How to master skills for the TOEFL® listening intermediate will link, monika n kushwaha, michael kato, e2k (file text + audio)

How to Master Skills^٥٢'^® /۶ X j ٢^ * !‫؛ ؛‬ T H lT ■'v‫ ؛‬٠‫ ؛ ؛ ؛‬ifc‫؛‬٠ VG V i B \ Authors: Will Link Monika N Kushwaha Michael Kato MA in English Literature, Florida State University MA in Educational Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University BS in Environmental Resource Management, University of Windsor, Ontario Canada Contributing Writer: Christine F Houck MS in Education (TESOL), University o f Pennsylvania Director of Product Development: E2K A creative group that provides quality contents and educational services in English for ESL and EEL students How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® ІВТ Listening Intermediate Publisher: Hyosup Chung Editorial Director: Hyunja Kim Editors: Jun Hwang, Hwagohn Kim Proofreaders: Michael A Putlack, Brian Stuart Cover Design: Hyejung Sohn Interior Design: Sumin Lee Electronic Production: Moonhee Heo Copyright © 2007 Darakwon, Inc First Published in January, 2007 Published in V ie tn a m 2007 This edition is published in Vietnam under a licence Agreement between Darakwon, Inc Korea and Nhan Tri Viet Co., Ltd Vietnam, arranged through Imprima Korea Agency "Authorized edition for sales in Vietnam only” All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner How to M a s te r Skills'.^'.^" KushwahQ Michael Koto | E2K X ; ‫ ؛‬.'■‫؛‬I'C NHA1i A ١ ١ V ? i N ٧٠‫ ؛؛‬W M JOlA XUAT b Ak t n G HdP THtoH we h6 chI m m h f e l O T T O ‫ ؛‬- ، Introduction How to Use This Book PART Basic Comprehension Unit Listening for Main Ideas 13 Art / Life Science / Physical Science / Social Science Unit Listening for Main Purpose 41 Geology / Economics / Film / Music Unit Listening for Major Details 69 History / Architecture / Sociology / Communication PART Unit Pragmatic Understanding Understanding the Function of What Is Said 99 Environmental Science / Earth Science / Zoology / Sports Unit Understanding the Speaker’s Attitude 127 Engineering / Business / Meteorology / Philosophy PART Unit Connecting Information Understanding Organization 157 Biology / Psychology / Education / Astrology Unit Connecting Content 185 Anthropology / Biology / Literature / Archeology Unit Making Inferences 213 Physiology / Linguistics / Ecology / Chemistry Vocabulary Wrap-up 241 Actual Test 251 Answer Book 265 U itL ٥ u iiL ‫ ؛‬l m L i '"'‫;ﺀ‬.■:; A Information on the TOEFL® iBT The Ferm at ٠f the TOEFL® iBT ٠ 3١5 Passages Reading - approximately 700 words each - 12-14 questions per passage 60-100 30 points 60-90 30 points ٠ 2.3 Conversations - 12-25 exchanges each (3 min.) - questions per conversation Listening ٠ 4-6 Lectures - 500-600 words each (3 -5 min.) - questions per lecture BREAK Independent Tasks (preparation: 15 sec / response: 45 sec.) O personal experience @ personal choice/opinion Integrated Tasks: Read-Listen-Speak Speaking (preparation: 30 sec / response: 60 sec.) O campus situation topic - reading: 75-100 words (45 sec.) - conversation: 150-180 words (60-80 sec.) academic course topic - reading: 75-100 words (45 sec.) - lecture; 150-220 words (60-90 sec.) 20 30 points 50 30 ‫ ا‬points Integrated Tasks: Listen-Speak (preparation: 20 sec / response: 60 sec.) campus situation topic - conversation: 180-220 words (60-90 sec.) @ academic course topic - lecture: 230-280 words (90-120 sec.) Integrated Task: Read-Listen-Write (20 min.) Writing - reading: 230-300 words (3 min.) - lecture: 230-300 words (2 min.) - a summary of 150-225 words Independent Task (30 min.) - a minimum 300-word essay B Information on the Listening Section The Listening section of the TOEFL® iBT measures test takers’ ability to understand spoken English in English-speaking colleges and universities This section has 2~3 conversations that are 12-25 exchanges (about minutes) long and 4-6 lectures that are 500-800 words (3-5 minutes) long Each conversation is followed by questions and each lecture by questions Therefore, test takers have to answer 34 to 51 questions in total The time allotted to the Listening section is 60 to 90 minutes, including the time spent listening to the conversations and lectures and answering the questions Types of Listening Passages {!) Conversations Between a student and a professor or a teaching assistant during office hours Between a student with a person related to school services such as a librarian, housing director bookstore employee, etc (2) Lectures Monologue lectures delivered by a professor unilaterally Interactive lectures with one or two students asking questions or making comments One lecture may be spoken with a British or Australian accent Types of Questions ( 1) Listening for Main Ideas _This type of question asks you to identify the overall topic or main idea of a lecture or conversation (2) Listening for Main Purpose _ T h is type of question asks you why the speakers are having a conversation or why a lecture is given (3) Listening for Major Details _This type of question asks you to understand specific details or facts from a conversation or lecture (4) Understanding the Function of What Is Said This type of question asks you why a speaker mentions some point in the conversation or lecture This involves replaying part of the listening passage (5) Understanding the Speaker’s Attitude This type of question a.sks you what a speaker’s feelings, opinions, or degree of certainty is about some issue, idea, or person This may involve replaying part of the listening passage (6) Understanding Organization _ This type of question asks you how the listening passage is organized or how two portions of the listening passage are related to each other, i 7) Connecting Content „T his type of question asks you to classify or sequence information in a different way from the way it was presented in the listening passage iS) Making Inferences _ This type of question asks you to draw a conclusion based on