Combining hydrologic modeling and economic factors to optimize water management for a vietnamese wetland system

COMBINING HYDROLOGIC MODELING AND ECONOMIC FACTORS TO OPTIMIZE WATER MANAGEMENT FOR A VIETNAMESE WETLAND SYSTEM By TANH T.N NGUYEN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Tanh T N Nguyen To my wife Đoàn Thị Minh Nguyệt, son Nguyễn Đoàn Hữu Phúc, parents Trần Thị DuNguyễn Ngọc Hân, and parents-in-law Đoàn Hữu Lực-Từ Thị Bạch Tuyết ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give special thanks to Dr Kati W Migliaccio for giving me the opportunity to study at the University of Florida Her coaching, advising, and support are lessons for my career and my life I always remember the time I contacted her from Vietnam in 2010 Without her, I would not have my today I would like to thank my PhD committee members for helping me sharpen my skills to complete this dissertation I really felt a little worried for selecting the hydroeconomic coupling topic for my study Dr Christopher J Martinez helped me much in modeling working with data limitation The advice of Dr Mark W Clark in wetland guided me to concentrate on wetland issues Support of Dr John J Sansalone led me to the right ways to achieve my study objectives Dr Edward A Evans made my life easier as working on environmental economics and happier for his leading events in Homestead, particularly Friday night karaoke that helped me recovered and have more energy to work for my dissertation I would like to thank Dr Dorota Z Haman She gave me the best chance for studying in a warm environment in the ABE department I am proud to be part of the Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Finally, I would like to give special thanks to organizations supporting me very much for my study: An Giang University (Vietnam), Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering and Tropical Research and Education Center (University of Florida, US) for PhD research assistantship, McNair PhD Bostick Scholarship, Tram Chim National Park Authorities (Vietnam), Vietnam’s PhD Fellowship Program, and World Bank Robert S McNamara PhD Research Fellowship TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 ABSTRACT 12 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 14 Motivation 14 Objectives 17 Research Contribution 17 Reviews of Hydro-economic Modeling 18 Hydrologic Models 18 Rainfall 19 Evapotranspiration 20 Infiltration 24 Water routing simulation 25 Wetland Hydrologic Models 27 Wetland Hydro-Economic Modeling 31 Economic valuation 31 Economic analysis 34 Hydro-economic models 37 Model Sensitivity Analysis, Calibration and Validation 41 DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR WATER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERING WATER ELEVATIONS TARGETS IN TRAM CHIM NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM 43 Background 43 Methods 47 Study Site 47 Measured Data Evaluation 50 Model Development 51 Model design 51 Model evaluation 55 Scenario Optimization 57 Results and Discussions 57 Measured Data Assessment 57 Wetland Hydrologic Model Assessment 61 Optimization of Water Scenarios 63 Assessment of the Targets and Water Control Protocols 67 Summaries 68 MODELING DECISION-MAKING REGARDING WETLAND SERVICES FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN TRAM CHIM NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM 70 Problems 70 Methodology 76 Study Site 76 Conceptual Study Approach 78 Selection of stakeholders (step 1a) 78 Analysis of wetland management priorities (step 2) 79 Selection of key wetland management priorities (step 3) 79 Valuation of the key priorities (step 4) 80 Analysis of scenarios (step 5) 84 Initiation of decision conditions (step 1b) 84 Programming Languages 84 Results of Application of the Study Framework for Tram Chim National Park 84 Decision Groups and Wetland Priorities 84 Analysis of Wetland Management Priorities 87 Fish exploitation 87 Tourism 90 Management costs 91 Scenario Analysis 92 Summaries 94 COUPLING HYDROLOGIC AND ECONOMIC MODELING FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT IN TRAM CHIM NATIONAL PARK, VIETNAM 96 Rationale 96 Methodologies 99 Study Site 99 Conceptual Study Approach 100 Model Design 101 Bridging HMTC and EMTC 105 Coupling Criteria and Scenario Analysis 105 Results 106 Bridging between HMTC and EMTC 106 HEMTC Limits and Boundaries 106 Optimal Scenarios for Four Wetland Zones 108 Summaries 112 CONCLUSIONS 113 LIST OF REFERENCES 115 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 139 LIST OF TABLES Table page 1-1 Rainfall estimation methods 19 1-2 Evapotranspiration estimation methods with necessary parameters 22 1-3 Wetland surface/groundwater interaction models 28 1-4 Wetlands models with no groundwater component 29 1-5 An assessment of wetland hydrologic models 30 1-6 Use of economic analysis in assessing wetland goods and services 34 1-7 Descriptions of some hydro-economic models 40 2-1 Suggested monthly water elevations (m, above mean sea level) adapted from Van Ni et al (2006) 45 2-2 An assessment of wetland hydrologic models from literature 46 2-3 Properties of wetland hydrologic model components 52 2-4 Classification of water elevations used for modeling 60 2-5 Goodness-of-fit values for simulated