Computer aided power system analysis ramasamy natarajana

Computer-Aided Power System Analysis Ramasamy Natarajan Practical Power Associates Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A MARCEL H D E K K E R MARCEL DEKKER, INC NEW YORK • BASEL ISBN: 0-8247-0699-4 This book is printed on acid-free paper Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY ! 0016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Current printing (last digit): 10 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved POWER ENGINEERING Series Editors H Lee Willis ABB Electric Systems Technology Institute Raleigh, North Carolina Anthony F Sleva Sleva Associates Allentown, Pennsylvania Mohammad Shahidehpour Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, H Lee Willis Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice, Y G Paithankar Electrical Insulation in Power Systems, N H Malik, A A AI-Arainy, and M I Qureshi Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing, Paul Gill Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, J Lewis Blackburn Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation, Lorrin Philipson and H Lee Willis Electrical Power Cable Engineering, William A Thue Electric Systems, Dynamics, and Stability with Artificial Intelligence Applications, James A Momoh and Mohamed E EI-Hawary Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Andrew R Hileman 10 Distributed Power Generation: Planning and Evaluation, H Lee Willis and Walter G Scott 11 Electric Power System Applications of Optimization, James A Momoh 12 Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, H Lee Willis, Gregory V Welch, and Randall R Schrieber 13 Restructured Electrical Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Muwaffaq Alomoush 14 Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Richard E Brown 15 Computer-Aided Power System Analysis, Ramasamy Natarajan 16 Power System Analysis: Short-Circuit Load Flow and Harmonics, J C Das 17 Power Transformers: Principles and Applications, John J Winders, Jr Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION Spatial Electric Load Forecasting: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, H Lee Willis Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved This book is dedicated to the memory of my wife, Karpagam Natarajan Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Series Introduction Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within electrical engineering, yet no other facet of modern technology is currently experiencing a greater transformation or seeing more attention and interest from the public and government Power system engineers face more challenges than ever in making their systems not only work well, but fit within the constraints and rules set down by deregulation rules, and meet the needs of utility business practices and consumer demand Without exaggeration, one can say that modern power engineers could not possibly meet these challenges without the aid of computerized analysis and modeling tools, which permit them to explore alternatives, evaluate designs, and diagnose and hone performance and cost with precision Therefore, one of the reasons I am particularly delighted to see this latest addition to Marcel Dekker's Power Engineering Series is its timeliness in covering this very subject in a straightforward and accessible manner Dr Natarajan's Computer-Aided Power Systems Analysis provides a very complete coverage of basic computer analysis techniques for power systems Its linear organization makes it particularly suitable as a reference for practicing utility and industrial power engineers involved in power flow, short-circuit, and equipment capability engineering of transmission and distribution systems In addition, it provides sound treatment of numerous practical problems involved in day-to-day power engineering, including flicker and harmonic analysis, insulation coordination, grounding, EMF, relay, and a host of other computerized study applications Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved The second reason for my satisfaction in seeing this book added to the Power Engineering Series is that I count the author among my good friends, and enjoyed working with him from 1997 to 2001 when he was at ABB's Electric Systems Technology Institute Therefore, I am particularly proud to include ComputerAided Power System Analysis in this important group of books Like all the books in this series, Raj Natarajan's book provides modern power technology in a context of proven, practical application; useful as a reference book as well as for self-study and advanced classroom use The series includes books covering the entire field of power engineering, in all of its specialties and sub-genres, each aimed at providing practicing power engineers with the knowledge and techniques they need to meet the electric industry's challenges in the 21st century H Lee Willis Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Preface Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to evaluate the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics Such analysis helps to identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed project In an existing plant, the operating limits and possible increase in loading levels can be evaluated In the equipment failure analysis, the cause of the failure and mitigating measures to improve the system performance can be studied The modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses and components Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time consuming The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the availability of efficient programs and powerful personal computers The introduction of personal computers with graphic capabilities has reduced computational costs Also, the available software for various studies is becoming better and the cost is coming down However, the results produced by the programs are sophisticated and require careful analysis Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of the power delivery Some of the important studies are impedance modeling, load flow, short circuit, transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction, harmonic analysis, flicker analysis, insulation coordination, cable ampacity, grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF analysis, data acquisition systems, and protection coordination Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved In this book, the nature of the study, a brief theory involved, practical examples, criteria for the evaluation, data required for the analysis, and the output data are described in a step-by-step manner for easy understanding I was involved in the above types of studies over several years for industrial power systems and utilities It is hoped that this book will be a useful tool for power system engineers in industry, utilities, and consulting, and those involved in the evaluation of practical power systems I wish to thank software manufacturers for providing me permission to use the copyrighted material in this book, including the EMTP program from Dr H W Dommel, University of British Columbia, Canada; PSS/E program from Power Technologies Inc., Schenectady, New York; Power Tools for Windows from SKM System Analysis Inc., Manhattan Beach, California; SuperHarm and the TOP-the output processor from the Electrotek Concepts, Knoxville, Tennessee; the EMTP program from the DCG/EPRI version, User Support & Maintenance Center, One Networks Inc, Canada; the Integrated Grounding System Design Program from Dr Sakis Meliopoulos, Georgia Tech, Atlanta; and the Corona and Field Effects program from Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon Also, the reprint permission granted by various publishers and organizations is greatly appreciated Finally, I wish to thank many great people who discussed the technical problems presented in this book over the past several years These include Dr Sakis Meliopoulos of Georgia Tech; Dr T Kneschke and Mr K Agarwal of LTK Engineering Services; Mr Rory Dwyer of ABB Power T&D Company; Dr R Ramanathan of National Systems & Research Company; Mr E H Camm of S&C Electric Company; Mr T Laskowski and Mr J Wills of PTI; Mr Lon Lindell of SKM System Analysis; Dr C Croskey, Dr R V Ramani, Dr C J Bise, Mr R Frantz and Dr J N Tomlinson of Penn State; Dr P K Sen, University of Colorado; Dr M K Pal, a Consultant from