information given in the listening passage How to Master Skills fo r the TOEFL® iS T Listening Intermediate is designed to be used either as a textbook for a TOEFL® iBT listening preparation course or as a tool for individual learners who are preparing for the TOEFL® test on their own With a total of units, this book is organized to prepare you for the test with a comprehensive understanding of the test and thorough analysis of every question type Each unit consists of parts and provides a stepby-step program that provides question-solving strategies and the development of test-taking abilities At the back of the book is a practice test of the Listening section of the TOEFL® iBT O Overview This part is designed to prepare you for the type of question the unit covers You will be given a full description of the question type and its application in the passage You also will be given some useful tips as well as an illustrated introduction and sample ٧ Listening for Main Ideas ~C3DI ‫؛‬ San١ pl«iBT.Question J Basic Drill The purpose of this part is for you to make sure you understand the new types of questions that were described in the overview In this part, you will be given a chance to confirm your understanding of the question types in short lectures and conversations before starting on the practice exercises Lii © Conversation & Lecture P ractice Jg j x This part is the practical exercise section where you can actually practice and improve your ability to solve questions With a total of conversations and lectures, you will be able to confirm your understanding of the question types and master skills presented in each unit A graphic organizer w^l be given to help you understand the material, and definitions of difficult words will also be given to help you solve the questions o C iim a to io gy t ،} r٠ ٠ ‫؛‬٠ '١ cs، ٠ Integrated Listening & S peaking - The TOEFL® iBT is different from previous tests in that it is more integrated than ever So in this part, you will be given a chance to experience the iBT style study by linking your listening skills with your speaking skills Listen to the lectures and the summaries of the conversations again, and answer the questions But remember! This time you have to say the answers There is no writing © Mini TOEFL iBT This part will give you a chance to experience an actual TOEFL® iBT test You will be given two passages with or questions each The topics are similar to those on the actual test, as are the questions ١ ٠ nh٠ l 0_ P ij ، Ti٠ f^ ١ -n ‫؛‬r ،i ^ iVaciice ١٠٠T f٠i i ٤on'uh C ٠f١‫؟‬ I •٠ I O Mlni T O E R iB r ١ N٢ W ٠ Vocabulary Review — — ٦٠trw ،R \o ١ib«ijr ٦ m L‫ه‬.^«١‫«ه‬١«- ^ ٠гr٠،١ This part offers you a chance to review some of the words and phrases you need to remember after finishing each unit Vocabulary words for each unit are also provided at the back of the book to help you prepare for each unit 9E Com · tM Mm٠nc٠l ^ 1«^ ٠ tr١ ٠ 10 Unit · Li٠٠№ ln ‫ ؛‬fo r Main I ^ ٠ sa Vstop٠ Unit M: All right Professor I’ll try my best Making Inferences [B] C D Гр) ® In animals, the brain is the control center of the central nervous system In most animals, the brain is located Ш i C a : ١ C d ) ® W; Professor! I w anted to thank you for w riting that w o n d e rfu l re fe re n c e le tte r fo r my s c h o la rs h ip application I just found out this morning that I won the scholarship! M; That’s wonderful, Angela There was no doubt in my mind that you wouldn’t You deserve it! W Oh, y o u ’re so kind By the way, may I ask w hat exactly you wrote about me? in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, taste, and olfaction In humans, it is an organ of thought While all vertebrates have a brain, invertebrates have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia Brains can be extremely complex The human brain also has a massive number of synaptic connections, allowing for a great deal of parallel processing For example, the human brain contains more than 100 billion neurons, each linked to as many as 10,000 others Well, I basically said that you are a joy to have in my seminar You are insightful and quite intelligent, i also Lin g u istic theories hold th a t children learn through mentioned that you are one of the best writers that their natural ability to organize the laws of language I have ever seen come through our departm ent in but cannot fully utilize this talent without the presence many many years of other humans This does not mean, however, that W; Wow, I just don’t know how to thank you! the child requires formal teaching of any sort Nativist theorist Noam Chomsky claims that children are born M; Excuse me, but I received this letter that I haven’t paid my tuition and that all of my classes would be cancelled if it isn’t paid by tomorrow Can I get any kind of extension? W: I think I can arrange that May I ask why you haven’t been able to pay yet? :vl; Well, I’m w aiting for my financial aid check to get here W; Oh financial aid Why didn’t you just tell me that in w ith a language a cq u isitio n device in th e ir brains They are born with the major principles of language in place but w ith many param eters to set, such as whether sentences in the languages they are to acquire must have e xplicit subjects According to Chomsky, when the young child is exposed to a language, the language acquisition device makes it possible for them to set the param eters and deduce the gram m atical principles, because the principles are innate the first place? In your situation, we can defer your tuition payment indefinitely The environm ental movem ent is a diverse scientific, M; Really! That’s a relief to hear! s o cia l, and p o litic a l m ovem ent In general term s, e n v ir o n m e n t a lis t s a d v o c a te th e s u s ta in a b le M: I’m sorry I haven’t been more active in your class Professor W: Is everything okay? Last semester you were much more talkative You know that class participation is a major part of your final grade You must contribute more to the discussions! M: I know I know I just feel really intimidated with all of the upperclassmen in the class Their views are so profound W: Oh don't worry about that They just have a little bit more experience than you, th a t’s all Last semester, you always had som ething intelligent to say, so I knew you’ve got it in you You just need to build up m anagem ent of resources and ste w a rd sh ip of the natural environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior, in its recognition of humanity as a p a rtic ip a n t in, not enemy of, ecosystem s, the m ovem ent is centered around ecology, health, and h u m a n rig h ts T he e n v iro n m e n ta l m o v e m e n t is represented by a range of organizations, from the large to the grass roots Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals, religious devotees, politicians, and extremists your confidence some 321 professor liked them a lot When they decide to go and talk to the professor, the truth comes out Gloria r.eaizes that Adam forgot to tell her about the final te s t :hey B ® ® 1G.P.A W: Hey, Adam Did you get your report card in the mail yesterday? were supposed to take Because Adam fo rg o t, :hey missed the test and failed the class Once she fir١ ids this out, Gloria becomes really aggravated with A darr fcr his mistake M: Sure did, and get this I flunked RE.! Can you believe that? Mr Andrews gave me an F! I can’t understand H why he would this to me ! mean it is only RE after all! It should be an automatic A! W1: Okay, I’ve got an im portant job announcement to tell you about Jeppsen Publishing is looking to on me when I firs t looked over my re p o rt card hire tw o students as editorial assistants during English, A Biology, A minus Statistics, A French, B the sum m er vacation You both are my brightest plus R.E., R Woah! Hang on a second! Go back RE., students this year, so I thought I’d give you the first F! How did that get in there? Am I hallucinating? shot at it This is an excellent opportunity for you to M: Wow! Wait a minute, Gloria You got an A minus in get a head start on your future since you are ooth Biology? How’d you pull that one off? out a little bit thinking about publishing as a career M: guys The money really isn’t the issue here What and take the tests for you! is im portant is the valuable experience y o u ’ll gain W: No, she just gave me some pointers on how to study RE grade? It’s killing my G.R.A.! Speaking of killing, my parents are going to kill me once they find out I failed the easiest course out there! M: Yeah, mine too! Let’s think about it We both dressed out every day, right? W: Right And we both participated in the activities each day, right? M: Yeah, and I can’t think of anything we m ight have done to irritate Mr Andrews, can you? W: No, he always seemed to like us, didn’t he? I haven’t got a clue! There must be some mistake here Some typo or something I guess the best thing to is just go over to the gym and ask him about it What you think? M: Yeah, and while we are over there we can ask him when we can retake the final exam that we missed W; Final exam? Final exam! W hat final! You to ld me there was no final! What are you talking about! M: Yeah, when you were absent a couple o f weeks ago, Mr Andrews told us there had been a change of plans and that we would have a final exam which would count for 50% of our grade But, it completely slipped my mind until just now W: Adam! Gloria and Adam are talking about their RE grades They both flunked the class, and they don’t understand why They participated in every class and believe the 322 Uh, how much are they paying? W1; Well, it is only minimum wage But think about it M; A little bit! W hat’d she do? Disguise herself as you better Anyways, what are we going to about this ® !Minimum wage sQood experience W: You too, huh! I thought my eyes were playing tricks W: My friend is brilliant at science, so she helped me I.(© from working in a real job setting M; Yeah, I know I expected the minimum seeing how we are just students and all, and we d o n ’t have really any professional experience It does sound like a great job though Jeppsen is like one of the largest firm s in the country Many people would work for them for free just to get their foot in the door W1; You are exactly right This is an excellent way for you to make valuable contacts within the company at a relatively young age You never know, if they like you and, uh, you well, who knows, they might offer you a full-tim e job that pays much more once you graduate from school! W2: Oooh It sounds really exciting! I’ve always wanted to w o rk fo r them Can you give us som e more d e ta ile d inform ation about th e job? How many hours a week w ould we work, and what kind of duties would we have? W1; I believe they want you to work a maximum of 25 hours a week You’d basically be running errands for your supervisor, typing up memos, and taking notes during meetings They said you would also have a chance to observe the senior editors when they are editing m anuscripts Who knows? You m ight even get a chance to meet som e famous authors! W2; Well, this all just sounds too good to pass up! I’ve already made my decision I’m in! M; Me too! Who knows! Maybe one of us will end up A student is discussing a test he took in the professor’s boing the CEO one day! class the previous week The student is not satisfied w ith his perform ance and is afraid he w ill lose his A professor is telling two students about a summer job oppor ٠ unity they have been chosen for The professor explains how much they will make and what the duties of the jo b w ill be M ost im p o rta n tly, th e p rofessor emphasizes how valuable the experience will be for the student’s futures The students are very excited about the chance and realize what an excellent opportunity scholarship He asks the professor if he can take it again The professor asks the student why he believes he did so poorly The student explains that he was too busy with a part-time job that he recently quit Because of his honesty, the professor decides not to allow him to retake the exam but to some extra credit work instead it is fo r them Both students decide to accept the jobs with great enthusiasm [B i.'b' :2 ‫؛‬.(© !extra essay m I.đ (â !override code W; Hello, excuse me! You haven’t already closed up, have you? I need to check my mailbox real quick M1 Excuse me Mr Adams? Do you have a minute? M2: Sure W hat’s on your mind? M1 It’s about the test we had last week I did n ’t very well, and I was hoping I could take it again M2; A re -te s t, huh You know, I d o n ’t usually allow students to take tests over unless they have a very, M: I’m sorry, miss, but yes, I’ve, uh, already closed up for the evening Can’t you just come back Monday morning? W: I could, but I’m expecting a really special package from my father today You see, it is my birthday, and he’s sent me a new digital camera, and i was hoping very good reason Explain to me why I should make I could use it this weekend when i go to the beach an exception in your case with my friends M1 Well, urn, I ’m afraid th a t if I get low er than a C M: A new digital camera, huh Well, uh, you see, the on it, I could lose my scholarship My academic thing is the lock is on a timer, and it automatically s c h o la rs h ip sta te s th a t I m ust m a in ta in an A- opens and locks itself every morning and evening It’s average in all of my classes, and in your education a new type of security system they are trying out If class, my grade is slipping a bit had a key, I’d be glad to open back up so you could M2: Hmm, le t’s see Uh, yes, it looks tike you g ot a C+ on the test last week, which has brought your get your present W: Oh, no! You mean there’s no other way for me to get overall average down to a B right now Why you in? I’m going to have to wait until Monday? What think your grade has been slipping in my class? Is am I going to do? You’ve just got to help me out! I’m the workload too much? M1 Honestly, sir, I haven’t really had the time to study desperate! M: Well, there is one other way now that ! think about because of my pa rt-tim e job I’ve been working it I remember my manager mentioning something the night sh ift as a security guard to earn some about an override code in case of an emergency It’s extra money, but it has really been disrupting my a code I can punch in that will unlock the door The academics, so I quit yesterday problem is that I really hate calling my boss up and M2; Well, I respect your decision I know how hard it bothering him can be supporting yourself and going to school full­ W: Oh, please! I’ll anything! C ouldn’t I give you a time, too I’m not going to allow you to retake the tip or som ething for all your trouble? How about test, but I am going to assign you an extra credit ten bucks! Would that make calling your boss up a essay Once you complete the essay, I’ll bump your little bit easier to do? I’ve just got to open up that score up on the test to a B+ This way, uh, you’ll be mailbox! able to get an A- or possibly even an A in the class, M: Oh, no, no, no I can’t accept your money Keep it! depending on how you on the final How does You need it for your beach trip this weekend! You that sound to you? know what? Don’t worry about it I’m going to call M :T h a t sounds great! Thank you, sir, fo r being so understanding and giving me the o p p o rtun ity to make up the extra points, i w on’t let you down! my boss up right now We’ll have that cam era of yours in a matter of seconds! W; Oh, thank you so much! You are so kind! 323 An anxious student is speaking to a mailbox manager considerable energy to avoid overheating They may who has just locked up the office for the weekend pant, sweat, lick, or seek shelter or water The student is expecting a birthday gift and hopes the manager will allow her to check her mail Unfortunately, W arm -blooded anim als are able to keep their body the door locks on an electric timer and will not open up temperatures at a constant level They use means such until Monday m orning The student wants to use her as shivering and sweating to this Another term for gift over the weekend and implores the manager to help this tem perature control is endotherm y Endotherms her The manager finds an alternative way to get inside spend a great am ount of energy to m aintain body The student is very grateful te m p e tu re , and if they d o n ’t, th e y co u ld perish Advantages of this regulation are increased enzyme activity and increased activity in cold weather situations S] ® i.( c ) C D !sweat, shiver, pant 2control body temperature 1.CA) 2.C٥ ) ■.Normans 215th century W1: Okay, everyone Calm dow n I know you are all Warm-blooded animals maintain thermal homeostasis really excited about being able to read a little bit of What I mean is they keep their body core temperature Old English I congratulate you Job well done, but at a nearly constant level regardless of the temperature w e’ve got a ways yet to go Now it is time for us to of the surrounding environm ent: the outside climate take a look at the history o f English Who can tell me where English originated? Okay Now what we call this is endothermy Endothermy is the ability of some creatures to control W2: T hat’s easy! England, of course Everyone knows that the language is named after the country! their body tem peratures through internal means such as shivering, fat burning, panting, and sweating You all W" Uh, well, th a t’s partly correct English is a West know what I’ m talking about, right? When you shiver Germanic language It came from the Anglo-Frisian because it ’s so cold in the w in te r or when you are sweating buckets in the summer, ail your body is trying dialects brought to Britain by settlers from parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern to is m aintain that constant tem perature o f 98.6 Netherlands At first Old English was a group of degrees inside dialects reflecting the different origins of the Anglo- N o w u rn, t h e r e a re s o m e a d v a n t a g e s a n d S axon kin g d o m s of E ngiand The o riginal Old d is a d v a n ta g e s to all o f th is The a d v a n ta g e s are English language was then influenced by two waves in c re a s e d e n zym e a c tiv ity and a c o n s ta n t b o d y temperature, which allows w arm -blooded animals to of invasion The first was by language speakers of the Scandinavian branch o f the Germanic family be active in cold temperatures A big disadvantage is They conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the, uh, need to maintain thermoregulation or, in other the 8th and 9th centuries The second was the words, heat production, even during inactivity, otherwise Normans in the 11th century, who spoke a variety the organism will die That’s right It could mean life or of French These tw o invasions caused English death to becom e “ m ixed” to som e degree Now w hat Heat regulation is one of the most im portant defense kind of effect you guys think this mixing had on mechanisms in a warm-blooded organism Is everyone English? fo llo w in g me? Sure? G reat, so uh, fo r exam ple, in W2; W ouldn’t that have made English pretty diverse, Professor? the winter, there may not be enough food to enable an endotherm, fo r example, a hungry grizzly bear, to W1; I see somebody is paying attention! Exactly! English keep its m etabolic rate stable all day Urn, so some became a very rich, elaborate layer of words And animals, like our friend the grizzly, go into a controlled later, English developed into a borrowing language state of hypothermia called hibernation, or torpor This of great flexibility with a huge vocabulary So, what deliberately lowers the body temperature to conserve about modern English? Who can give us an idea of when it began? energy Everyone still w ith me? G ood Now, in hot weather, like when you were at the beach last weekend soaking up all th o se d a nge ro us u ltra v io le t rays to make yourself look tan and pretty, endotherms expend M: I believe it was around the, urn, 15th century, v/asn’t it? W1: Yes, it was Modern English is often dated from the G reat Vowel Shift, w hich to o k place mainly 22U during the 15th century English was also influenced all rivers on Earth Note this does not mean that the by the spread o f a standardized L o n n-based Amazon system holds one-fifth of the entire w o rld ’s dialect in governm ent and adm inistration and by fresh water, as some other books have interpreted this the standardizing effect of printing By the time of data In fact, all the Am azonia’s waterways hold less W illiam Shakespeare, around the, uh, m iddle to than one ten-thousandth of the w o rld ’s fresh water, late 16th century, the language had become clearly most of which, by the way, is locked up in polar ice recognizable as modern English The Amazon River experiences a large surge about English is a W est-Germanic language that originated once a year This o ccu rs betw een the m onths of in Germ an and the N e th e rla n d s and w as b ro u g h t November and May Some areas reported increases to England by s e ttle rs Two later in va sio n s by the in the w aterline by as much as 40 to 50 feet in the S candinavians and Norm ans heavily influenced the late ‘80s During the other half of the year, the water language by m aking it more diverse and elaborate recedes, exposing sandbars and beach-like white sand Modern English began around the 15th century, it was The average discharge of the river is between and 8.5 affected by the standardized dialect of the government million cubic feet per second Finally, contrary to some By the tim e of Shakespeare, m odern English was a published accounts, the Amazon holds less than one clearly recognized language which stood on its own ten-thousandth of all the w orld’s fresh water [S E] 2.CC) 120 245 ® 2.CD iSolar purification The Am azon R iver p u lsa te s, su rg in g o n c e a year M l Could you close the door, please? Great Thanks From November through May, the volume o f the, uh, Now today, class, w e ’re going to discuss d irty mainstream swells For example, as stated in your text, water That’s right, dirty water, or more importantly, on June 1, 1989, the level of the river at Manaus, 900 how to purify it yourselves so that you can drink miles from the ocean, was 45 feet above low water, it and not get sick Sure, you can go out and buy nearly reaching the 1953 all-tim e high-w ater mark on p o rta b le d rin kin g w a te r system s or expensive the flood gauge Now, the Am azon's volum e in that designer mineral water, but there are other methods month far exceeded the combined flow of the next eight you can use if you don’t have this stuff available largest rivers on Earth, a pretty extraordinary stat if you think about it It does this by the end of every May, even Who can name one? W: Whenever my dad takes us all cam ping, he just in years of normal flow During the second half of the boils it, and no one in my family has ever gotten year, this, urn, regular flow diminishes All right, uh, yes, sick here it is in your text, page 372 In November of 1990, M l; Sure Boiling water on a portable stove or Fire will also around Manaus, stretches of white beaches and kill most bacteria and viruses At higher elevations, sandbars were exposed to the sun for the first time in though, the boiling point of water drops, so that living memory The river had fallen 50 feet to its lowest several minutes of continuous boiling are required level on record this century The only official studies A n o th e r o p tio n is ju s t to be sure you c a rry a of the main stream flow were done in 1963 and 1964 portable pump-filter Some of these, um, like the w hich, uh, were years estim ated as, uh, having less charcoal filter ones, d o n ’t remove the viruses In than average rainfall by the U.S G eological Survey