Topical revision notes chemistry o level by samantha l ellis pdf

O Level Chemistry Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus It is written to provide candidates sitting for the O Level Chemistry examination with thorough revision material Important concepts are presented in simple and concise points for easier reference Relevant examples and diagrams are incorporated into the notes to facilitate the understanding of important concepts C M Y CM MY O Level Topical Revision Notes Series: Mathematics Additional Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Science Physics Science Chemistry Science Biology Topical REVISION NOTES CHEMISTRY Samantha L Ellis MSc, PGDE, BSc CY CMY K Includes ü Comprehensive Revision Notes ü Effective Study Guide ISBN 978 981 288 017 ü Periodic Table CHEMISTRY Samantha L Ellis MSc, PGDE, BSc SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 6760 1388 Fax: 6762 5684 e-mail: info@shinglee.com.sg http://www.shinglee.com.sg All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publishers First Published 2016 ISBN 978 981 288 017 Printed in Singapore PREFACE O Level Chemistry Topical Revision Notes has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education (Singapore) This book is divided into 23 topics, each covering a topic as laid out in the syllabus Important concepts are highlighted in each topic, with relevant examples and diagrams to help students learn how to apply theoretical knowledge We believe this book will be of great help to teachers teaching the subject and students preparing for their O Level Chemistry examination Preface  iii CONTENTS Periodic Table v Topic Kinetic Particle Theory Topic Experimental Techniques Topic Methods of Purification Topic Elements and Compounds 10 Topic Atoms and Ions 11 Topic Chemical Bonding 13 Topic Structure of Matter 16 Topic Writing Formulae and Equations 19 Topic Stoichiometry and Mole Concept 20 Topic 10 Acids and Bases 23 Topic 11 Salts 27 Topic 12 Oxidation and Reduction 32 Topic 13 Metals 34 Topic 14 Electrolysis 41 Topic 15 Periodic Table 45 Topic 16 Energy Changes 49 Topic 17 Speed of Reaction 52 Topic 18 Ammonia 55 Topic 19 Air and Atmosphere 57 Topic 20 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 61 Topic 21 Alkanes and Alkenes 64 Topic 22 Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids 67 Topic 23 Macromolecules 70 iv  Contents Periodic Table  v Mg Magnesium Na Sodium Calcium Strontium 45 Zr 91 Titanium Radium 89 Key b X a 227 actinium Ac † b = proton (atomic) number X = atomic symbol a = relative atomic mass *58–71 Lanthanoid series †90–103 Actinoid series 88 Francium 87 Ra Fr 226 Hf * Hafnium La 57 Lanthanum Ba Barium Cs 55 Caesium 72 40 Zirconium 22 178 Yttrium Y 89 48 Ti 139 39 21 Scandium Sc 137 56 38 Rubidium 133 Sr Rb 37 88 85 20 Potassium 19 40 Ca K 12 24 Beryllium 23 Lithium 39 11 Be II Li I Ta 181 Niobium Nb 93 90 58 73 52 Mo 96 W 184 Pr Praseodymium Cerium 55 Tc Ru 190 U 92 238 Uranium Pa Protactinium 232 93 Neptunium Np Promethium 61 Neodymium 60 Pm Nd 144 Os 76 44 Osmium 75 Th 91 Iron 101 Ruthenium 26 56 Fe Re 186 27 59 28 59 29 64 30 65 16 VI 19 VII Sm 150 Iridium Ir 192 94 Pu Plutonium 62 Samarium 77 45 Rhodium Rh 103 Cobalt Co Pt 195 152 Eu 95 Am Americium 63 Europium 78 Platinum 46 Palladium Pd 106 Nickel Ni Gd 157 Gold Au 197 Silver 96 64 Curium Cm Gadolinium 79 47 Ag 108 Copper Cu Bk Terbium Tb 159 Mercury Hg 201 97 Berkelium 65 80 48 Cadmium Cd 112 Zinc Zn 70 Dy 163 Thallium Tl 204 Indium In 115 Gallium Ga 98 Cf Californium 66 Dysprosium 81 49 31 13 Aluminium Al 27 Boron B Ge 73 Silicon Ho 165 Lead Pb 207 Tin Sn 119 99 Es Einsteinium 67 Holmium 82 50 32 Germanium 14 Si 28 Carbon C 75 Sb 122 Arsenic As Fm Erbium Er 167 Bismuth Bi 209 100 Fermium 68 83 51 Antimony 33 15 Phosphorus P 31 Nitrogen N Se 79 Sulfur Te 128 Po 169 Md Thulium Tm 101 Mendelevium 69 84 Polonium 52 Tellurium 34 Selenium 16 S 32 Oxygen O Yb 173 Astatine At Iodine I 127 Bromine Br 80 Chlorine 102 No Nobelium 70 Ytterbium 85 53 35 17 Cl 35.5 Fluorine F Lr Lutetium Lu 175 Radon Rn Xenon Xe 131 Krypton Kr 84 Argon Ar 40 Neon 103 Lawrencium 71 86 54 36 18 10 Ne 20 He 14 V Helium 12 IV H 11 III Hydrogen Rhenium 43 Technetium 25 Manganese Mn Thorium 59 141 140 74 Tungsten 42 Molybdenum 24 Chromium Cr Ce Tantalum 41 23 Vanadium V 51 1 Group TOPIC Kinetic Particle Theory Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved (b) describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles (d) state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature Kinetic Particle Theory All matter is made of particles which are in constant random motion This accounts for the properties of the three states of matter and the changes of states Properties of the Three States of Matter Property Solid Liquid Gas Structure Packing of particles Tightly packed Arranged in an orderly manner Packed closely together, but not as tightly as in solids No regular arrangement Spaced far apart from each other Movement of particles Can only vibrate about fixed positions Particles slide past each other Particles move freely at high speeds Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape Takes on the shape of the container it is in No fixed shape Takes on the shape of the container it is in Volume Fixed volume Not easily compressed Fixed volume Not easily compressed No fixed volume Easily compressed Kinetic Particle Theory Changes of State SOLID ti el m ng g zin e fre LIQUID de po su bli m condensation sit ion at ion GAS boiling/evaporation The following diagram shows the temperature change when a substance undergoes changes in state temperature/ºC liquid + gas boiling point gas liquid melting point solid + liquid solid time/s At parts where the graph rises, heat is supplied to the substance to raise its temperature The graph becomes flat when the substance undergoes a change in state The graph remains flat as heat is taken in to overcome the interactions between the particles TOPIC ... alcohols usually end with ‘-ol’ The first four members of the alcohol homologous series are listed in the following table Name Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol n Molecular formula CH3OH C2H5OH... H O O O H → H O C O C O O H + H 2O Macromolecules 71 NOTES NOTES NOTES O Level Chemistry Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus It is written to provide... The outermost electron shell is also called the valence electron shell TOPIC TOPIC Chemical Bonding Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain