Mastering Oracle SQL and SQL

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval[r]

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Mastering Oracle

SQL and SQL*Plus

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All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher

ISBN (pbk): 1-59059-448-7

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Trademarked names may appear in this book Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark

Lead Editor: Tony Davis

Technical Reviewers: Cary Millsap and Joakim Treugut

Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Dan Appleman, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Tony Davis, John Franklin, Jason Gilmore, Chris Mills, Dominic Shakeshaft, Jim Sumser

Project Manager: Beckie Stones Copy Edit Manager: Nicole LeClerc Copy Editor: Marilyn Smith

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Contents at a Glance

Foreword ix

About the Author xi

About the Technical Reviewers xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction xvii

CHAPTER

Relational Database Systems and Oracle

CHAPTER

Introduction to SQL,

i

SQL*Plus, and SQL*Plus

CHAPTER

Data Definition, Part I

CHAPTER 4

Retrieval: The Basics

CHAPTER 5

Retrieval: Functions

CHAPTER 6

Data Manipulation

CHAPTER

Data Definition, Part II

CHAPTER 8

Retrieval: Multiple Tables and Aggregation

CHAPTER 9

Retrieval: Some Advanced Features

CHAPTER 10

Views

CHAPTER 11

SQL*Plus and

i

SQL*Plus

CHAPTER 12

Object-Relational Features

APPENDIX A

Quick Reference to SQL and SQL*Plus

APPENDIX B

Data Dictionary Overview

APPENDIX C

The Seven Case Tables

APPENDIX D

Answers to the Exercises

APPENDIX E

Oracle Documentation, Web Sites, and Bibliography

INDEX

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UNIQUE constraint 67, 167 unique identifiers 20

case entities 382 unique indexes 176 UNIQUE option

CREATE INDEX command 176 unnesting 332, 336–337

updatable join views 276 rules and restrictions 277 updatable views 17

UPDATE command 26–27, 337, 359 components 145

example 146

example using a subquery 147 read consistency 156

restrictions on updatable join views 277 via an inline updatable join 282 UPDATE object privilege 30–31 UPPER function 118, 355, 364 USER function 34, 297, 367 user-defined types 338

adding methods 328 constructor methods 328 creating 338–339

setting DEPTH attribute of DESCRIBE command 339

user-defined variables, SQL*Plus 290, 292 declaring with DEFINE command 292 implicit user-defined variables 293 user-friendly prompting 294

example 294

USER_ data dictionary views 375 USER_CONSTRAINTS view 169 USER_CONS_COLUMNS view 169 USER_INDEXES view 75

USER_OBJECTS view 75 USER_RECYCLEBIN view 75 USER_SEQUENCES view 75 USER_SYNONYMS view 75 USER_TABLES view 75

USER_TAB_COLUMNS view 75 USER_TYPES data dictionary view

querying to view type definitions 330 USER_UPDATABLE_COLUMNS view 278 USER_VIEWS data dictionary view 75

querying 270 USING command 358 USING keyword 201

V

V$ data dictionary views 378 VALUES clause 358

INSERT command 27, 141 VAR function 317

VARCHAR datatype 67, 360 VARCHAR2 recommended 162

VARCHAR2 datatype 67–68 limits 161

recommends use of 162 VARIABLE command 301, 355 variables 34

variables, SQL*Plus 290

VARIANCE function 209, 357, 365 varrays 329

as collection datatypes 328 creating the array 329

populating the array with values 331 querying array columns 332, 334 VERIFY system variable 297, 355

suppressing setting 292

VERSIONS BETWEEN option 261, 358 flashback features 260

VERSIONS_ENDTIME pseudo column 261 VERSIONS_STARTTIME pseudo column 261 VIEW command 360

views

compared to tables 267 creating from queries 268 creation 266

data manipulation 274–275 inline views 282

updatable join views 276

WITH CHECK OPTION clause 279–281 DESCRIBE command 270

getting information about views from data dictionary 269

introduction 265 joining three tables 268 materialized views 284

properties of 285 query rewrite 285 nonupdatable views 277 performance 283

replacing and dropping views 271 retrieving view definitions from data

dictionary 270 uses

maintaining logical data independence 274

simplifying data retrieval 271–272, 274 virtual tables, views as 266

volume

VSIZE function 367

W

WARNING option 351, 353 waterfall methods

WHEN THEN ELSE construct INTO clause 144

WHEN operator 363 WHENEVER command 353

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WHERE clause 78 + operator 204

ampersand (&) character 124 bitmap indexes and performance 176 compared to HAVING clause 216 correlated subqueries 282 equijoins 195

example 79

example of using with MOD function 116 example with simple condition 85 specifying conditions 85

UPDATE command 145 using functions 113 using parentheses 91 WHERE clause 28, 358 white space 79, 91

WIDTH_BUCKET function 364 wildcards 96, 362

windows 251

WITH CHECK OPTION clause creating views 267, 280

restrictions on updatable join views 277

WITH clause 274, 358 subqueries 244–245 WITH GRANT OPTION 361 WITH READ ONLY option

creating views 267 nonupdatable views 277 WORD_WRAP setting 356 WORD_WRAPPED option

COLUMN command 310 workspace screen, iSQL*Plus 41 WRAP option 355, 356

WRAPPED option

COLUMN command 310 WRAPPED system variable 354

Y

YEAR 127–128 year

formatting 367 specifying in SQL 33

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