Sử dụng định tuyến xanh để cải thiện sử dụng trong mạng đường trục

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI - BÙI PHÓ DUẨN SỬ DỤNG ĐỊNH TUYẾN XANH ĐỂ CẢI THIỆN SỬ DỤNG NĂNG LƢỢNG TRONG MẠNG ĐƢỜNG TRỤC LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ KHOA HỌC KỸ THUẬT VIỄN THÔNG Hà Nội - 2018 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI - BÙI PHÓ DUẨN SỬ DỤNG ĐỊNH TUYẾN XANH ĐỂ CẢI THIỆN SỬ DỤNG NĂNG LƢỢNG TRONG MẠNG ĐƢỜNG TRỤC KỸ THUẬT VIỄN THÔNG LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ KHOA HỌC NGƢỜI HƢỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC : TS TRẦN THỊ NGỌC LAN Hà Nội - 2018 LỜI CAM ĐOAN Tôi xin cam đoan số liệu kết nghiên cứu luận văn chung thực chƣa đƣợc sử dụng để bảo vệ học vị Mọi giúp đỡ cho việc thực luận văn tốt nghiệp thạc sĩ đƣợc cảm ơn thông tin trích dẫn luận văn bảo vệ thạc sĩ đƣợc nghi rõ nguồn gốc rõ ràng đƣợc phép công bố Hà Nội, Ngày 30 tháng 03 năm 2018 Sinh viên thực Bùi Phó Duẩn i MỤC LỤC LỜI CAM ĐOAN i MỤC LỤC HÌNH ẢNH v DANH SÁCH CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT vii MỞ ĐẦU TÓM TẮT LUẬN VĂN CHƢƠNG 1: TỔNG QUAN SỬ DỤNG NĂNG LƢỢNG TRONG MẠNG 1.1 Giới thiệu 1.2 Khí thải mạng 1.3 Các biện pháp tối ƣu mạng lƣợng thấp 14 1.3.1 1.3.2 Lý 14 Năng lƣợng khí thải bên nguồn thiết bị 15 1.3.3 Phân loại phƣơng pháp mạng lƣợng thấp 17 1.4 Công nghệ xanh mạng nâng cao 26 1.4.1 Mạng truy cập có dây 27 1.4.2 1.4.3 Kết nối mạng không dây/Hạ tầng mạng di động 29 Định tuyến mạng chuyển đổi mạng 30 1.4.4 Kiểm sốt mạng cấu hình topology 33 1.5 Các chủ đề nghiên cứu tƣơng lai 35 1.6 Các dự án nghiên cứu phát triển 38 1.6.1 Các dự án quốc gia quốc tế 38 1.6.2 Các dự án công nghiệp 40 1.7 Các tiêu chuẩn hoạt động cho hiệu lƣợng mạng 42 1.7.1 Hoạt động ETSI 42 1.7.2 Các hoạt động sáng kiến Home Gateway 43 1.7.3 Các hoạt động nhiệm vụ lƣợng ENTO 43 1.7.4 Các hoạt dộng Energy Star – Năng lƣợng 44 1.7.5 1.7.6 Các quy tắc EU hoạt động EuP 44 Các hoạt động IEEE 44 1.7.7 Các hoạt động ITU – T 44 1.7.8 Các chuẩn khác 45 1.8 Kết luận 45 CHƢƠNG 2: HIỆU SUẤT THUẬT TOÁN GRIDA 47 ii TRONG MẠNG XANH 47 2.1 Giới thiệu 47 2.2 Mơ tả thuật tốn 49 2.2.1 Chọn nodes 50 2.2.2 Quá trình phát triển hình phạt 52 2.2.3 Khởi tạo thuật toán 54 2.2.4 Giải pháp phức tạp 54 2.3 Mô tả kịch 55 2.3.1 Công suất mơ hình lƣu lƣợng 55 2.3.2 Các kịch mạng 56 2.3.3 Thiết lập tham số 57 2.4 Đánh giá hiệu suất 59 2.4.1 Thống kê tạm thời 59 2.4.2 2.4.3 Hiệu suất trung bình 63 Các vấn đề thực 70 2.5 Kết luận 71 CHƢƠNG 3: HIỆU QUẢ THUẬT TOÁN ĐỊNH TUYẾN XANH 72 3.1 Giới thiệu: 72 3.2 Cơng trình liên quan: 74 3.3 Các mơ hình mạng, vấn đề báo cáo 78 3.3.1 Các mơ hình mạng 78 3.3.2 Vấn đề báo cáo 79 3.4 Hiệu thuật toán đƣờng ngắn 80 3.4.1 SSPF 80 3.4.2 3.4.3 Thời gian phức 86 SSPF – R 87 3.5 Đánh giá 89 3.5.1 Phƣơng pháp luận 90 3.5.2 3.5.3 Đánh giá hiệu suất cho 92 Tiết kiệm lƣợng cho UT khác 99 3.6 Kết luận 102 KẾT LUẬN VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ 104 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 105 iii DANH MỤC BẢNG Bảng So sánh thuật tốn: Tiết kiệm lƣợng trung bình theo tỷ lệ phần trăm 49 Bảng 2 : Các tham số kịch mô 58 Bảng 3: Thuật toán so sánh 67 Bảng 4: Biến đổi 70 Bảng Các cấu hình topology mạng sử dụng .91 Bảng Năng lƣơng tiết kiệm cho biến mạng với 92 Bảng MLU(%) sử dụng liên kết trung bình (%) cho biến thuật tốn, 96 Bảng Chiều dài đƣờng dẫn trung bình (hop) cho số biến thuật toán 98 Bảng : Tiết kiệm lƣợng mạng Abilene sử dụng SSPF-R 101 Bảng 7: Tiết kiệm lƣợng mạng Hier100 sử dụng SSPF-R 101 iv MỤC LỤC HÌNH ẢNH Hình 1Sự phát triển từ năm 1993 đến năm 2010 công suất định tuyến IP cao cấp (trên rack – khung) với khối lƣợng truyền thông tin (Luật Moore) hiệu suất lƣợng công nghệ silicon[29] Hình Ƣớc lƣợng carbon tồn cầu cơng nghệ thơng tin truyền thơng .6 Hình Ƣớc lƣợng tiêu thụ lƣợng cho sở hạ tầng mạng viễn thơng Châu Âu mơ hình .6 Hình Dự tính OPEX tới giá thành lƣợng cho công ty viễn thông Châu Âu sở hạ tầng mạng mơ hình kinh doanh Hình Ƣớc lƣợng phát thải khí nhà kính theo GeSI [14] 11 Hình Cơng suất tiêu thụ trung bình ngƣời dùng gia tăng tỷ lệ truy cập mạng theo kết [21] 12 Hình Sự phát triển lực yêu cầu lƣợng định tuyến cao cấp từ năm 1985 đến 2010 13 Hình Các yêu cầu mật độ truy cập,mạng metro thiết bị lõi yêu cầu lƣợng mạng 14 Hình Ƣớc lƣợng nguồn tiêu thụ điện tảng chung định tuyến IP cao cấp Nguồn Tucker et al [126] 16 Hình 10 Phân loại phƣơng pháp tiếp cận đƣợc thực cho hiệu suất lƣợng mạng tƣơng lai 18 Hình 11 Thời gian dịch vụ gói tin mức tiêu hao lƣợng trƣờng hợp .23 Hình 12 Ví dụ Proxy kết nối mạng .25 Hình 1Mơ hình mạng topology từ mạng hoạt động ISP [147] 55 Hình 2 Sự thay đổi tổng tải lƣu lƣợng so với thời gian 57 Hình Một cấu trúc topology mạng hoạt động IPS2 58 Hình Năng lƣợng tiết kiệm giá trị lũy tích mạng IPS [147] 60 Hình Phần trăm tiết kiệm hội tụ đạt mạng IPS 1.