New Jersey; Dr A Chaudhary of Cooper Power Systems; Dr J A Martinez of Universiat Politechnica De Catalunya, Spain; Dr A F Imece of PowerServ and many more Finally, sincere thanks are due to Rita Lazazzaro and Barbara Mathieu of Marcel Dekker, Inc., for their help in the preparation of this book Ramasamy Natarajan Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Table Preferred Ratings for Indoor Oilless Circuit Breakers Rated Maximum Voltage kV,rms 4.76 4.76 4.76 8.25 15.0 15.0 15.0 38.0 38.0 Rated Voltage Range Factor K 1.36 1.24 1.19 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.65 1.0 Closing and Maximum Latching Symmetrical Capability 7K Interrupting Rated ShortRated Rated Maximum Capability and Rated times Rated ShortRated Continuous Circuit Current (at Rated Maximum Interrupting Voltage Divided Short-Time Current Circuit Current kA, Current at 60 HZ Crest KA, rms Time cycles by K kV, rms kV) kA, rms Amperes, rms 3.5 32 12 8.8 1200 97 36 3.85 29 1200, 2000 4.0 41 132 49 1200,2000,3000 111 41 6.6 33 1200, 2000 62 23 1200,2000 11.5 18 97 11.5 28 36 1200, 2000 130 48 11.5 37 1200,2000, 3000 95 35 23.0 21 1200, 2000,3000 108 40 38.0 40 1200, 3000 Table 1A Preferred Capacitance Current Switching Ratings for Indoor Oilless Circuit Breakers General-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Capacitance Switching Current Shunt Capacitor Bank or Cable Definite-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Capacitance Switching Current Shunt Capacitor Bank or Cable Back-to-Back Inrush Current Rated Rated ShortMaximum Circuit Rated Continuous Isolated Voltage Current kA, Current Amperes, Isolated Current Peak Current Frequency Current Current kV,rms rms rms kA Hz Amperes, rms Amperes, rms Amperes, rms 4.76 8.8 1200 400 630 15 2000 630 4.76 29.00 1200 400 630 630 15 2000 4.76 29.00 15 2000 400 1000 1000 1270 4.76 41.00 1200,2000 400 630 15 2000 630 41.00 4.76 3000 1000 15 1270 400 1000 33.00 8.25 1200 250 630 15 2000 630 33.00 8.25 2000 250 1000 15 1270 1000 15.00 18.00 1200 630 2000 250 630 15 18.00 15.00 2000 250 1000 15 1270 1000 28.00 15.00 1200 250 630 15 2000 630 15.00 28.00 2000 250 1000 1000 15 1270 15.00 37.00 1200 250 630 15 2000 630 37.00 15.00 2000 250 1000 1000 18 2400 15.00 37.00 3000 1600 250 1600 25 1330 38.00 21.00 1200,2000,3000 250 18 50 250 6000 38.00 40.00 1200,3000 50 250 25 8480 250 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table Preferred Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers 72.5 kV and Below, Including Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations Rated Maximum Voltage kV,rms 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 25.8 25.8 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 38.0 48.3 48.3 48.3 72.5 72.5 72.5 Rated Voltage Range Factor K 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Rated Continuous Current at 60 Hz Amperes, rms 600, 1200 1200,2000 1200,2000 1200,2000,3000 1200,2000 1200,2000 1200, 2000 1200,2000 1200,2000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000, 3000 1200,2000 1200,2000 1200,2000,3000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200,2000,3000 Maximum Closing and Rated Latching Capability Maximum Symmetrical Rated ShortInterrupting Capability 2.7K times Rated Circuit Current (at Voltage Short-Circuit Rated Maximum Divided by K and Rated Short-Time Current kA, Crest Current kA rms kV, rms kV) kA.rms 34 12.5 12.5 15.5 54 20.0 15.5 20.0 68 25.0 25.0 15.5 108 40.0 40.0 15.5 34 12.5 25.8 12.5 68 25.0 25.8 25.0 43 16.0 16.0 38.0 54 20.0 20.0 38.0 68 25.0 38.0 25.0 85 31.5 31.5 38.0 108 40.0 40.0 38.0 54 20.0 20.0 48.3 85 31.5 48.3 31.5 108 40.0 48.3 40.0 54 20.0 72.5 20.0 85 31.5 31.5 72.5 108 40.0 40.0 72.5 Table 2A Preferred Capacitance Current Switching Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers 72.5 kV and Below, Including Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations Rated Rated ShortMaximum Circuit Voltage Current kA, kV.rms rms 15.5 12.5 15.5 20.0 15.5 25.0 15.5 40.0 25.8 12.5 25.8 25.0 16.0 38.0 38.0 20.0 38.0 25.0 38.0 31.5 38.0 40.0 48.3 20.0 48.3 31.5 48.3 40.0 72.5 20.0 72.5 31.5 72.5 40.0 Rated Continuous Current Amperes, rms 600, 1200 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000, 