water elevation for zones A1, A2, A4, and A5 61 2-6 Optimal wetland water elevations for zone A1 and MWBP targets for 20072011 (m) 64 2-7 Optimized wetland water elevations for zone A2 and MWBP targets for 20072011 (m) 64 2-8 Optimized wetland water elevations for zone A4 and MWBP targets for 20072011 (m) 65 2-9 Optimized wetland water elevations for zone A5 and MWBP targets for 20072011 (m) 66 3-1 Net income and tickets of fish exploitation per season (SeptemberDecember) in 2011 ($ unit: USD, N= 46) 88 3-2 Parameter estimates for zone A1 (n=194, AIC= 421.2) 90 3-3 Willingness to pay in addition to entrance fees (WTPa) by wetland zones in 2013 ($ unit: USD) 91 3-4 Annual management cost distribution for four wetland zones ($ unit: 1000 USD) 91 3-5 Comparisons of annual benefits by zones ($ unit: USD) 93 3-6 Relationship between WTP of fishing types and desired plant communities ($ unit: USD) 93 4-1 Properties of hydrologic model components 103 4-2 Design properties for economic model 104 4-3 Calendar for services and water control (X: active time) 107 4-4 Annual fish exploitation limits in wetland zones 108 4-5 Annual management costs, total net benefits, and Park’s net benefits regarding double optimization ($ unit: 1000 USD) 109 4-6 Redistribution of fishermen for double optimization at zone and Park levels ($ unit: 1000 USD) 110 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Map of Tram Chim National Park with canals, wetland zones (A1, A2, A4, and A5), water gates (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8), and berms 16 2-1 Map of Tram Chim National Park with canals, wetland zones (A1, A2, A4, and A5), water gates (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8), and berms 45 2-2 Measured water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A1 and A2 for 2007-2011 49 2-3 Measured water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A4 and A5 for 2007-2011 49 2-4 Water balance diagram with water elevation (the model output) and inflows/outflows used in model development 52 2-5 Water elevation spectra in canal at C1 and C7 sites for 2007-2011 58 2-6 Water elevation spectra at HMC site for 2007-2011 (maximum, minimum, and average are daily water elevation maximum, minimum, and average of minimum and maximum, respectively) 59 2-7 Model of water lost and filled in canals outside the Park 61 2-8 Simulated water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A1 and A2 for 2007-2011 62 2-9 Simulated water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A4 and A5 for 2007-2011 62 3-1 Map of Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam, with wetland zones 77 3-2 Decision-making framework using MCDA based on net benefit 78 3-3 Scores for priorities of the decision-makers at Tram Chim National Park, using analytic hierarchy process and pairwise comparison (38 pairs from priorities for each person) 85 3-4 WTP of fishermen for preferred plant communities in 2011 (n=46) 89 4-1 Tram Chim National Park map with canals, water gates (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8), berms, and wetland zones (A1, A2, A4, and A5), which was adapted from Nguyen & Migliaccio (2014) 99 4-2 Framework for coupling simulation of hydrologic and economic models to search for optimal scenarios using anneal scheduling 102 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AHP Analytic hierarchy process COS Chief of Office for Science of Tram Chim National Park CS Consumer surplus/access fees CVM Contingent valuation method DIFF Absolute deviation between observed and simulated water elevations EMTC Economic model for Tram Chim National Park ETp Potential evapotranspiration FC Full water control system using water gates HEM Hydro-economic model HMC Dong Thap Province Hydro-Metereological Center at Tram Chim station HMTC Hydrologic model for Tram Chim National Park MCDA Multi-criteria decision analysis NC More natural water control system using berms NSE Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency Park Tram Chim National Park PBIAS Percent bias PD Director of Tram Chim National Park PNB Net benefit for the Park only RMSE Root mean square error 10 Jørgensen, S.E., 1992 Integration of ecosystem theories : a pattern Kluwer Acad Publ., Dordrecht u.a Kaiser, B and Roumasset, J., 2002 Valuing indirect ecosystem services: the case of tropical watersheds Environment and Development Economics, 7(04): 701-714 Kalantari, Z., Briel, A., Lyon, S.W., Olofsson, B and Folkeson, L., 2014 On the utilization of hydrological modelling for road drainage design under climate and land use change Science of the Total Environment, 475: 97-103 Kallache, M., Rust, H., Kropp, J and Thiel, M., 2005 Trend assessment: applications for hydrology and climate research Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 12(2) Kazama, S., Kono, T., Kakiuchi, K and Sawamoto, M., 2009 Evaluation of flood control and inundation conservation in Cambodia using flood and economic growth models Hydrological Processes, 23(4): 623-632 Kazezy, lmaz-Alhan, C.M., Medina, M.A., Jr and Richardson, C.J., 2007 A wetland hydrology and water quality model incorporating surface water/groundwater interactions Water Resour Res., 43(4): W04434 Kerski, J.J., 2012 Downloading and Formatting USGS STOPO30 