[147] 61 Hình Năng lƣơng tiết kiệm giá trị tích lũy mạng Geant [147] .62 Hình Tiết kiệm lƣợng, tải liên kết chế độ ngắt/mở mạng IPS2 [147] .63 Hình ISP 2: Tác động d: (a) liên kết, (b) tiết kiệm lƣợng (c) thăm dò.[147] .66 Hình ISP 2: tác động : (a) tiết kiệm, (b) tải mạng, (c) lựa chọn không đƣợc chấp nhận.[147] 68 Hình 10 ISP 2: tác động : (a) liên kết tắt (b) tải liên kết tối đa.[147] 69 Hình Thuật toán SSPF 79 Hình 2Hàm chức dòng GH() 82 Hình 3 Thuật tốn SSPF – R 82 Hình Một ví dụ mạng 83 Hình Giải pháp SSPF-1 cho mạng Hình 3.4 .84 v Hình Giải pháp SSPF – R Hình 3.5 .89 Hình Tiết kiệm lƣợng chạy thời gian Abilene cho biến kích cỡ gói 94 Hình Tiết kiệm lƣợng chạy thời gian mạng Hier 50 cho biến kích thƣớc gói 94 Hình Tiết kiệm lƣợng chạy thời gian mạng Wax50 cho kích cỡ biến gói 94 Hình 10 Sử dụng kết nối CDF độ trễ gói mạng Abilene 97 Hình 11 Sử dụng kết nối CDF độ trễ gói mạng Wax50 97 Hình 12 Sử dụng liên kết CDF độ trễ gói mạng Hier100 98 Hình 13 Tác động mức lƣu lƣợng khác UT tiết kiệm lƣợng Hier100 102 vi DANH SÁCH CÁC TỪ VIẾT TẮT Từ viết tắt Tiếng Anh Tiếng Việt ALR Adaptive Link Layer Tầng liên kết liệu AS Autonomous System Hệ thống tự trị ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation Kí pháp trừu tƣợng API Application Programming Interface Giao diện lập trình ứng dựng ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Chế độ không đồng BGP Border Gateway Protocol Giao thức định tuyến đa miền DPID Datapath ID Giải mã đƣờng dẫn liệu EU European Union Hội đồng liền minh Châu Âu GHG Green House Gasses Hiệu ứng nhà kính ICT Information and Communication Technology Công nghệ thông tin truyền thông IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Viện kĩ sƣ điện, điện tử IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhóm đặc trách kỹ thuật mạng IP Internet Protocol Giao thức mạng LAN Local Area Network Mạng máy tính cục ISP Internet Service Provider Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ Internet LSA Link State Advertisement Quảng bá thông tin trạng thái liên kết vii MIB Management Information Base Cơ sở quản lý thông tin MLU Maximum Link Utilization Sử dụng tối đa liên kết MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching Chuyển mạch nhãn đa giao thức OS Operating System Hệ điều hành PDU Protocol Data Unit Đơn vị liệu giao thức QoS Quality of Service Chất lƣợng dịch vụ TM Traffic Matrix Ma trận lƣu lƣợng WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mạng cục không dây NIC Network Interface Card Card mạng ( card giao thức mang) Tổ chức quản lý nghiên CANARIE cứu phát triển nghiên cứu phát minh viii 38-43 [44] R Chabukswar, ―Maximizing Performance and Energy-Efficiency on Intel@ CoreTM Microarchitecture using Multi-Threading‖, Intel White paper [45] R H Nielsen, M T Riaz, J M Pedersen, O B Madsen, ―On the Potential of Using the Cable Trench Problem in Planning of ICT Access Networks,‖ Proc 50th Internat Symp ELMAR-2008, Zadar, Croatia, Sept 2008, pp 585-588 [46] A Gladisch, C Lange, R Leppla, ―Power efficiency of optical versus electronic access networks,‖ Proc 34th European Conf and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC 2008), Bruxel, Belgium, Sept 2008 [47] G Griffa, ―NGN2 and energy OPEX savings‖ http://www.telecomitalia.it/TIPortale/docs/innovazione/04_Griffa.pdf [48] W.K Park, C.S Choi, H Lee, K.R Park, ―Energy Efficient Home Gateway Based on User Service Traffic in Always-On Home Network Environment,‖ Proc Internat Conf on Advances in Electronics and Micro-electronics (ENICS 2008), Valencia, Spain, Sept 2008, pp 121-125 [49] M Guenach, C Nuzman, J Maes, M Peeters, ―On power optimization in DSL systems,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [50] W Shing-Wa, L Valcarenghi, Y She-Hwa, D R Campelo, S Yamashita, L Kazovsky, ―Sleep Mode for Energy Saving PONs: Advantages and Drawbacks,‖ Proc 2nd Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE GLOBECOM '09 (GreenComm09), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Dec 2009 [51] J Malmodin, ―The Carbon Footprint of Mobile Telecommunications and ICT‖, Proc 1st Internat Workshop on Green Wireless, Lapland, Finland, Sept 2008 [52] [51] H O Scheck, J Louhi, ―Energy Efficiency of Cellular Networks,‖ Proc 1st Internat Workshop on Green Wireless, Lapland, Finland, Sept 2008 [53] A P Jardosh, G Iannaccone, K Papagiannaki, B Vinnakota, ―Towards an Energy-Star WLAN Infrastructure,‖ Proc of 8th Workshop on Mobile 109 Computing Systems and Applications (HotMobile 2007), pp.85-90, Mar 2007 [54] A P Jardosh, K Papagiannaki, E Belding, K Almeroth, G Iannaccone, B Vinnakota, ―Green WLANs: On-demand WLAN Infrastructures,‖ Mobile Networks and Applications Journal, Springer Netherlands, Dec 2008 DOI 10.1007/s11036-008-0123-8 [55] T Edler, S Lundberg, ―Energy Efficiency Enhancements in Radio Access Networks,‖ Ericsson Review, No 1, 2004 [56] M Ajmone Marsan, L Chiaraviglio, D Ciullo, M Meo, ―Optimal Energy Savings in Cellular Access Networks,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 (to appear) [57] M Ajmone Marsan, L Chiaraviglio, D Ciullo, M Meo, ―Energy-Aware UMTS Access Networks,‖ Proc First International Workshop on Green Wireless (WGREEN 2008) in conjunction with WPMC, Lappland, Finland, Sept 2008 [58] M Ajmone Marsan, L Chiaraviglio, D Ciullo, M Meo, ―Energy-Efficient Management of UMTS Access Networks,‖ Proc 21st International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 21), Paris, France, Sept 2009 [59] J.T Louhi, ―Energy efficiency of modern cellular base stations,‖ Proc 29th Internat Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept 2007, pp 475-476 [60] M Gupta and S Singh, ―Greening of the Internet,‖ Proc ACM SIGCOMM Conf (SIGCOMM 03), Karlshue, Germany, Aug 2003, pp 19-26 [61] M Gupta, S Grover, S Singh, ―A Feasibility Study for Power Management in LAN Switches,‖ Proc 12th IEEE Internat Conf Network Protocols (ICNP), Berlin, Germany, pp 361-371, Oct 2004 [62] M Gupta, S Singh, ―Dynamic Ethernet link shutdown for energy conservation on Ethernet links,‖ Proc IEEE Internat Conf Commun 2007 (ICC 2007), Glasgow, Scotland, June 2007, pp 6156 - 6161 [63] M Gupta, S Singh, ―Using Low-Power Modes for Energy Conservation in Ethernet LANs,‖ Proc 26th IEEE Conf on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2007), Anchorage, Alaska, May 2007, pp 2451-2455 110 [64] P Barford, J Chabarek, C Estan, J Sommers, D Tsiang, S Wright, ―Power Awareness in Network Design and Routing,‖ Proc IEEE 27th IEEE Conf on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008), Phoenix, AZ, April 2008, pp 457- 465 [65] L Ceuppens, A Sardella, D Kharitonov, ―Power Saving Strategies and Technologies in Network Equipment Opportunities and Challenges, Risk and Rewards,‖ Proc Internat Symp on Applications and the Internet (SAINT 2008), Turku, Finland, July 2008, pp 381-384 [66] G Ananthanarayanan, R H Katz, ―Greening the Switch‖, Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower 2008), Dec 2008, San Diego, CA, USA [67] R Bolla, R Bruschi, A Ranieri, ―Green Support for PC-based Software Router: Performance Evaluation and Modeling,‖ Proc 2009 IEEE Internat Conf on Communications (ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 2009, best paper award [68] R Bolla, R Bruschi, A Ranieri, ―Performance and Power Consumption Modeling for Green COTS Software Router,‖ Proc 1st Internat Conf on COMmunication Systems and NETworkS (COMSNETS 2009), Bangalore, India [69] R Bolla, R Bruschi, A Ranieri, "Energy-Aware Equipment for NextGeneration Networks", Proc of 4th Internat Conf on Future Internet Technologies (CFI 2009), Seoul, Korea, June 2009, pp 8-11 [70] R Bolla, R Bruschi, F Davoli, A Ranieri, ―Performance Constrained Power Consumption Optimization in Distributed Network Equipment,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [71] R Bolla, R Bruschi, F Davoli, ―Energy-aware Performance Optimization for Next Generation Green Network Equipment‖, Proc of the ACM SIGCOMM 2009 Workshop on Programmable Routers for Extensible Services of Tomorrow (PRESTO 2009), Barcelona, Spain, Aug 2009, pp49-55 [72] R Bolla, R Bruschi, F Davoli, "Energy-aware Resource Adaptationfor Next Generation Network Equipment," Proc of the 2009 IEEE Global 111 Communications Conference (IEEE GLOBECOM 2009), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Dec 2009 [73] M Mandviwalla, N Multiprocessor-Based F Router Tzeng, ―Energy-Efficient Linecards,‖ Proc Internat Scheme for Symp on Applications on Internet (SAINT 2008), Turku, Finland, 2008, pp 156-163 [74] S Nedevschi, L Popa, G Iannaccone, D Wetherall, S Ratnasamy, ―Reducing network energy consumption via sleeping and rate-adaptation,‖ Proc 5th USENIX Symp on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI '08), San Francisco, CA, 2008, pp 323-336 [75] M Yamada, T Yazaki, N Matsuyama, T Hayashi, ―Power Efficient Approach and Communications Performance Workshop Control in for Routers,‖, conjunction with Proc IEEE Green ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [76] A Kennedy, X Wang, Z Liu, B Liu, ―Low power architecture for high speed packet classification,‖ Proc 4th ACM/IEEE Symp on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems (ANCS '08), San Jose, CA, Nov 2008 [77] A Kennedy, X Wang, Z Liu, B Liu, ―Energy efficient packet classification hardware accelerator,‖ Proc IEEE Internat Symp on Parallel and Distributed Processing (IPDPS 2008), Miami, FL, USA, Apr 2008, pp 1-8 [78] Y Luo, J Yu, J.Yang, L N Bhuyan, ―Conserving network processor power consumption by exploiting traffic variability,‖ ACM Trans On Architecture And Code Optimization, vol 4, no 1, March 2007; http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1216544.1216547 [79] N Wang, K Ho, G Pavlou, M Howarth, ―An overview of routing optimization for internet traffic engineering,‖ IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol 10, no 1, pp 36-56, First Quarter 2008 [80] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, ―Energy-Aware UMTS Core Network Design‖, Proc 1st Internat Workshop on Green Wireless (WGREEN 2008) in conjunction with WPMC, Lapland, Finland, Sept 2008 [81] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, ―Reducing Power Consumption in Backbone Networks‖, Proc 2009 IEEE Internat Conf on Communications 112 (ICC 2009), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 (to appear) [82] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, ―Energy-aware Backbone Networks: a Case Study,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [83] R Tucker, J Baliga, R Ayre, K Hinton, W Sorin, ―Energy Consumption in IP Networks,‖ Proc 34th European Conf & Exhib On Optical Commun, (ECOC 2008), Brussels, Belgium, Sept 2008 [84] J C Cardona Restrepo, C G Gruber, C Mas Machuca, ―Energy Profile Aware Routing,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [85] V Soteriou, L.-S Peh, "Dynamic Power Management for Power Optimization of Interconnection Networks Using On/Off Links," Proc 11th IEEE Symp on High Performance Interconnects (Hot Interconnects 2003), Stanford, CA, Aug 2003, pp 15-20 [86] M Baldi, Y Ofek, ―Time for a ―Greener‖ Internet,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 (to appear) [87] A Chen, ―Berkeley Lab Researchers Are Developing Energy-Efficient Digital Network Technology,‖ Research News Berkley Lab., March 2007 http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/EETD-efficient-networks.html [88] Berkeley Lab., ―Energy Efficient Digital Networks project,‖ http://efficientnetworks.lbl.gov/ [89] A Meyer, B Nordman, ―Buildings as Networks: Danger, Opportunity, and Guiding Principles for Energy Efficiency,‖ Background Discussion, IEA Workshop on Digital Networks, Paris, France, July 2007 [90] University of Florida, ―The Energy Efficient Internet project‖, funded by NSF and Cisco http://www.csee.usf.edu/~christen/ energy/main.html [91] G Goth, ―The Net‗s Going Green – Multipronged Approach Might Save Costs, Energy- and the Climate,‖ IEEE Internet Computing, vol 12, no 1, pp 7-9, Jan./Feb 2008 [92] K Christensen, B Nordman, R Brown, ―Power Management in Networked Devices,‖ IEEE Computer, vol 37, no 8, pp 91-93, Aug 2004 [93] C Gunaratne, K Christensen, S Suen, B Nordman, ―Reducing the Energy 113 Consumption of Ethernet with an Adaptive Link Rate (ALR),‖ IEEE Trans on Computers, vol 57, no 4, pp 448-461, Apr 2008 [94] C Gunaratne, K Christensen, S Suen, ―Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate (ALR): Analysis of a Buffer Threshold,‖ Proc IEEE Global Telecomm Conf (GLOBECOM 2006), San Feancisco, CA, USA, Nov 2006 [95] C Gunaratne, K Christensen, ―Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate: System Design and Performance Evaluation,‖ Proc 31st IEEE Conf Local Computer Networks (LCN 2006), Tampa, FL, USA, Nov 2006, pp 28-35 [96] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEEE 802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet Task Force, http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/ 802/3/az/public/index.html [97] Energy Star Computer Specification, http://www.energystar.gov/ index.cfm?c=revisions.computer_spec [98] R Hays, ―Active/Idle Toggling with 0BASE-x for Energy Efficient Ethernet,‖ presentation to the IEEE 802.3az Task Force, Nov 2007 http://www.ieee802.org/3/az/public/nov07/hays_1_1107.pdf [99] Y Chen, T X Wang, R H Katz, ―Energy Efficient Ethernet Encodings,‖ Proc IEEE Conf on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2008), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Oct 2008, pp 122-129 [100] F Blanquicet, K Christensen, ―Managing Energy Use in a Network with a New SNMP Power State MIB,‖ Proc IEEE Conf on Local Computer Networks, pp 509-511, Oct 2008 [101] K Christensen, C Gunaratne, B Nordman, and A George, ―The Next Frontier for Communications Networks: Power Management,‖ Computer Comm., vol 27, no 18, pp 1758-1770, Dec 2004 [102] K Christensen, C Gunaratne, B Nordman, ―Managing Energy Consumption Costs in Desktop PCs and LAN Switches with Proxying, Split TCP Connections, and Scaling of Link Speed, Internat Journal of Network Management, vol 15, no 5, pp 297-310, Sept./Oct 2005 [103] M Allman, K Christensen, B Nordman, V Paxson, ―Enabling an EnergyEfficient Future Internet Through Selectively Connected End Systems, Proc ACM SIGCOMM HotNets Workshop (HotNets 07), Atlanta, GA, Nov 2007 114 [104] M Jimeno, K Christensen, B Nordman, ―A Network Connection Proxy to Enable Hosts to Sleep and Save Energy,‖ Proc IEEE Internat Performance Computing and Communications Conf., pp 101-110, Dec 2008 [105] J Blackburn, K Christensen, ―A Simulation Study of a New Green BitTorrent,‖ Proc Green Communications Workshop in conjunction with IEEE ICC'09 (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [106] M Jimeno, K Christensen, ―P2P Directory Search: Signature Array Hash Table,‖ Proc IEEE Conf on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2008), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Oct 2008, pp 506-508 [107] M Jimeno, K Christensen, ―A Prototype Power Management Proxy for Gnutella Peer-to-Peer File Sharing,‖ Proc IEEE Conf on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2007), Dublin, Ireland, Oct 2007, pp 210-212 [108] K Sabhanatarajan, A Gordon-Ross, ―A Resource Efficient Content Inspection System for Next Generation Smart NICs, Proc IEEE Conf on Computer Design, Oct 2008 [109] K Sabhanatarajan, A Gordon-Ross, M Oden, M Navada, A George, Smart-NICs: Power Proxying for Reduced Power Consumption in Network Edge Devices, IEEE Computer Society Annual Symp on VLSI (ISVLSI), Apr 2008 [110] Y Agarwal, S Hodges, R Chandra, J Scott, P Bahl, R Gupta, Somniloquy: Augmenting Network Interfaces to Reduce PC Energy Usage, Proc 6th ACM/USENIX Symp On Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 2009), Boston, MA, USA, Apr 2009 [111] S Nedevschi, J Chandrashekar, J Liu, B Nordman, S Ratnasamy, N Taft, Skilled in the Art of Being Idle: Reducing Energy Waste in Networked Systems, Proc 6th ACM/USENIX Symp On Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 2009), Boston, MA, USA, Apr 2009 [112] A Wierman, L L H Andrew, A Tang, Power-Aware Speed Scaling in Processor Sharing Systems, Proc of the 28th IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2009), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Apr 2009 [113] S Bradner, J McQuaid, ―Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices, IETF Request for Comments 2544 (RFC 2544), March 1999, http://ietfreport.isoc.org/rfc/rfc2544.txt 115 [114] Juniper Networks, ―Network and Telecom Equipment - Energy and Performance Assessment, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology‖, White Paper, Draft, version 1.0.6, 2009 [115] N Ayari, D Barbaron, L Lefevre, P Primet, ―Fault tolerance