3000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200,2000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200,2000, 3000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000 1200, 2000, 3000 1200, 2000 1200,2000 1200, 2000, 3000 General-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Definite-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Capacitance Capacitance Switching Current Switching Shunt Capacitor Bank or Cable Back-Back Current Shunt Capacitor Bank or Cable Inrush Currei Overhead Isolated Current Current Line Current Isolated Current Amperes, Frequency Peak Amperes, Amperes, Hz Current kA Amperes, rms rms mis rms 250 4240 20 100 400 400 4240 250 400 20 100 400 400 4240 250 100 400 20 250 400 20 4240 100 400 400 20 4240 160 100 400 4240 160 100 400 20 400 4240 250 20 100 100 250 100 4240 250 20 100 250 4240 250 20 100 100 250 100 4240 250 20 100 250 4240 100 20 100 250 250 20 6800 250 10 100 250 20 6800 250 10 100 250 20 6800 250 10 100 250 25 3360 630 20 100 630 25 3360 630 20 100 630 25 3360 630 630 20 100 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table Preferred Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers 121 kV and Above, Including Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations Rated Rated Maximum Voltage Range Voltage Factor K kV,rms 121 121 121 145 145 145 145 169 169 169 169 169 242 242 242 242 362 362 550 550 800 800 1.U 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Closing and Maximum Latching Symmetrical Capability 2.7K Rated Rated ShortMaximum Interrupting Rated times Rated Circuit Current InterruptinjI Voltage Capability and Short-Circuit (at Rated Rated Continuous Current at 60 Hz Maximum kV) kA, Time Divided by Rated ShortCurrent kA, Amperes, rms K kV, rms Time Current Cycles Crest rms i!U 2U 121 12UU t>4 40 121 1600, 2000, 3000 108 40 2000, 3000 170 63 63 121 1200 20 145 54 20 1600,2000,3000 40 145 108 40 63 145 2000, 3000 170 63 80 80 145 2000, 3000 216 169 1200 16 16 43 1600 31.5 31.5 169 85 2000 40 40 169 108 2000 50 50 169 135 2000 170 63 63 169 1600, 2000, 3000 31.5 242 85 31.5 40 2000, 3000 108 40 242 2000 50 242 50 135 2000, 3000 63 242 63 170 2000, 3000 40 362 40 108 2000 63 362 63 170 2000, 3000 40 550 40 108 3000 2000, 3000 3000 63 40 63 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved 2 550 800 800 63 40 63 170 108 170 Table 3A Preferred Capacitance Current Switching Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers 121 kV and Above, Including Circuit Breakers Applied in Gas Insulated Substations General-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Capacitance Switching Current Definite-Purpose Circuit Breakers Rated Capacitance Switching Current Shunt Capacitor Bank or Cable B.ack-to-Bac k Inrush Current Rated ShortRated Overhead Circuit Maximum Overhead Isolated Isolated Line Rated Continuous Voltage Current kA, Current Amperes, Current A, Current A, Line Current Current rms rms kV.rms A, mis rms A, rms rms 20 315 50 1200 121 160 50 315 50 1600, 2000, 3000 40 121 160 50 63 315 160 50 50 2000, 3000 121 20 160 63 1200,2000 145 315 63 40 1600, 2000, 3000 145 315 160 80 80 2000, 3000 63 145 315 160 80 80 80 315 160 2000, 3000 145 80 80 160 400 100 100 1200.00 16 169 400 160 31.5 169 100 100 1600.00 40 169 400 160 100 2000.00 100 50 169 400 160 2000 100 100 63 400 160 100 100 2000.00 169 400 200 31.5 242 160 160 1600,2000,3000 40.0 242 400 200 160 160 2000, 3000 50.0 400 200 2000.00 242 160 160 400 63.0 200 2000, 3000 242 160 160 315 500 2000, 3000 40.0 250 250 362 63 500 315 250 250 2000 362 40 500 500 400 2000, 3000 550 400 500 63 3000 550 500 400 400 500 2000, 3000 40 800 500 500 500 500 500 63 500 500 3000 800 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Current A, rms 315 315 315 315 315 315 315 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 Peak Current kA 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 Frequency Hz 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 4250 Table B-l Station Class MOV Surge Arrester Characteristics MCOV kV, rms kV, rms FOW Discharge Peak KV at Indicated Impulse Current for an 8/20 Wave SSP kV.peak kV, Peak 1.5KA 3kA 5kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA 9.1 6.9 7.2 7.5 8.0 9.0 17.9 26.6 13.6 20.2 14.2 14.8 22.0 15.8 23.5 17.7 26.4 10.3 20.3 30.2 29.3 35.5 44.2 53.3 22.2 26.9 33.5 40.4 28.2 35.1 42.3 24.2 29.4 36.6 44.1 25.9 31.4 39.1 47.1 29.1 35.2 43.9 52.8 33.3 40.4 50.3 60.6 20.3 24.6 30.6 59.1 67.8 44.8 51.4 58.0 64.3 76.4 83.0 46.9 53.8 60.8 67.4 80.0 86.9 48.9 56.1 63.3 70.3 83.4 90.6 52.3 60.0 67.2 77.1 67.7 75.1 89.2 96.9 58.7 67.3 75.9 84.2 96.8 103.0 102.0 108.0 106.0 113.0 113.0 120.0 100.0 109.0 127.0 135.0 115.0 125.0 146.0 155.0 40.9 46.9 52.9 58.7 69.7 75.8 135.0 154.0 183.0 223.0 236.0 242.0 267.0 279.0 105.0 120.0 142.0 174.0 185.0 190.0 209.0 219.0 112.0 127.0 151.0 184.0 195.0 201.0 221.0 232.0 115.0 131.0 156.0 190.0 202.0 208.0 229.0 239.0 122.0 139.0 165.0 202.0 214.0 220.0 243.0 254.0 136.0 155.0 184.0 226.0 237.0 245.0 271.0 284.0 151.0 173.0 205.0 251.0 266.0 274.0 301.0 316.0 110.0 131.0 161.0 169.0 175.0 193.0 202.0 311.0 340.0 368.0 418.0 446.0 458.0 483.0 571.0 244.0 264.0 287.0 326.0 348.0 359.0 379.0 447.0 257.0 280.0 303.0 345.0 368.0 380.0 401.0 474.0 266.0 289.0 314.0 357.0 381.0 392.0 414.0 489.0 283.0 306.0 332.0 379.0 404.0 417.0 440.0 520.0 315.0 342.0 369.0 421.0 448.0 463.0 488.0 578.0 351.0 381.0 413.0 470.0 502.0 517.0 546.0 645.0 231.0 249.0 271.0 308.0 330.0 339.0 360.0 424.0 2.55 5.10 7.65 10 12 15 18 10.20 12.70 15.30 21 24 27 30 36 39 45 48 17.00 19.50 22.00 24.40 29.00 31.50 36.50 39.00 101.0 110.0 128.0 136.0 54 60 72 90 90 96 108 108 42.00 48.00 57.00 70.00 70.00 74.00 76.00 84.00 120 132 144 168 172 180 192 228 98.00 106.00 115.00 131.00 140.00 144.00 152.00 182.00 8.40 76.5 84.9 21.1 23.3 Notes: MCOV = Maximum continuous over voltage FOW = Front of wave protective level SSP = Maximum switching surge protective level Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved 87.0 96.5 6.3 12.4 18.4 36.8 88.3 93.8 98.0 Table B-2 Intermediate Class MOV Surge Arrester Characteristics MCOV kV, rms kV, rms FOW Discharge Peak KV at Indicated Impulse Current for an 8/20 kV.peak 1.5kA 3kA 5kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA SSP kV, Peak 2.55 5.10 7.65 10.4 18.9 30.5 6.6 7.2 7.5 8.0 9.3 13.1 22.0 14.2 23.5 14.8 25.0 16.2 260 18.2 31.5 10.8 21.2 38.0 11.7 20.0 10 12 15 18 8.40 10.20 12.70 15.30 33.5 41.0 61.0 61.0 24.5 30.0 37.0 44.5 28.0 31.5 39.5 48.0 27.5 34.0 42.0 50.0 29.0 35.5 44.0 52.0 35.0 42.5 52.5 63.0 42.0 51.0 61.5 77.0 22.5 27.5 34.0 40.5 21 24 27 30 36 39 45 48 17.00 19.50 22.00 24.40 29.00 31.50 36.50 39.00 68.5 78.0 88.0 97.5 53.5 60.0 68.5 76.0 91.0 98.0 56.0 65.0 72.0 80.0 96.5 59.0 67.0 76.0 84.5 70.5 81.0 91.0 95.5 98.0 116.0 126.0 146.0 156.0 49.5 57.0 64.0 71.0 84.0 91.5 1060 45.5 52.0 58.5 66.0 78.0 84.0 97.0 54 60 72 90 90 96 108 108 42.00 48.00 57.00 70.00 70.00 74.00 76.00 84.00 120 98.00 101.0 109.0 126.0 135.0 101.0 121.0 131.0 152.0 163.0 5.9 110.0 122.0 145.0 158.0 183.0 195.0 104.0 113.0 114.0 122.0 104.0 120.0 129.0 168.0 191.0 227.0 280.0 294.0 303.0 335.0 350.0 122.0 139.0 165.0 203.0 214.0 220.0 244.0 254.0 130.0 149.0 177.0 218.0 230.0 236.0 261.0 273.0 138.0 157.0 187.0 230.0 242.0 249.0 276.0 288.0 145.0 165.0 196.0 242.0 255.0 262.0 290.0 303.0 174.0 198.0 236.0 290.0 306.0 314.0 348.0 364.0 210.0 239.0 284.0 351.0 370.0 379.0 420.0 439.0 112.5 127.0 151.0 186.0 196.0 201.0 223.0 233.0 390.0 284.0 304.0 321.0 336.0 406.0 490.0 260.0 Notes: MCOV = Maximum continuous over voltage FOW = Front of wave protective level SSP = Maximum switching surge protective level Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table B-3 Distribution Class MOV Arrester Characteristics; Normal Duty MCOV kV, rms W, rms 2.55 5.10 FOW Discharge Peak KV at Indicated Impulse Current for an 8/20 Wave kV,peak 1.5 kA 3kA 5kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA 18.5 11.0 12.3 14.3 12.5 9.8 10.3 37.0 25.0 19.5 22.0 24.5 28.5 20.5 SSP kV, Peak 8.5 17.0 10 12 15 7.65 8.40 10.20 12.70 33.5 36.0 50.0 58.5 26.0 27.0 39.0 45.5 28.0 29.5 41.0 48.5 30.0 31.5 44.0 52.0 33.0 36.0 49.0 57.5 39.0 41.5 57.0 67.5 50.5 53.0 74.0 87.5 23.0 24.0 34.0 40.0 18 21 24 27 30 36 15.30 17.00 19.50 22.00 24.40 29.00 67.0 73.0 92.0 100.5 108.0 - 52.0 55.0 71.5 78.0 81.0 - 56.0 60.0 76.5 84.0 88.5 - 60.0 64.0 82.0 90.0 94.5 - 66.0 73.0 90.5 99.0 108.0 - 76.0 84.0 106.5 117.0 124.5 - 101.0 107.0 138.0 151.5 159.0 - 46.0 49.0 63.0 69.0 72.0 - Table B-4 Distribution Class MOV Arrester Characteristics; Heavy Duty MCOV kV, rms kV, rms 2.55 5.10 FOW Discharge Peak KV at Indicated Impulse Current for an 8/20 Wave kV,peak 1.5kA 3kA 5kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA 12.5 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 13.0 15.3 25.0 19.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 26.0 30.5 SSP kV, Peak 8.0 16.0 10 12 15 7.65 8.40 10.20 12.70 34.0 36.5 50.0 59.0 24.5 26.0 38.0 43.5 26.0 28.0 40.0 46.0 27.5 29.5 42.0 48.5 30.0 32.0 44.0 52.0 35.0 37.5 52.0 61.0 41.0 43.5 61.0 71.5 22.5 23.5 32.0 38.5 18 21 24 27 30 36 15.30 17.00 19.50 22.00 24.40 29.00 68.0 75.0 93.0 102.0 109.5 136.0 49.0 53.0 68.0 73.5 78.0 98.0 52.0 57.0 72.0 78.0 84.0 104.0 55.0 60.0 76.0 82.5 88.5 110.0 60.0 65.0 82.0 90.0 96.0 120.0 70.0 76.0 96.0 105.0 112.5 140.0 82.0 88.5 112.5 123.0 130.5 164.0 45.0 48.0 61.0 67.5 70.5 90.0 Notes: MCOV = Maximum continuous over voltage FOW = Front of wave protective level SSP = Maximum switching surge protective level Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table B-5 Distribution Class MOV Arrester Characteristics; Riser Pole MCOV kV, rms 2.55 5.10 10 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 36 kV, rms FOW Discharge Peak KV at Indicated Impulse Current for an 8/20 Wave kV,peak 1.5kA 3kA 5kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA SSP kV, Peak - - - 17.4 13.0 14.0 14.7 16.2 18.1 21.1 11.7 7.65 8.40 10.20 12.70 25.7 28.5 34.8 43.1 19.3 21.2 25.9 32.3 21.0 23.0 28.0 36.0 21.9 24.0 29.4 36.6 24.0 26.5 32.3 40.2 27.0 29.8 36.2 46.1 31.6 34.8 42.2 52.7 17.5 19.2 23.3 29.1 15.30 17.00 19.50 22.00 24.40 29.00 51.4 57.6 68.8 77.1 88.5 102.8 38.6 42.8 51.6 57.9 63.5 77.2 41.9 46.4 55.9 62.9 69.0 83.8 43.8 48.6 58.5 65.7 72.0 87.6 48.0 53.6 64.2 72.0 79.5 96.0 54.0 60.2 72.1 81.0 89.4 108.8 63.2 70.5 84.3 94.8 104.4 126.4 34.9 38.7 46.6 52.4 57.6 69.8 Notes: MCOV = Maximum continuous over voltage FOW = Front of wave protective level SSP = Maximum switching surge protective level Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved APPENDIX C EQUIPMENT TEST VOLTAGES In insulation coordination studies the maximum switching surge voltages are compared with the withstand voltages of the equipment In order to compare the withstand voltages, the BIL and other related data are required for the transformers, circuit breakers, overhead line insulators, cables and other power system equipment Some of the critical data required for the analysis are reproduced from various standards Circuit breaker test values - The circuit breakers used in the power system applications are classified into two categories in the ANSI Standard C37.06, 1979 as general purpose and definite purpose [1] The schedule of dielectric test values for both categories are presented in the same standard These values are reproduced below Table C-l Schedule of dielectric test values and external insulation for ac high voltage circuit breakers (4.76 kV through 800 kV) Table C-2 Schedule of dielectric test values for circuit breakers applied to gas insulated substations (72.5 kV through 800 kV) Power transformer test voltages - The test voltages for the power transformers are presented in Table C-3, from the ANSI Standard C57.12.00 [2] Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Test voltages for shunt reactors - The test voltages for the shunt reactors are presented in Table C-4, from the ANSI Standard C57.21 [3] Test voltages for gas Insulated substations - The test voltages for the gas insulated substations are presented in Table C-5, from the ANSI Standard C37.122 [4] Test voltages for oil-immersed transformers - The test voltages for the oilimmersed transformers are presented in Table C-6 from the ANSI Standard 141 [5] The values in the parentheses are for the distribution transformers, instrument transformers, constant current transformers, step- and induction voltage regulators and cable pot heads for distribution cables BIL for power circuit breakers, switchgear assemblies and metal enclosed buses - The test voltages for the power circuit