American diabetes association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes 2015

STANDARDS OF MEDICAL CARE IN DIABETES—2015 ADA Evidence Grading System for Clinical Practice Recommendations Level of Evidence A Description Clear or supportive evidence from adequately powered well-conducted, generalizable, randomized controlled trials Compelling nonexperimental evidence  B Supportive evidence from well-conducted cohort studies or case-control study C Supportive evidence from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies  Conflicting evidence with the weight of evidence supporting the recommendation E Expert consensus or clinical experience ADA Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S2; Table Trends in the Number and Proportion of Higher and Lower Level Recommendations • Higher level recommendations defined as A or B evidence grades • Lower level recommendations defined as C or E evidence grades Grant R W , and Kirkman M S Dia Care 2015;38:6-8 Trends in the Proportion of Higher Level Recommendations by Category Grant R W , and Kirkman M S Dia Care 2015;38:6-8 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE Recommendations: Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care (1) • Care should be aligned with components of the Chronic Care Model to ensure productive interactions between a prepared proactive practice team and an informed activated patient A • When feasible, care systems should support team-based care, community involvement, patient registries, and embedded decision support tools to meet patient needs B ADA Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S5 Recommendations: Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care (2) • Treatment decisions should be timely, based on evidence-based guidelines tailored to individual patient preferences, prognoses, and comorbidities B • A patient-centered communication style should be employed that incorporates patient preferences, assesses literacy and numeracy, and addresses cultural barriers to care B ADA Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S5 Diabetes Care Concepts The American Diabetes Association highlights three themes that are woven throughout the Standards of Care in Diabetes that clinicians, policymakers, and advocates should keep in mind: a) b) c) Patient-Centeredness: The science and art of medicine come together when the clinician is faced with making treatment recommendations for a patients who would not have met eligibility criteria for the studies on which guidelines were based Diabetes Across the Lifespan: There is a need to improve coordination between clinical teams as patients pass through different stages of the life span or the stages of pregnancy (preconception, pregnancy, an postpartum.) Advocacy for Patients With Diabetes: Given the tremendous toll that lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking have on the health of patients with diabetes, ongoing and energetic efforts are needed to address and change the societal determinants at the root of these problems ADA Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S5 Objective 1: Optimize Provider and Team Behavior • Care team should prioritize timely, appropriate intensification of lifestyle and/or pharmaceutical therapy – Patients who have not achieved beneficial levels of blood pressure, lipid, or glucose control • Strategies include – – – – Explicit goal setting with patients Identifying and addressing barriers to care Integrating evidence-based guidelines Incorporating care management teams ADA Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 2014;38(suppl 1):S6 Objective 2: Support Patient Behavior Change • Implement a systematic approach to support patient behavior change efforts a) b) c) Healthy lifestyle: physical activity, healthy eating, nonuse of tobacco, weight management, effective coping Disease self-management: medication taking and management, self-monitoring of glucose and blood pressure when clinically appropriate Prevention of diabetes complications: self-monitoring of foot health, active participation in screening for eye, foot, and renal complications, and immunizations ADA Strategies for Improving Diabetes Care Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S6 12 MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES IN PREGNANCY Recommendations: Diabetes in Pregnancy (1) • Provide preconception counseling that addresses the importance of tight control in reducing the risk of congenital anomalies with an emphasis on achieving A1C < 7%, if this can be achieved without hypoglycemia B • Potentially teratogenic medications (ACE inhibitors, statins, etc.) should be avoided in sexually active women of childbearing age who are not using reliable contraception B • GDM should be managed first with diet and exercise, and medications should be added if needed A ADA 12 Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S77 Recommendations: Diabetes in Pregnancy (2) • Women with pregestational diabetes should have a baseline ophthalmology exam in the first trimester and then be monitored every trimester as indicated by degree of retinopathy B • Due to alterations in red blood cell turnover that lower the normal A1C level in pregnancy, the A1C target in pregnancy is < 6% if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia B • Medications widely used in pregnancy include insulin, metformin, and glyburide; most oral agents cross the placenta or lack long-term safety data B ADA 12 Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 1):S77 Glycemic Targets in Pregnancy (GDM) The goals for glycemic control for GDM are based on recommendations from the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and have the following targets for maternal capillary glucose concentrations: •Preprandial