this case, you have to disinfect the water with a Measurements were made at Obidos, 600 miles inland, third method Who can tell me what a third might where the Amazon squeezes through a single channel, be? very narrow in com parison, a little more than a mile M2; How about electricity? wide Findings gave the average minimum discharge M1; Very funny Not quite No, actually, I was thinking at m llio n cubic feet per second while the average of a co u p le of chem icals One is iodine, w hich maximum reached 8.5 million kills many, but not all, of the most com m on, uh, For comparison, our own Mississippi River at Vicksburg pathogens in natural freshwater sources Second, averages 620,000 cubic feet per second It has been used only in em ergency situations, is chlorine- suggested that the Amazon’s average annual discharge based bleach Just add two drops of 5% bleach per equals 20 percent of the to ta l contin e n ta l run off of quart of clear water, and let it stand, uh, covered, 325 for about an hour All right, now that is three so far Anyone like to take a stab at the last option? W: Uh, sunshine? M ;, Bonus points for w hoever said th a t in the back row Yes, sunlight is another valid option We call it solar purification Water is placed in a transparent (A) The instructor is very understanding and helpful (B) The instructor’s reply is helpful and understanding (A) The instructor decides to give the student extra credit work (B) The instructor has the student extra credit work to bring up his average plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking It is placed for six hours in full sun, which raises the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any microbes that may be present The student is having a conversation with his instructor The student is concerned about a test he to o k the previous week He hopes the instructor will allow him to take it again If the instructor doesn’t allow a makeup Water purification is important when camping or doing test, the student is afraid he will be in jeopardy of losing other outdoor activities If it isn’t done, dirty or polluted his scholarship The instructor inquires the reason the w ate r can be harm ful to hum an beings There are student hasn’t been doing so well in the class, and four main methods of purifying water in the outdoors: the student claims it has been due to a part-tim e job boiling, filtering, chemically, and with the sun Boiling that has kept him really busy In a very understanding is the easiest and most com plete while filtering might manner, the instructor decides not to allow a makeup not kill all of the viruses Iodine is a chemical for killing test but to allow the student to an extra credit essay m ost pathogens in water, and sunlight, though time in order to improve his overall grade The student is consuming, is another valid option elated and thanks the professor enthusiastically (A) The Amazon is in constant change throughout the year (B) Throughout the year, the Amazon is in constant (A) Experience is the greatest advantage of the job (B) The greatest advantage of the job is experience tA jT h e s t u d e n t s are e a g e r a n d r e a c t w ith enthusiasm (B) In response, the students react eagerly and with enthusiasm (A‫ ؛‬A minor disadvantage is that the pay is quite low (B) The students consider the low pay to be a minor disadvantage of the job A professor is explaining to tw o of her students about change (A) The water level reached 45 feet above the low level line (B) The water level rose to 45 feet above the low level line (A) C om pared to the M is s is s ip p i, th e A m a z o n ’s average discharge is over 10 times greater (B) The Amazon’s average discharge is over 10 times greater than the Mississippi’s The Amazon River is a river in great flux most of the a jo b o p e n in g It is a sum m e r jo b at a p u blishin g year It experiences a great increase in w ater level company The professor goes on to explain that the each year, typically between the months of November students would make minimum wage and work about and May In June, 1989, the water level rose to 45 feet 25 hours a week The students seem quite interested above the low level line, which nearly made it a record E m p h a s iz in g th e im p o rta n c e o f e x p e rie n c e , the reading That same month the volume of the Amazon professor show s how the jo b could be an excellent was greater than the combined flow of the next largest stepping stone for their future careers She talks about rivers in the world The only official studies of the river how they would make great connections with those in capacity were done in the mid 1960s In com parison the company Ultimately, both students readily accept to the Mississippi River in the U.S., the Amazon is a the job with great enthusiasm and look forward to their monster even during low rainfall seasons The average new positions discharge of the Amazon can reach to million cubic feet per second while the Mississippi averages 600,000 (A) The student needs to redo an exam (B) The student hopes to redo an exam 326 (A) The best method of water purification is boiling (B) Boiling is the best method of water purification (A) I, uh, adapted pretty veil! By the end of the first S o la r p u r if ic a t io n t a k e s a b o u t s ix h o u r s ^B) At six hours, solar purification takes a tong time (A) T h e le c tu r e fo c u s e s on m e th o d s of month, they were actually asking me to train new employees! w a te r M: Good! And the hours? W ould that be a w orkable p u r if ic a t io n schedule w ith you? You sound like a very busy (B ) In t h e l e c t u r e , m e t h o d s o f w a t e r p u r if i c a t i o n a r e person! I don’t want you to get in over your head! fo c u s e d o n W The hours are perfect for me My morning classes P u r i f y i n g w a t e r is v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r i n d i v i d u a l s w h o finish by ten, and I’ve only got one