breakers, switchgear assemblies and metal enclosed buses are presented in Table C-7, from the ANSI Standard 141 [5] Impulse test levels for dry type transformers - The test voltages for the dry type transformers are presented in Table C-8, from the ANSI Standard 141 [5] Surge arrester - The withstand voltages of the surge arrester for various duties are presented in Tables B-l through B-5 REFERENCES ANSI Standard C37.06, Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities for AC High Voltage Breakers, 2000 ANSI Standard C57.12.00, IEEE Standard General Requirements for Liquid Immersed Distribution Power Transformers, 1993 ANSI Standard C57.21, IEEE Standard for Terminology and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA, 1990 ANSI Standard C37.122, IEEE Standard for Gas Insulated Substations, 1993 ANSI Standard 141, Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants, 1993 (Red Book) IEEE Standard 1036, IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Capacitors, 1992 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table C-l Test Voltage Values for AC High Voltage Circuit Breakers Maximum Voltage kV, rms 4.76 8.25 15 15.5 25.8 38 48.3 72.5 121 145 169 242 362 550 800 Low Frequency Minute 10 Second Dry rms Wet rms kV kV N/A 19 N/A 36 N/A 36 45 50 50 60 75 80 95 105 140 160 230 260 310 310 365 365 425 425 555 555 860 860 960 960 Impulse Test x 50 Microsecond Wave Interruptor Chopped Wave, Full Wave Withstand Full wave microsec kV, Crest Withstand kV Crest N/A N/A 60 N/A 95 N/A N/A N/A 95 110 N/A N/A N/A N/A 125 N/A N/A 150 200 N/A 322 N/A 250 452 412 350 710 488 550 838 552 969 650 750 675 1160 900 975 1680 1300 1350 2320 2050 1540 2640 kV Crest microsec Withstand N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 288 402 632 748 862 1050 1500 2070 2360 Table C-2 Test Voltages for Circuit Breakers in Gas Insulated Substations Low Freq Maximum Minute Voltage Dry rms kV kV, rms 140 72.5 160 72.5 215 121 260 121 260 145 310 145 310 169 365 169 242 365 242 425 425 362 500 362 615 550 740 550 860 800 Impulse Test Full Wave Interruptor Withstand Full wave kV, Crest kV, Crest 300 350 340 450 550 410 550 410 650 490 650 490 750 560 560 750 900 675 900 675 1050 790 1350 975 1550 1165 1800 1350 1.2 x 50 Microsecond Wave Switching Impulse Chopped Wave micro s Withstand Withstand V Withstand V kV, Crest (1) kV , Crest (2) kV, Crest 300 350 450 550 550 650 650 750 750 900 900 800 720 1050 900 825 1050 1300 1175 1550 1300 1175 1800 1550 1425 Notes: (1) = With circuit breaker (2) = Withstand voltage from terminal to terminal on one phase with circuit breaker open Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table C-3 Dielectric Insulation Levels for Class II Power Transformers Induced Voltage Test (Phase-to-Gro und) Nominal System Voltage (kV) Column 15 and below 25 Basic Lightning Impulse Insulation Levei(BlL) (kV Crest) Column 110 150 Chopped Ave Level (kV Crest) Column 120 200 220 46 250 275 115 138 161 230 345 500 765 Svvitching Impulse Level (BSL) (kV Crest) Column One Hour Level (kV rms) Column Applied Voltage Test Level (kV rms) Column 34 50 - - 70 - - 95 165 34.5 69 Chopped Wave Level (kV Crest) Column - _ 250 275 _ 350 385 - - - 140 350 385 120 140 550 495 605 280 375 105 450 460 105 105 120 120 185 230 450 495 375 125 145 185 550 605 230 715 125 125 145 650 460 540 145 275 550 605 460 145 170 230 650 715 540 145 170 275 750 825 620 145 170 325 650 715 540 210 240 275 750 825 620 240 325 825 905 685 210 210 240 360 900 990 745 210 240 395 900 1050 1175 990 1155 1290 745 870 315 315 360 360 395 460 975 315 360 520 550 95 1300 1430 1080 475 1425 1550 1570 1705 1180 1290 475 550 475 550 - 1675 1845 1390 475 550 - 1800 1980 1500 690 800 1925 2120 1600 690 800 2050 2255 1700 690 800 - - Notes: Columns and provide phase to ground test voltages for wye-connected windings Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table C-4 - Insulation Classes and Dielectric Tests for Oil-Immersed Shunt Reactors Insulation Class (W) Low-Frequency Test BIL and Full Wave Crest (kV) (kV) Crest (kV) Chopped Wave Minimum Time to Flashover, micro-s (2) 34 (3) (4) (5) 15 110 130 18 25 34.5 46 60 40 50 70 95 120 125 150 200 250 300 145 175 230 290 345 