for highly available internet services: concepts, approaches, and issues,‖ IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol 10, no 2, pp 34-46, Second Quarter 2008 [116] Y Wang, E Keller, B Biskeborn, J van der Merwe, J Rexford, "Virtual Routers on the Move: Live Router Migration as a Network-Management Primitive," Proc ACM 2008 SIGCOMM Conf., Aug 2008, pp 231-242 [117] G Rossi, P Salamandra, A Schiavoni, ―Testing of green cooling mechanism in Telecom Italia Laboratories‖, Proc 2009 Green Teleco World Congress, Paris, France, Jan 2009 [118] R H Nielsen, M T Riaz, J M Pedersen, O B Madsen, ―On the Potential of Using the Cable Trench Problem in Planning of ICT Access Networks,‖ Proc 50th Internat Symp ELMAR-2008, Zadar, Croatia, Sept 2008, pp 585-588 [119] ―http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/ docs/focus/CNF/.‖The NeTS-FIND project: Architectural Support for Selectively-Connected End Systems: Enabling an Energy-Efficient Future Internet Founded by NSF Sept.2007–Aug 2009 [120] The – low Energy COnsumption NETworks (ECONET) project IP project funded by the EC in ICT-Call of the 7th Work-Programme, Grant agreement no 258454 [121] ―Design and Analysis of High-Performance, Energy-Efficient, and Secure Clusters project‖, founded by NSF April 2006 - March 2009 [122] Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry (METI), ―The Green-IT project‖ http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/GreenITInitiativeInJapan pdf [123] A Göthenberg, ―Japan‗s New Generation Network - beyond next generation network‖, Swedish Institute For Growth Policy Studies, http://www.itps.se/Archive/Documents/Swedish/Publikationer/Rapporter/PM -serien/2009/2009_001%20webb.pdf [124] EU FP7 ICT-BOOM: Terabit-on-chip: micro and nano-scale silicon photonic integrated components and sub-systems enabling Tb/s capacity, scalable and 116 fully integrated photonic routers May 2008 - April 2011 [125] EU FP7 ICT-APACHE:Agile Photonic Integrated Systems-on-Chip enabling WDM Terabit Networks April 2008 - March 2011 [126] R Tucker, Will optical replace electronic packet switching, SPIE Newsroom, 2007 [127] EU FP7 ICT-EMUCO: Embedded multi-core processing for mobile communication systems Feb 2008 – Jan 2010 http://www.emuco.eu/ [128] EU FP7 ICT-MOSART: Mapping optimisation for scalable multi-core architecture Jan 2008 – Dec.2010 http://www.mosart-project.org [129] EU FP7 ICT-AIM: A novel architecture for modelling, virtualising and managing the energy consumption of household appliances Jun 2008- May 2010 http://www.ict-aim.eu [130] Cisco Energy Wise, http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/switches /ps57 18 /ps 10195 / white_paper_c11-514539.html [131] ―http://www.cisco.com/web/about/citizenship/environment/data_centers.html ‖Cisco Energy Efficient Data Centers [132] http://www2.alcatel-lucent.com/blog/2010/01/green-touch-makingcommunications-networks-1000-times-more-energy-efficient/ The Green Touch initiative, [133] ―digitaleurope.org/index.php?id=1145‖ The ICT for Energy Efficiency forum (ICT4EE), [134] http://www.03.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/21440.wss IBM,The BigGreen project‖, [135] ―ftp://ftp10.dlink.com/pdfs/products/D-Link_Green_whitepaper.pdf.‖ Green Computing and DLink, white paper, Feb 2009, [136] Juniper Networks, ―Network and Telecom Equipment - Energy and Performance Assessment, Test Procedure and Measurement Methodology‖, White Paper, Draft, version 1.0.6, 2009 [137] Juniper Networks, ―Energy Efficiency for the Network Equipment: Two Steps beyond Greenwashing‖, White Paper, 2009, http://www.juniper net/us/en/local/pdf/whitepapers/2000284-en.pdf [138] Juniper Networks, ―Energy Efficiency - Penguin-friendly Networking in Design, White Paper, 2009 117 [139] B Gorini, ―ETSI Work Programme on Energy Saving, Proc 29th Internat Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept 2007, pp 174-181 [140] W.Schulz, ―ETSI standards and guides for efficient powering of telecommunication and datacom Proc 29th Internat Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept 2007, pp 168-173 [141] D Marquet, ―New ETSI IP-XML Power and Cooling System Monitoring and Control Interface Standard,‖ Proc 29th Internat Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC 2007), Rome, Italy, Sept 2007, pp 393-400 [142] D Roche, ―Efficient broadband deployment & multi-service implementation‖, Proc Symp on Transforming the Network through Global Collaboration (GSC13), Boston, USA, Jan 2008 [143] The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI), ―HGI puts Energy Saving on the Agenda‖, White paper, http://www.homegatewayinitiative.org/ press/PR010.pdf [144] ETNO Energy Task Team, Annual Report 2008 [145] The EU Broadband Communication Code of Conduct working group http://www.iea.org/textbase/work/2007/set-top/day3/ EC_CodeofConduct.pdf [146] EU Stand-by Initiative, Minutes of the Third Meeting on Energy Consumption of Broadband Communication Equipment and Networks, http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/html/standby_initiative.htm, Nov 2005 European Commission DG JRC, Ispra, [147] Aruna Prem Bianzino, Luca Chiaraviglio, Marco Mellia, Jean-Louis Rougier,GRiDA: GReen Distributed Algorithm for energy-efficient IP backbone networks [148] A Bianzino, L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, GRiDA: a Green Distributed [149] M Webb, SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in theInformation Age, The Climate Group, London, 2008 [150] Global Action Plan, An Inefficient Truth Global Action Plan Report,December 2007 [151] R Bolla, R Bruschi, F Davoli, F Cucchietti, Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy- 118 Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures, IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials, vol 13, April 2011 [152] A Adelin, P Owezarski, T Gayraud, On the impact of monitoring router energy consumption for greening the Internet, in: IEEE/ACM International Conference on Grid Computing (Grid 2010), Bruxelles, Belgique, October 2010 [153] A Bianzino, C Chaudet, D Rossi, J Rougier, A survey of green networking research, IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials 14 (2012) [154] M Gupta, S Singh, Greening of the Internet, in: ACM SIGCOMM 2003, Karlsrhue, Germany, August 2003 [155] N Vasic´ , D Kostic´ , Energy-aware traffic engineering, in: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking (e-Energy 2010), Passau, Germany, April 2010 [156] A Cianfrani, V Eramo, M Listanti, M Marazza, E Vittorini, An energy saving routing algorithm for a green OSPF protocol, in: IEEE INFOCOM Workshops, 2010, San Diego, USA, March 2010 [157] K Ho, C Cheung, Green distributed routing protocol for sleep coordination in wired core networks, in: IEEE 6th International Conference on Networked Computing, Gyeongju, Korea (South), May 2010 [158] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, Energy-aware backbone networks: a case study, in: First Int Workshop on Green Communications (GreenComm09), Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [159] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, Reducing power consumption in backbone networks, in: IEEE ICC‘09, Dresden, Germany, June 2009 [160] E Amaldi, A Capone, L Gianoli, L Mascetti, Energy management in IP traffic engineering with shortest path routing, in: First International Workshop on Sustainable Internet and Internet for Sustainability (Sustainet 2011), Lucca, Italy, June 2011 [161] C Watkins, P Dayan, Q-learning, Machine Learning (3) (1992) 279–292 [162] C Claus, G Boutilier, The dynamics of reinforcement learning in cooperative multi-agent systems, in: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1998 [163] H Haddadi, D Fay, A Jamakovic, O Maennel, A Moore, R Mortier, S 119 Uhlig, On the importance of local connectivity for Internet topology models, in: Proceedings of the 21st International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 2009), Paris, France, September 2009 [164] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, Minimizing ISP Network Energy Cost: Formulation and Solutions, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, July 2011 [165] A Bianzino, C Chaudet, S Moretti, D Rossi, J Rougier, The greengame: striking a balance between QoS and energy saving, in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Teletraffic Congress (ITC 2011), San Francisco, USA, September 2011 [166] The GEANT network [167] J Moy, OSPF Version RFC 2328, April 1998 [168] A Bianzino, C Chaudet, F Larroca, D Rossi, J Rougier, Energy-aware routing: a reality check, in: 3rd International