Elevation Data for GIS Use U.S Geological Survey Kirchner, J.W and Neal, C., 2013 Universal fractal scaling in stream chemistry and its implications for solute transport and water quality trend detection Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(30): 12213-12218 Kirk, J.A., Wise, W.R and Delfino, J.J., 2004 Water budget and cost-effectiveness analysis of wetland restoration alternatives: a case study of Levy Prairie, Alachua County, Florida Ecological Engineering, 22(1): 43-60 Klemes, V., 1986 Dilettantism in hydrology: Transition or destiny? Water Resour Res., 22(9S): 177S-188S Klemeš, V., 1986 Operational testing of hydrological simulation models Hydrological Sciences Journal, 31(1): 13-24 Koch, H and Grünewald, U., 2009 A Comparison of Modelling Systems for the Development and Revision of Water Resources Management Plans Water Resources Management, 23(7): 1403-1422 Kohavi, R., 1995 A Study of Cross-Validation and Bootstrap for Accuracy Estimation and Model Selection, {IJCAI}, pp 1137-1145 Koob, T., Barber, M.E and Hathhorn, W.E., 1999 Hydrologic design considerations of constructed wetlands for urban stormwater runoff JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 35(2): 323-331 125 Kragt, M.E., Newham, L.T.H., Bennett, J and Jakeman, A.J., 2011 An integrated approach to linking economic valuation and catchment modelling Environmental Modelling & Software, 26(1): 92-102 Kramer, R.A., Eisen-Hecht, J.I and Vaughan, G.E., 2009 Economics of Ecosystem Management for the Catawba River Basin In: H.W Thurston, M.T Heberling and A Schrecongost (Editors), Environmental Economics for Watershed Restoration CRC Press, pp 173 Krause, P., Boyle, D.P and Bäse, F., 2005 Comparison of different efficiency criteria for hydrological model assessment Adv Geosci., 5: 89-97 Kunkel, R and Wendland, F., 2002 The GROWA98 model for water balance analysis in large river basins—the river Elbe case study Journal of Hydrology, 259(1–4): 152-162 Laio, F., 2004 Cramer–von Mises and Anderson‐Darling goodness of fit tests for extreme value distributions with unknown parameters Water Resources Research, 40(9) Lambert, A., 2003 Economic valuation of wetlands: an important component of wetland management strategies at the river basin scale Conservation Finance Guide, Washington Lanini, S., Courtois, N., Giraud, F., Petit, V and Rinaudo, J.D., 2004 Sociohydrosystem modelling for integrated water-resources management—the Hérault catchment case study, southern France Environmental Modelling & Software, 19(11): 1011-1019 Lankford, A.J., Svancara, L.K., Lawler, J.J and Vierling, K., 2014 Comparison of climate change vulnerability assessments for wildlife Wildlife Society Bulletin Le, P.Q., 2006 Vegetation mapping of Tram Chim National Park, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam Lehsten, D., von Asmuth, J and Kleyer, M., 2011 Simulation of Water Level Fluctuations in Kettle Holes Using a Time Series Model Wetlands, 31(3): 511520 Letcher, R.A., Croke, B.F.W and Jakeman, A.J., 2007 Integrated assessment modelling for water resource allocation and management: A generalised conceptual framework Environmental Modelling & Software, 22(5): 733742 Levin, H.M and McEwan, P.J., 2000 Cost-effectiveness analysis: methods and applications Sage Publications 126 Linhoss, A.C., Muñoz-Carpena, R., Allen, M.S., Kiker, G and Mosepele, K., 2012 A flood pulse driven fish population model for the Okavango Delta, Botswana Ecological Modelling, 228(0): 27-38 Liu, S., Costanza, R., Farber, S and Troy, A., 2010 Valuing ecosystem services Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1185(1): 54-78 Loik, M.E., Griffith, A.B and Alpert, H., 2013 Impacts of long-term snow climate change on a high-elevation cold desert shrubland, California, USA Plant ecology, 214(2): 255-266 Loomis, J.B., 1996 Measuring the Economic Benefits of Removing Dams and Restoring the Elwha River: Results of a Contingent Valuation Survey Water Resour Res., 32(2): 441-447 Lund, J.R., Howitt, R.E., Medellín-Azuara, J and Jenkins, M.W., 1999 Water management lessons for California from statewide hydro-economic modeling, Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California-Davis Maass, A., 1962 Design of water-resource systems: new techniques for relating economic objectives, engineering analysis, and governmental planning Harvard University Press Maclean, I.M.D., Bennie, J.J., Scott, A.J and Wilson, R.J., 2012 A high-resolution model of soil and surface water conditions Ecological Modelling, 237–238(0): 109-119 Madsen, H., 2003 Parameter estimation in distributed hydrological catchment modelling using automatic calibration with multiple objectives Advances in water resources, 26(2): 205-216 Mahan, B.L., Polasky, S and Adams, R.M., 2000 Valuing Urban Wetlands: A Property Price Approach Land Economics, 76(1): 100-113 Maidment, D.R., 1993 Handbook of hydrology McGraw-Hill Maltby, E and Barker, T., 2009 The Wetlands Handbook, Volume Set Wiley Maltby, E et al., 2006 Application of the Ecosystem Approach to strategic wetland management in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta, Darwin Initiative, England Mannino, I et al., 2008 A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Seminatural Wetlands and Activated Sludge Wastewater-Treatment