afternoon seminar s p e n d t im e c a m p i n g a n d d o i n g o t h e r o u t d o o r a c t iv it ie s each day, and that doesn’t start until three Urn, I If p e o p l e d o n ’t p u r if y w a t e r f r o m l a k e s , r iv e r s , a n d o t h e r wanted to ask you about weekends Would that be a s o u r c e s , t h e y c o u ld b e c o m e ill a n d p o s s i b l y e v e n d ie B o ilin g w a t e r is o n e o f t h e e a s i e s t a n d b e s t m e t h o d s o f possibility too? I could really use the extra money M Of course! That w ouldn’t be a problem, and it would c l e a n i n g w a t e r A n o t h e r m e t h o d is a w a t e r filte r, t h o u g h basically be up to you Look I think you would be it d o e s n o t a l w a y s kill a ll t h e b a d o r g a n is m s in t h e w a te r an excellent addition to our staff You have good A th ir d a s io d in e o r experience and a great personality I’ll start you off in e m e r g e n c y at eight dollars an hour Why don’t you just come in m e th o d is u s in g c h e m i c a l s s u c h c h lo r in e C h lo r in e s h o u ld o n ly b e u s e d s i t u a t i o n s F in a lly , p e o p l e c a n u s e s u n lig h t to s a n itiz e t h e i r d r in k in g w a t e r Y e t , s o l a r p u r if ic a t io n t a k e s a g r e a t next Monday at 10:30 so we can get you going! W: Great! You just made my day! I’ll see you on Monday! a m o u n t o f t i m e , u s u a lly a b o u t s ix h o u r s [S CD ( D CD (D CD 4.cD C D C ٥ ) Good morning, all Everyone please grab a seat so we ca) H c٥ ) 4.( a )Cc ) CD W; G ood afte rn o o n I’m lo o kin g fo r a p a rt-tim e job can get started Thanks Now, today’s topic is neurons, a major class of cells in the nervous system And the main role of these neurons is to process and transmit and was wondering if you had any openings at the information In vertebrates, urn, you all remember what a moment vertebrate is, right? Good Now, in vertebrates, neurons M: Well, actually, we have a couple of openings are found in the brain, the spinal cord, and in the nerves Because it is the beginning of the semester, w e ’re and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system In the really sw am ped rig h t now and are a ctu a lly under­ most basic of terms, the neuron is composed of a cell staffed When would you be available? body, a dendritic tree, and an axon In the classical view W; I ’d re a lly p re fe r to w o rk d u rin g lu n ch if th a t’s of the neuron, the cell body and dendritic tree receive possible I have a really heavy load of classes this inputs from o ther neurons, and the axon transm its term, so my m ornings are com pletely booked I’m output signals also in a jazz band, and we usually have our practice E veryone fo llo w in g m e? E x c e lle n t So, th e w ay sessions in the evening, so that w ouldn’t really be a neurons are able to this is that they have the ability good time for me either Would a lunch schedule be to generate e le c tric a l im pulses They zap s p e c ific possible? inform ation through connecto rs to other neurons in M: Let’s see Dm, we have a cashier’s position available what we scientists like to call a synaptic transmission Hold on a second so I can check the schedule real T hat’s right! Neurons com m unicate w ith each other quick here it is, yes the hours would be Monday via synapses, where the axon of one cel! touches the through Friday from 11 a.m to p.m Now, you dendrite of another Synapses can be excita to ry or ٧h, have any experience w ith using a co m p u terized inhibitory That is, they produce or stop signals, and will register and handling m oney? If you d o n ’t, d o n ’t either increase or decrease activity in the target neuron worry about it We would train you, and it is really With me? Great Now, some neurons in your cerebellum, very easy to pick up that large part of your brain which controls many your W: Sure! I worked at a bookstore for a few months last movements, can have over 1,000 dendrite branches summer and used one of those kinds of registers It which connect with thousands of other cells And, um, was a really busy store right next to campus I got on the other hand, certain neurons might have only one really good at handling all the money and making or two dendrites, each of which receives thousands of change It was a little stressful at first, but I think synapses Getting the picture now? 327 Further, the human brain has a huge number of neurons W: Oh, hey Coach Got a minute? and an even huger num ber of synapses Now listen M: Sure, but try to make it quick I’m late for practice closely to th is Each o f 100 billion neurons has on W: Say, the volleyball team has been going great since average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons you took over Great job! Anyways, I just wanted to Most authorities estimate that the brain of a three-year- tell you that w e’ve been petitioning the school for a old child has about 1,000 trillion synapses Of course, couple of weeks now to start a new ping-pong club, uh, this number declines with age and stabilizes when and I was wondering if you would join and support you are older, say in your early tw enties, when the num ber of synapses ranges from 100 to 500 trillion synapses in most adults us What you think? M: Ping-pong, huh Great sport That’s good that you guys have started to this Our school can always use new clubs like this I must say too that back in my day I was a pretty darn good ping-pong player It’s just that don’t believe I really, uh, have the time to coach you guys, that’s all I’m sorry W: Oh, no, no Coach We're not asking you to coach s t r o n g o r s o lid (firm ) us! We don’t need a coach It’s more of a social club a c o m p a r i s o n o r in r e la t io n ( r e la tiv e ly ) than anything - just a bunch of students who like t o u n d e r s t a n d o r b e a w a r e (r e a liz e ) to get together and have fun We w o n ’t be in any p e r t a in in g t o s c h o o l o r s c