Workshop on Green Communications (Green Comm 3), (Miami, USA), December 2010 [169] Polito, HPC Initiative [170] R Coltun, The OSPF Opaque LSA Option RFC 2370, July 1998 [171] Gongqi Lin, Sieteng Soh, Kwan-Wu Chin, Mihai Lazarescu, Efficient heuristics for energy-aware routing in networks with bundled links [172] C Bianco, F Cucchietti, G Griffa, Energy consumption trends in the next generation access network – a Telco perspective, in: INTELEC, CA, USA, 2007, pp 737–742 [173] S.N Roy, Energy logic: a road map to reducing energy consumption in telecommunications networks, in: INTELEC 2008, San Diego, CA, USA September 2008 [174] R Bolla, R Bruschi, F Davoli, F Cucchietti, Energy efficiency in the future internet: a survey of existing approaches and trends in energy-aware fixed network infrastructures, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 13 (2011) 223–244 [175] IT Wales, Green evangelist to call for big changes in computer use to aid environment, in: ITWales Conf., November 2007 < www.itwales.com > [176] J Guichard, F.L Faucheur, J.-P Vasseur, Definitive MPLS Network Designs, Cisco Press, 2005 120 [177] ―theclimategroup.org/assets/resources/publications/Smart2020Report.pdf.‖Gl obal e-Sustainibility Initiative (GeSI), SMART 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age [178] W Vereecken, L Deboosere, D Colle, B Vermeulen, M Pickavet, B.Dhoedt, P Demeester, Energy efficiency in telecommunication networks, NOC (2008) [179] J Chabarek, J Sommers, P Barford, C Estan, D Tsiang, S Wright, power awareness in network design and routing, in: IEEE INFOCOM, Phoenix, AX, USA, April 2008 [180] R Hays, Active/idle toggling with 0base-x for energy efficient Ethernet, in: IEEE P802.3az Energy Efficient Task Force, Atlanta, GA, USA, November 2007 [181] B Awerbuch, D.Holmer, H.Rubens, The pulse protocol: mobile adhoc network performance evaluation, in: WNOC 2005, MD, USA, 2005 [182] R Doverspike, K.K Ramakrishnan, C Chase, Structural overview of ISP networks, in: C Kalmanek, S Misra, R Yang (Eds.), Guide to Reliable Internet Services and Applications, Springer, 2010 [183] IEEE, IEEE Standard 802.1 AX: Link Aggregation, 2008 [184] W Fisher, M Suchara, J Rexford, Greening backbone networks: reducing energy consumption by shutting off cables in bundled links, in: ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Green Networking, New Delhi, India, August 2010 [185] M Gupta, S Singh, Greening of the Internet, in: ACM SIGCOMM, Karlsruhe, Germany, August 2003 [186] M Gupta, S Singh, Energy conservation with low power modes in Ethernet LAN environments, in: IEEE INFOCOM (Mini Symposium), Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2007 [187] M.G Zhang, C Yi, B Liu, B Zhang, GreenTE: power-aware traffic engineering, in: IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP), Kyoto, Japan, October 2010 [188] N Vasic, D Kostic, Energy-aware traffic engineering, in: ACM SIGCOMM, New Delhi, India, 2010 [189] E Gelenbe, T Mahmoodi, Energy-aware routing in the cognitive packet 121 network, in: Proc of International Conference on Smart Grids, Green Communications and IT Energy-Aware Technologies, 2011 [190] A.P Bianzino, L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, GRiDA: a green distributed algorithm for backbone networks, in: IEEE Online Green Communications Conference, September 2011 [191] S.S.W Lee, P.K Tseng, A Chen, Link weight assignment and loop-free routing table update for link state routing protocols in energy-aware Internet, in: Future Generation Computer Systems, 2011 [192] L Chiaraviglio, M Mellia, F Neri, Minimizing ISP network energy cost: formulation and solutions, in: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2011 [193] E Amaldi, A Capone, L.G Gianoli, L Mascetti, A MILP-based heuristic for energy-aware traffic engineering with shortest path routing, in: International Network Optimization Conference (INOC) 2011, Hamburg, Germany, June 13–16, 2011 [194] F.Cuomo, A.Cianfrani, M.Polverini, D Mangione, Network pruning for energy saving in the Internet, Computer Networks (2012) [195] A Cianfrani, V Eramo, M Listanti, M Polverini, A.V Vasilakos, An OSPF-integrated routing strategy for QoS-aware energy saving in IP backbone networks, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (3) (2012) 54 [196] AMPL/CPLEX