Systems Environmental Management, 41(1): 118-129 Mansell, R.S., Bloom, S.A and Sun, G., 2000 A Model for Wetland Hydrology: Description and Validation Soil Science, 165(5): 384-397 127 Martín de Santa Olalla, F.J., Domínguez, A., Artigao, A., Fabeiro, C and Ortega, J.F., 2005 Integrated water resources management of the Hydrogeological Unit “Eastern Mancha” using Bayesian Belief Networks Agricultural Water Management, 77(1–3): 21-36 Matthews, G.V.T., 1993 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands: its history and development Ramsar convention bureau Gland, Switzerland Maune, D.F.A and Sensing, A.S.f.P.a.R., 2007 Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The Dem Users Manual American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing McCarthy, E.J., Flewelling, J.W and Skaggs, R.W., 1992 Hydrologic Model for Drained Forest Watershed Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 118(2): 242255 McCarthy, G.T and US Army Corps of Engineers -Providence District, 1939 The unit hydrograph and flood routing Army Engineer District, Providence, Providence, R.I McKinney, D., Cai, X., Rosegrant, M.W., Ringler, C and Scott, C.A., 1999 Modeling Water Resources Management at the Basin Level: Review and Future Directions, International Water management Institute, Colombo McMillan, H., Jackson, B., Clark, M., Kavetski, D and Woods, R., 2011 Rainfall uncertainty in hydrological modelling: An evaluation of multiplicative error models Journal of Hydrology, 400(1–2): 83-94 Medellín-Azuara, J., Mendoza-Espinosa, L.G., Lund, J.R., Harou, J.J and Howitt, R.E., 2009 Virtues of simple hydro-economic optimization: Baja California, Mexico Journal of Environmental Management, 90(11): 3470-3478 Meselhe, E.A., Arceneaux, J.C and Waldon, M.G., 2010 Water budget model for a remnant northern Everglades wetland Journal of Hydraulic Research, 48(1): 100-105 Michalski, J.R et al., 2013 Groundwater activity on Mars and implications for a deep biosphere Nature Geoscience, 6(2): 133-138 Milly, P.C.D., 2002 Macroscale water fluxes Water and energy supply control of their interannual variability Water resources research, 38(10): 1206 Milon, J.W and Scrogin, D., 2006 Latent preferences and valuation of wetland ecosystem restoration Ecological Economics, 56(2): 162-175 Mitsch, W.J and Gosselink, J.G., 2007 Wetlands John Wiley & Sons 128 Montanari, A and Brath, A., 2004 A stochastic approach for assessing the uncertainty of rainfall‐runoff simulations Water Resources Research, 40(1) Monteith, J.L., 1965 Evaporation and environment Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19: 205-34 Monteith, K.L et al., 2013 Effects of harvest, culture, and climate on trends in size of horn-like structures in trophy ungulates (Spanish: Los Efectos De La Explotación, La Cultura Y El Clima En El Tamo De Estructuras Corniformes En Los Ungulados Tipo “Trofeo”; French: Effets de la récolte, de la culture, et du climat sur les tendances de la taille des ornements chez Les ongulés trophée) Wildlife Monographs, 183(1): 1-28 Moriasi, D.N et al., 2007 Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3): 885-900 Mukherjee, N., 1996 Water and land in South Africa: economywide impacts of reform a case study for the Olifants river, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Muleta, M and Nicklow, J., 2005 Decision Support for Watershed Management Using Evolutionary Algorithms Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 131(1): 35-44 Munasinghe, M., 1993 Environmental economics and sustainable development World Bank Mäler, K.G and Vincent, J.R., 2005 Handbook of Environmental Economics: Valuing Environmental Changes Elsevier Nandagiri, L and Kovoor, G.M., 2006 Performance Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations across a Range of Indian Climates Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 132(3): 238-249 Nguyen, B.T and Pryor, T.L., 1997 The relationship between global solar radiation and sunshine duration in Vietnam Renewable energy, 11(1): 47-60 Nguyen, H.T., Hoang, V.T and Ho, C.H., 2011 Tram Chim Wetland Vulnerability and Climate Change ICEM - The International Centre for Environmental Managment, Hanoi Nguyen, P.B.H., 2009 Grassland birds survey and correlations between grassland and their habitat variables in Tram Chim National Park Nguyen, T.T.N., Evans, E.A and Migliacio, K.W., 2014 Modeling decision-making regarding wetland services for wetland management in Tram Chim National Park, Vientam, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S 129 Nguyen, T.T.N and Migliaccio, K.W., 2014 Development of a wetland model for optimizing water management to meet water elevations targets in Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam, University of Florida, Florida, U.S Nguyen, X.V., Wyatt, A.R and Conservation, M.W.B., 2006 Situation Analysis: Plain of Reeds, Viet Nam Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme North Carolina Agricultural Experiment, S and Skaggs, R.W., 1980 Water Management Model For Artificially Drained Soils North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station and Skaggs, R.W., 1980 Water Management Model For Artificially Drained Soils Odum, H.T., 1983 Systems ecology; An introduction John Wiley and Sons,New