot ban gai ten la Sahra Vi CO be rat dep nen Andersen thuong tuong tuong c6 be la mot nang cong chua di§m le Mot hom, tren duong tu truong ve nha, Sahra noi voi Andersen rSng c6 chi muon hoc that gioi de sau duoc tr6 nen giau c6, vi nha c6 rat ngheo
Andersen cham chu nhin ban roi dot nhien noi:
- Cau dung lo, dpi minh Ion len, nhat dinh minh se don cau toi dinh thu cua minh!
(19)Sahrakinhngac, matron mat hoi: " " " " " - Dinh thu nao ca?
Andersen tra loi:
- Dinh thu cua to! Dai truong thanh, nhat dinh ta se CO dinh thu cua minh
Sahra che gi§u:
- Cau dien roi! Cau la trai cua nguoi tha giay ngheo kho, lam c6 dinh thu dugc? Chi c6 ba tuoc moi
CO dinh thu thoi!
Andersen ma mong lien dang doi canh tuong tugng cua minh, nghi mot cau chuyen:
- Co le, to von la trai ciia mot vi ba tuoc hi bo roi Roi duac mot nguoi ngheo khd nhat ve, ta danh cam phan Ian len gia dinh Mot no, cha me de cua ta b6ng tim den don ta ve Luc ta se c6 mot toa lau dai that to, that dep, ta se cuoi len ngua Ian long lanh vang bac de don cau, dua cau ve lau dai cua minh
Nghe noi, Sahra chat nhin Andersen vol mat khac thuong roi chay vut di vi lo so cau be hi dien giong ong noi cau Tir do, Andersen cang phai chiu dimg sir lang nhuc va ghe lanh cua ban be doi vai minh, nhung tat ca nhung dieu cung khong anh huang den dau 6c ma mong va tri tuong tucrng phong phu cua cau be
Sau cha mat, Andersen phai lam thg det vai, thg may, cong nhan nha may thuoc la de kiem song
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roi ca den di6n vien nha hat Khong cong vai nghe difen vien, theo loi khuyen cua mpt nguoi ban, ong chuyen han sang vlet van
Andersen da timg noi: "Khong c6 chuyen ke nao hay han cau chuyen chinh cuoc song viet nen" Xuat phat tir quan diem nay, cac sang tac cua ong thuong bat re tir doi song, nhung vi la nguoi chuyen viet truyen cho thieu nhi nen each viet cua ong vira trao Ipng, vira tru tinh, vira lang man, vira hien thuc
Do la nhung tac pham c6 tinh nhan van sau sdc, c6 sue am anh cua nhung giac ma tuyet dep
Bang tri tuong tugng phong phu cua minh, Andersen da viet nen nhung cau chuyen tuyet dep, nhung cau chuyen da biet ong tir mot vit non xau xi mot thien nga tren bau troi van hgc the gioi
(20)ARCHIMEDES
-NHA VAT LY VT OAI THdl CO
^fpren ban the gioi, chiing ta c6 the dk nhan ^U/nuac Italia c6 hinh thu tira nhu chiec ung khong
16 noi len Ian nuoc biec xanh Dia Trung Hai, va Sicilia
la hon dao nho, nkm a phia truoc mui cua chiec ung khong
16 Nha khoa hoc thai c6 Archimedes sinh a Syracuse,
mot thi ph6n hoa nkn tren hon dao Sisilia
Song each chiing ta hon 2.000 nam ma Archimedes da phat hien dinh luat don bay, ly thuyet ve tam, cac dieu kien noi cua cac vat (dinh luat Archimedes), nguyen ly ve ti trong, khai sang ca hpc va thuy tinh hoc Ong la nha toan hoc xuat chung, la nha ky thuat tai ba, la nha khoa hoc dung cam va nhiet yeu To quoc cua minh
Thua nho cua Archimedes
Vao hon 2.000 nSm truoc, dao Sicilia la thupc dia cua Hy Lap Thanh Syracuse nSm tren hon dao la noi buon ban sam uat tren ben duoi thuyen cang khau Syracuse luc nao cung ken day tau thuyen; tren cac cau tau ng6n ngon chat dii loai hang hoa
Syracuse ph6n thinh ve kinh te, va cung rat phdt trien ve van hoa, khoa hoc ky diuat Nhung nha khoa hoc a
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day da nghien cuu triet hoc, hinh hoc tu rat som Ho da biet each tinh chu vi cua trai dat; biet trai dat tu quay m6i vong het 24 gia va hinh va dem Ho quan niem rang van vat la cau tao tir nguyen tu, ma nguyen tu la nhung hat rat nho van dpng khong gian Ho CO nhieu tim toi ve thien van, chinh tri, phap luat, tha ca, am nhac, sinh vat, vat ly, toan hoc,
Archimedes da sinh cai noi cua nen van minh cua loai nguai Cha Archimedes - ong Pheidos - la mot nha thien van, suot doi nghien cuu ve khoang each giua mat trai va mat trang Niem mong moi Ion nhat cua 6ng Pheidos la lam cho Archimedes giau c6 tri thuc
-ngu6n cua cai quy bau nhat cua loai nguoi, d6ng thoi phai
CO pham chat cao thuang, tuan thu ky luat
Sinh mot gia dinh kha gia, song Archimedes lai rat thich giao du, ket than voi nhung no le ciing tuoi Me Archimedes vCra la lung vira to bat hinh, hoi Archimedes:
- Con lam lai suot nghich ngam, choi bcri voi bon no le nhu the?
- Con thich lam, me a! - Archimedes tra lai rat h6n nhien
Me Archimedes thet len, gpi chong:
- Troi! Ong hay xem cau quy hoa cua ong noi nhung gi nay!
Sao the con? Vi lai thich choi voi no le? -Cha Archimedes cung cam thay la ky