2.25 3 3 69 92 115 138 161 140 185 230 275 325 350 450 550 650 750 400 520 630 750 865 3 3 180 196 215 230 260 360 395 430 460 520 825 900 975 1050 1175 950 1035 1120 1210 1350 3 3 287 315 345 375 400 575 630 690 750 800 1300 1425 1550 1675 1800 1500 1640 1780 1925 2070 3 3 430 460 490 520 545 860 920 980 1040 1090 1925 2050 2175 2300 2425 2220 2360 2500 2650 2800 - (1) Notes: (1) = Wye connected shunt reactors for operation with solidly grounded neutral Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table C-5 Voltage Ratings of Gas Insulated Substations Rated Max Voltage kV rms 72.5 72.5 121 121 145 145 169 169 242 242 362 362 550 550 800 Disconnect Switch Open Gap Interrupter Open Gap Substation Test Values Rated Field Sw Tests Low Rated Low Freq Sw Impulse Freq Impulse Low Freq Impulse Impulse Low Freq Sw Impulse B I L k V Withstand kV Withstand Withstand kV Withstand kV Withstand Withstand Withstand Withstand Withstand Crest rms kV Crest kV Crest kVrms kV Crest rms kV Crest Crest kV rms * 300 140 140 330 300 154 105 350 450 550 550 650 650 750 750 900 900 160 215 260 260 310 310 365 365 425 425 500 615 740 860 1050 1300 1550 1800 * * * * * * * * * 720 825 1050 1175 1425 120 160 195 195 230 230 270 270 320 320 375 460 550 645 385 495 605 605 715 715 825 825 990 990 176 350 160 236 450 215 286 550 260 286 550 260 341 650 310 341 650 310 - 401 750 365 - 401 750 365 - 467 900 425 - 800 900 425 800 467 1155 550 900 1050 500 900 1430 676 1175 1300 615 1175 1705 1980 814 1300 1550 740 1300 946 1550 1800 860 1550 Tabel C-6 - Impulse Test Levels for Liquid-Immersed Transformers Insulation class and nominal Hi-pot bushing rating tests kV kV (rms) (rms) Windings Chopped wave Minimum time to B1L full wave flashover (1.2/50) kV kV (rms) (rms) Micro-sec Switching surge level kV (rms) Bushing withstand voltages B1L impulse 60-cycle 60-cycle 10 full wave (1.2/50) dry s wet kV kV kV (rms) (rms) (rms) 10 54 (36) 1.5(1) 45 (30) 20 15(10) 13(6) 45 (30) 2.5 15 69 (54) 1.5(1.25) 60 (45) 35 21(15) 20(13) 60 (45) 19 88 (69) 1.6(1.5) 75 (60) 38 27(21) 24 (20) 75 (60) 8.7 26 110(88) 1.8(1.6) 95 (75) 55 35 (27) 30 (24) 95 (75) 15 34 130(110) 2.0(1.8) 110(95) 75 50 (35) 45 (30) 110(95) 25 50 175 3.0 150 100 70 70 (60) 150 34.5 70 230 3.0 200 140 95 95 200 46 95 290 3.0 250 190 120 120 250 69 140 400 3.0 350 280 175 175 350 92 185 520 3.0 450 375 225 190 450 115 230 630 3.0 550 460 280 230 550 138 275 750 3.0 275 650 325 865 3.0 540 620 335 161 650 750 385 315 750 1.2 The values in parentheses are for the distribution transformers, instrument transformers, constant current transformers, step and induction voltage regulators and cable pot heads for distribution cables Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved Table C-7 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BIL) of Power Circuit Breakers, Switchgear Assemblies and Metal-Enclosed Buses Voltage rating (kV) BIL (kV) 2.4 4.16 7.2 13.8 14.4 45 60 Voltage rating (kV) BIL (kV) Voltage rating (kV) BIL (kV) 23 34.5 46 69 92 150 200 250 350 450 115 138 161 230 345 550 650 750 900 1300 75 95 110 Table C-8 - Impulse Test Levels for Dry-Type Transformers Nominal winding voltage (volts) Delta or Grounded wye ungrounded wye 120-1200 1200Y/693 2520 4360Y/2520 4160-7200 8320 8720Y/5040 12000-13800 13 800Y/7970 18000 22 860 Y/ 13 200 23000 24 940 Y/ 14 400 27600 34500 34500Y/19920 Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker All Rights Reserved High-potential test Standard BIL (1.2/50) kV (rms) kV (crest) 10 10 10 10 12 10 10 31 10 34 10 38 10 40 10 50 20 20 30 30 45 60 60 95 95 110 110 125 125 150 ... Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Richard E Brown 15 Computer- Aided Power System Analysis, Ramasamy Natarajan 16 Power System Analysis: Short-Circuit Load Flow and Harmonics, J C Das 17 Power. .. programs and powerful microcomputers The following study tools are used for power system analysis Digital computer - The main frame computers are used in power system calculations such as power flow,... very useful in the system analysis Power Flow Analysis (Chapter 3) - Power flow studies are used to determine the voltage, current, active and reactive power flow in a given power system A number