York, NY; None, Medium: X; Size: Pages: 644 pp Olesen, I., Alfnes, F., Røra, M.B and Kolstad, K., 2010 Eliciting consumers' willingness to pay for organic and welfare-labelled salmon in a non-hypothetical choice experiment Livestock Science, 127(2–3): 218-226 Oracle Corporation, 2014 NetBeans Platform Oracle Corporation Pacovsky, J., 2001 Restoration of wetlands in the Tram Chim Nature Reserve (Dong Thap Province, Mekong River Delta, Vietnam) Restoration and Reclamation Review, 7(3) Pappenberger, F., Beven, K.J., Ratto, M and Matgen, P., 2008 Multi-method global sensitivity analysis of flood inundation models Advances in Water Resources, 31(1): 1-14 Paudyal, G.N and Manguerra, H.B., 1990 Two-step dynamic programming approach for optimal irrigation water allocation Water Resources Management, 4(3): 187204 Penman, H.L., 1948 Natural Evaporation from Open Water, Bare Soil and Grass Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193(1032): 120-145 People Committee of Dong Thap Province, 2013 Decision for approval of the project "Planning for conservation and sustainable development of Tram Chim National Park phase 2013-2020 (Vietnamese: QUYẾT ĐỊNH-Về việc phê duyệt Quy hoạch bảo tồn phát triển bền vững Vườn quốc gia Tràm Chim giai đoạn 20132020) Dong Thap Province Perrin, C., Michel, C and Andréassian, V., 2001 Does a large number of parameters enhance model performance? Comparative assessment of common catchment model structures on 429 catchments Journal of Hydrology, 242(3–4): 275-301 130 Peters-Lidard, C.D et al., 2007 High-performance Earth system modeling with NASA/GSFC’s Land Information System Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, 3(3): 157-165 Phaneuf, D.J and Smith, V.K., 2005 Chapter 15 Recreation Demand Models In: R.V Karl-Göran Mäler and Jeffrey (Editor), Handbook of Environmental Economics Elsevier, pp 671-761 Pike, J.G., 1964 The estimation of annual run-off from meteorological data in a tropical climate Journal of Hydrology, 2(2): 116-123 Pilgrim, J and Tu, N.D., 2007 Background paper on threatened and alien species in Vietnam and recommendations for the content of the Biodiversity Law Report to the Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Hanoi, BirdLife Interna-tional Vietnam Programme Polikar, R., 2006 The wavelet tutorial, Rowan University, College of Engineering Web Servers Pope, B., 1993 Hydrology of two tidal marshes in North Carolina where open-marsh water management modifications have been implemented US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey Priestley, C.H.B and Taylor, R.J., 1972 On the Assessment of Surface Heat Flux and Evaporation Using Large-Scale Parameters Monthly Weather Review, 100(2): 81-92 R Core Team, 2013 R: A language and environment for statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Ramsar, 2014 The Ramsar Convention and its mission The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Rawls, W.J., Brakensiek, D.L and Miller, N., 1983 Green-ampt Infiltration Parameters from Soils Data Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109(1): 62-70 Refsgaard, J.C and Storm, B., 1996 Construction, Calibration And Validation of Hydrological Models In: M Abbott and J Refsgaard (Editors), Distributed Hydrological Modelling Water Science and Technology Library Springer Netherlands, pp 41-54 Renard, B., Kavetski, D., Kuczera, G., Thyer, M and Franks, S.W., 2010 Understanding predictive uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: The challenge of identifying input and structural errors Water Resour Res., 46(5): W05521 Richardson, C., 2010 The Everglades: North America’s subtropical wetland Wetlands Ecology and Management, 18(5): 517-542 131 Ringler, C and Cai, X., 2006 Valuing Fisheries and Wetlands Using Integrated Economic-Hydrologic Modeling—Mekong River Basin Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 132(6): 480-487 Roach, L.H et al., 2010 Hydrated mineral stratigraphy of Ius Chasma, Valles Marineris Icarus, 206(1): 253-268 Rocchi, L., 2012 Using stochastic multi-criteria acceptability analysis methods in SEA: an application to the Park of Trasimeno (Italy) Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 55(2): 177-189 Ruitenbeek, H.J., Dalhousie University School for Resource and Environmental, S and Environmental Management Development in Indonesia, P., 1991 Mangrove management : an economic analysis of management options with a focus on Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S Salamon, P and Feyen, L., 2009 Assessing parameter, precipitation, and predictive uncertainty in a distributed hydrological model using sequential data assimilation with the particle filter Journal of Hydrology, 376(3–4): 428-442 Scholz, J.T and Stiftel, B., 2013 Adaptive governance and water conflict: new institutions for collaborative planning Routledge Semlitsch, R.D and Bodie, J.R., 2003 Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles Conservation Biology, 17(5): 1219-1228 Shepherd, G., 2008 The ecosystem approach: Learning from experience, IUCN Shimizu, A., 2010 Water Resources Observation and Large-scale Model Estimation in Forested Areas in Mekong River Basin JARQ Japan agricultural research quarterly, 44 Shulman, D., 2002 Fire management assessment Tram Chim National Park, Dong Thap Province IFFN No 26-January 2002 Sikor, T and Tan, N.Q., 2011 Realizing Forest Rights in Vietnam: Addressing Issues in Community Forest Management Silva, C and Girard, P., 2004 New challenges in the management of the Brazilian Pantanal and catchment area Wetlands Ecology and Management, 12(6): 553561 Singh, V.P and Yadava, R.N., 2003 Watershed hydrology: proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment (WE-2003), December 1518, 2003, Bhopal, India Allied Publishers 132 Skaggs, R.W., 2008 DRAINMOD: A simulation model for shallow water table soils, the 2008 South Carolina Water Resources, The Charleston Area Event Center Smardon, R., 2009 Restoration of the Tram Chim National Wildlife Preserve, Vietnam, Sustaining the World's Wetlands Springer, pp 153-178 Spash, C.L., 2000 Ecosystems, contingent valuation and ethics: the case of wetland recreation Ecological economics, 34(2): 195-215 Spash, C.L., 2008 Deliberative monetary valuation and the evidence for a new value theory Land Economics, 84(3): 469-488 Spate, J., Croke, B and Jakeman, A., 2003 Data mining in hydrology, Proceedings modelling and simulation society of Australia and New Zealand MODSIM, pp 422-427 Steele, K., Carmel, Y., Cross, J and Wilcox, C., 2009 Uses and Misuses of Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) in Environmental Decision Making Risk Analysis, 29(1): 26-33 Stevens, T., Benin, S and Larson, J., 1995 Public attitudes and economic values for wetland preservation in New England Wetlands, 15(3): 226-231 Stevens, T.H., Belkner, R., Dennis, D., Kittredge, D and Willis, C., 2000 Comparison of contingent valuation and conjoint analysis in ecosystem management Ecological Economics, 32(1): 63-74 Stewart, J.B., 1988 Modelling surface conductance of pine forest Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 43(1): 19-35 Stockholm Environment Institute-US Center, S., 2012 Why WEAP? Stockholm Environment Institute Stoica, P and Moses, R.L., 1997 Introduction to spectral analysis, Prentice hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Su, C.H., Ryu, D., Western, A.W and Wagner, W., 2013 De-noising of passive and active microwave satellite soil moisture time series Geophysical Research Letters, 40(14): 3624-3630 Ta, C.T and Brignal, W.J., 1998 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique to storage reservoir studies Water Science and Technology, 37(2): 219-226 Tallis, H and Polasky, S., 2009 Mapping and Valuing Ecosystem Services as an Approach for Conservation and Natural-Resource Management Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1162(1): 265-283 133 Technical Group, 2007 Study program for dry season (6 months) in 2007 and suggestions for wetland ecosystem management in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Chương trình nghiên cứu 06 tháng mùa khô 2007 kiến nghị quản lý hệ sinh thái đất ngập nước Vườn Quốc gia Tràm Chim), Tram Chim Town, Dong Thap Province Technical Group, 2008 Results of water and fire monitoring in dry season in 2008 in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Kết quan trắc nước lửa mùa khô năm 2008 Vườn quốc gia Tràm Chim), Dong Thap Province Technical Group, 2009 Results of ecosystem monitoring for dry season in 2009 in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Kết quan trắc hệ sinh thái mùa khô Vườn Quốc gia Tràm Chim năm 2009), Dong Thap Province Technical Group, 2011 Results of implementing the pilot project of hydrologic management in Tram Chim National Park for 2009-2011 (Vietnamese: Kết thực đề án thí điểm quản lý thủy văn Vườn Quốc gia Tram Chim giai đoạn năm 2009-2011), Tram Chim National Park, Tram Chim town, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam Technical Group/Tram Chim National Park, 2007 Study program for dry season (6 months) in 2007 and suggestions for wetland ecosystem management in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Chương trình nghiên cứu 06 tháng mùa khô 2007 kiến nghị quản lý hệ sinh thái đất ngập nước Vườn Quốc gia Tràm Chim), Tram Chim Town, Dong Thap Province Technical Group/Tram Chim National Park, 2008 Results of water and fire monitoring in dry season in 2008 in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Kết quan trắc nước lửa mùa khô năm 2008 Vườn quốc gia Tràm Chim), Dong Thap Province Technical Group/Tram Chim National Park, 2009 Results of ecosystem monitoring for dry season in 2009 in Tram Chim National Park (Vietnamese: Kết quan trắc hệ sinh thái mùa khô Vườn Quốc gia Tràm Chim năm 2009), Dong Thap Province Technical Group/Tram Chim National Park, 2011 Results of implementing the pilot project of hydrologic management in Tram Chim National Park for 2009-2011 (Vietnamese: Kết thực đề án thí điểm quản lý thủy văn Vườn Quốc gia Tram Chim giai đoạn năm 2009-2011), Tram Chim National Park, Tram Chim town, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam Thanh, N.C., 2003 Socio-Economic Situation, Management, Rational Utilization and Development Potentials of Tram Chim, a Wetlands Ecosystems Conservation National Park 134 Thiede, R.C., Bookhagen, B., Arrowsmith, J.R., Sobel, E.R and Strecker, M.R., 2004 Climatic control on rapid exhumation along the Southern Himalayan Front Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222(3): 791-806 Thornes, J.B and Rowntree, K.M., 2006 Integrated catchment management in semiarid environments in the context of the European Water Framework Directive Land Degradation & Development, 17(4): 355-364 Thurston, H.W., Heberling, M.T and Schrecongost, A., 2009 Environmental Economics for Watershed Restoration CRC Press Trajković, S and Stojnić, V., 2007 Effect of wind speed on accuracy of Turc method in a humid climate Facta Universitatis Series : Architecture and Civil Engineering, Tram Chim National Park, 2010 Final Report of Piloting Co-management of Natural Resource in 2009 Tram Chim National Park, Dong Thap Province Tran, C.N., 2011 Tram Chim National Park, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment/Vietnam Environment Administration/Biodiversity Conservation Agency, The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Trepel, M., 2010 Assessing the cost-effectiveness of the water purification function of wetlands for environmental planning Ecological Complexity, 7(3): 320-326 Turc, L., 1961 Evaluation des besoins en eau d'irrigation, évapotranspiration potentielle, formule climatique simplifiée et mise a jour Ann Agron, 12: 13-49 Turner, R.K et al., 2003 Valuing nature: lessons learned and future research directions Ecological Economics, 46(3): 493-510 Turner, R.K et al., 2000 Ecological-economic analysis of wetlands: scientific integration for management and policy Ecological Economics, 35(1): 7-23 Twilley, R.R and Chen, R., 1998 A water budget and hydrology model of a basin mangrove forest in Rookery Bay, Florida Marine and Freshwater Research, 49(4): 309-323 U.S Army Research Office, A., 1995 CASC2D: Hydrologic Modelling Van Den Bergh, J.C.J.M., Barendregt, A and Gilbert, A.J., 2004 Spatial EcologicalEconomic Analysis for Wetland Management: Modelling and Scenario Evaluation of Land Use Cambridge University Press van der Schans, M and Thien, N.H., 2008 Mekong Delta: Tram Chim National Park The Ecosystem Approach: Learning from Experience: 60 135 van der Schans, M.L., 2006 An ecosystem approach to fire and water management in Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam, Vientianne, Lao PDR van Geera, F and Zuur, A., 1997 An extension of Box-Jenkins transfer/noise models for spatial interpolation of groundwater head series Journal of Hydrology, 192(1): 65-80 van Griensven, A et al., 2006 A global sensitivity analysis tool for the parameters of multi-variable catchment models Journal of Hydrology, 324(1–4): 10-23 van Heerden, J.H., Blignaut, J and Horridge, M., 2008 Integrated water and economic modelling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy Ecological Economics, 66(1): 105-116 Van Ni, D et al., 2006 Integrated water and fire management strategy for Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam, MWBP, Vientianne, Lao PDR Varela-Ortega, C., Blanco-Gutiérrez, I., Swartz, C.H and Downing, T.E., 2011 Balancing groundwater conservation and rural livelihoods under water and climate uncertainties: An integrated hydro-economic modeling framework Global Environmental Change, 21(2): 604-619 Verkade, J.S and Werner, M.G.F., 2011 Estimating the benefits of single value and probability forecasting for flood warning Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss., 8(4): 6639-6681 Vining, K.C., 2007 Water-balance model of a wetland on the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, U.S Geological Survey, North Dakota Vogel, R.W and McMartin, D.E., 1991 Probability Plot Goodness‐of‐Fit and Skewness Estimation Procedures for the Pearson Type Distribution Water Resources Research, 27(12): 3149-3158 Volk, M et al., 2008 Integrated ecological-economic modelling of water pollution abatement management options in the Upper Ems River Basin Ecological Economics, 66(1): 66-76 Vrugt, J.A., Diks, C.G.H., Gupta, H.V., Bouten, W and Verstraten, J.M., 2005 Improved treatment of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: Combining the strengths of global optimization and data assimilation Water Resources Research, 41(1): W01017 Vu, P.M., 2006 Adaptive co-management for socio-ecological resilience: a case study in Tram Chim National Park, Vietnam, Stockholm University, Stockholm Vu, X.N.H., Nguyen, M.H., Ho, C.H.P., Silva, F.T and Mortensen, J.B., 2007 Accounting for Vietnam’s wealth: the role of natural resources, Central Institute for Economic Management, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Hanoi 136 Wan, R and Yang, G., 2007 Influence of land use/cover change on storm runoff—A case study of Xitiaoxi River Basin in upstream of Taihu Lake Watershed Chinese Geographical Science, 17(4): 349-356 Wang, S., Fu, B., Wei, Y and Lyle, C., 2013 Ecosystem services management: an integrated approach Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(1): 1115 Ward, F.A and Pulido-Velázquez, M., 2008 Efficiency, equity, and sustainability in a water quantity–quality optimization model in the Rio Grande basin Ecological Economics, 66(1): 23-37 Warwick, J and Haness, S., 1994 Efficacy of ARC/INFO GIS application to hydrologic modeling Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 120(3): 366381 Wattage, P and Mardle, S., 2008 Total economic value of wetland conservation in Sri Lanka identifying use and non-use values Wetlands Ecology and Management, 16(5): 359-369 Webb, T.J., Bengston, D.N and Fan, D.P., 2008 Forest value orientations in Australia: an application of computer content analysis Environmental management, 41(1): 52-63 Wei, H., Nearing, M.A and Stone, J.J., 2007 A comprehensive sensitivity analysis framework for model evaluation and improvement using a case study of the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3): 945-953 Weiland, F.C.S., 2011 Selecting the optimal method to calculate daily global reference potential evaporation from CFSR reanalysis data Hydrology and earth system sciences discussions, Weiskel, P.K et al., 2014 Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment and classification Hydrol Earth Syst Sci Discuss., 11(3): 2933-2965 Wharton, G., 1994 Progress in the use of drainage network indices for rainfall-runoff modelling and runoff prediction Progress in Physical Geography, 18(4): 539-557 Wheeler, S.A., 2014 Insights, lessons and benefits from improved regional water security and integration in Australia Water Resources and Economics Whitehead, J.C and Blomquist, G.C., 2006 The use of contingent valuation in benefitcost analysis Handbook on contingent valuation: 92-115 Wilson, M.A and Carpenter, S.R., 1999 Economic valuation of freshwater ecosystem services in the United States: 1971–1997 Ecological Applications, 9(3): 772-783 137 Wong, T.H.F., Fletcher, T.D., Duncan, H.P and Coleman, J.R., 2002 A Model for Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization, pp 115-115 Workman, S.R., 1994 DRAINMOD user's guide USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Wu, W., Geller, M.A and Dickinson, R.E., 2002 The Response of Soil Moisture to Long-Term Variability of Precipitation Journal of Hydrometeorology, 3(5): 604 Wurbs, R.A and Dunn, D.D., 1996 Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) Model Description and User's Manual Texas Water Resources Institute Wurbs, R.A., Muttiah, R.S and Felden, F., 2005 Incorporation of climate change in water availability modeling Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 10(5): 375-385 Yates, D., Sieber, J., Purkey, D and Huber-Lee, A., 2005 WEAP21—A Demand-, Priority-, and Preference-Driven Water Planning Model Water International, 30(4): 487-500 Yates, D.N., 1997 Climate change impacts on the hydrologic resources of South America: an annual, continental scale assessment Climate research, 9: 147 Zarghami, M., 2011 Effective watershed management; Case study of Urmia Lake, Iran Lake and Reservoir Management, 27(1): 87-94 Zhang, L and Mitsch, W.J., 2005 Modelling hydrological processes in created freshwater wetlands: an integrated system approach Environmental Modelling & Software, 20(7): 935-946 Zierl, B., 2001 A water balance model to simulate drought in forested ecosystems and its application to the entire forested area in Switzerland Journal of Hydrology, 242(1–2): 115-136 138 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Tanh T N Nguyen (Nguyễn Trần Nhẫn Tánh in Vietnamese) is a modeler in Agricultural and Biological Engineering/Hydrology He grew up in Tầm Vu village and studied in Tiểu học Đ Bình Đức (primary school), Cấp Bình Đức (secondary school), Trường PTTH chuyên Thoại Ngọc Hầu (specialized high school) in Long Xuyên City, An Giang Province, Vietnam, and Can Tho University (Can Tho city, Vietnam) for B.Sc and M.Sc (Can Tho University-Aarhus University) His dream for studying in the US came true as he was admitted to the Agricultural and Biological Engineering program of University of Florida where he was advised by Dr Kati W Migliaccio Tanh Nguyen’s career is for the study of environmental complexity His childhood time was binding with his country life He enjoyed his time with his rural friends (cultivating rice, catching fish, playing traditional games, catching fish and fresh crab in river branches, hunting rice rats, and playing kite and British football in rice field) and has pursued an ambition for natural resources protection His love for water protection leads him to join An Giang University in 2000 as a lecturer and researcher for water protection for multiple objectives His current plan is model coupling for solving complicated studies using an integrated approach including simulation, optimization, statistics, and dynamics Tanh Nguyen’s philosophy is studying a problem from different approaches His favor is “Try studying a problem in other ways!” He would like to challenge himself because believing that solving a complicated study problem will help him enrich his knowledge Life is not easy as it is and thus he always wishes having a chance to test his study theories 139 ... solution for wetland restoration using CEA (Kirk et al., 2004) CEA was also applied to evaluate service costs for wastewater treatment of semi-natural wetlands compared to traditional wastewater treatment... elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A1 and A2 for 2007-2011 Figure 2-3 Measured water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A4 and A5 for 2007-2011... canals, wetland zones (A1 , A2 , A4 , and A5 ), water gates (C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8), and berms 45 2-2 Measured water elevation medians with standard deviation and MWBP targets for A1