h o la s t ic s ( a c a d e m i c ) competitions or anything tike that! t o r e c e iv e o r g e t ( a c c e p t ) M: Ah, I see to a n tic ip a te (e x p e c t) W: Yeah, well, anyways, all I need from you is your t o m a k e u r g e n t ( im p lo r e ) signature on our petition list The school requires im it a t in g n a t u r e ( n a t u r a lis t ic ) us to get one hundred signatures before they will t h r ift y o r f r u g a l ( e c o n o m ic a lly ) consider the new club We’ve got ninety-nine so far, 10 t o fill w it h f e a r ( in t im id a t e ) 11 r a r e ; and we just need one more! u n c o m m o n ( e x t r a o r d in a r y ) M; Oh, I g o t it Sure i ١ d be proud to be the final signature on your petition There you go! a c o n d it io n o f u r g e n t n e e d ( e m e r g e n c y ) W; Thanks, Coach We really appreciate it Listen, there’s t o c le a n s e ; t o c le a n (p u r ify ) one other thing wanted to talk to you about if you to s u rp a s s (e x c e e d ) have time a d a p t a b l e ; e la s t ic ( fle x ib le ) M; Sure W; Well, w e’re going to need a place to store all our equipm ent L e t y o u r s is t e r t a k e a s t a b a t t h e p o k e r g a m e You know all our balls and paddles, J e f f p a id t e n b u c k s f o r h is s w e a t e r nets, and stuff like that And I was, uh, wondering if T h e y n e e d t o b u ild u p s o m e s a v in g s b e f o r e t h e y c a n you had any ideas on where we could that Do b u y a c a r you guys have any extra storage space in the locker W e w e re s w e a tin g b u c k e ts w h ile p la y in g t e n n is y e s te rd a y room? M: Well, let’s see When would you need to start using a I k n o w y o u ’v e g o t it in y o u t o d o b e t t e r in S p a n i s h c la s s locker? Actually, how many lockers you think you would, uh, need? I n e e d t o z a p t h is e m a il t o m y b o s s W; Oh, just one, and we'd probably start using it at the beginning of next month M: You know what? Our season is over next week, so we w on’t be using most of the lockers until next year We’ll have plenty of space for you guys Why d o n ’t Actual Test you get with me at the beginning of next mon ١ h, and we’ll set you up? The only thing you’ll need s your own lock W; A lock, huh Any special kind? Should I get a key lock or a combination lock, Coach? ( â 328 đ C © (2 ) (5 ) M: Well, uh, let’s see How many students you think will be in this ping-pong club of yours? W; Ummm, I’m not sure exactly A lot of students have preceding jazz It originated in African American musical com m unities, descended from the jigs and marches played by all-black bands common in all Northern cities shown interest, so I would imagine fifteen or so at with black populations Questions? Oh, no problem least Why? W ell, ragtim e began as dance m usic years before M; Well, if y o u ’ re going to have th a t many I w ould being publishe d as popula r sheet m usic fo r piano suggest a combination lock That way you can just Scott Joplin, the com poser/pianist who was known as give everyone the com bination , and you w o u ld n ’t the, ah, “ King of Ragtime’’ called the effect “weird and have to go out and get X number of keys made It intoxicating.” By 1897, several important early rags were published, and in 1899 Scott Joplin’s M a p le L e a f R a g would just be a bit easier, that's all W; That’s a great idea, Coach! Wow, why didn’t think of that? ! don’t know what w e’d without you! was published Now, some authorities consider ragtime to be a form of classical music Additionally, the name M: Ah, don’t mention it That’s what I’m here for Now, swing later came to be applied to an early genre of jazz urn, if there isn’t anything else, I’m sure my players that developed from ragtime So we can see early on are wondering where the heck I’m at Practice was that ragtime had a great influence on music in genera! supposed to start five minutes ago You know what I at that time have my players if they are even one minute late Okay Now, let’s get to its influence on the piano To to a practice? start, the heyday of ragtime was before the widespread W: No, Coach, w hat’s that? availability of sound recording Like classical music, and M; Suicides You know what one of those is? unlike jazz, classical ragtim e was a w ritten tradition, W: No, Coach W hat’s a suicide? It sounds pretty tough being distributed in sheet music rather than through M; Well, it is it’s uh, basically a continuous series of recordings or by imitation of live performances Ragtime wind sprints You start from the baseline in the gym, music was also distributed via piano roils for player that’s the one under the basket So, you start there, pianos run out and touch the foul-line and then run back Let’s talk about this piano roll By definition, urn, a piano then touch the baseline again But you d o n ’t stop roll is the medium used to operate the player piano, there Oh, no You keep going, but this time you run band/fairground organs, calliopes, and hand-cranked out and touch the half-court line and then run back organs and pipe organs Basically, a piano roll is a roll again to touch the baseline of paper w ith holes punched in it The position and W: Wow, Coach that sounds so hard Your players must length of the perforations determined the note played on the piano Well, the piano roll moves over a device be in tip -to p shape, huh? M: Y o u ’ve g o t th a t rig h t C o n d itio n in g is th e key known as the "tracker bar,” which had 88 holes, urn, or to c h a m p io n s h ip s T h a t’s w h a t I a lw a y s say, one for each piano key When a perforation passed over condition ing W ithout it, yo u ’ve got Woahl Look the hole, the note sounds Believe it or not, piano rolls at th e tim e! I’ve got to sto p ram bling and get to have been in continuous mass production since around 1897 So, even though a piano roll was used to make a practice! We’ll talk later! W: Okay, Coach! See you later, and thanks again! piano play w ithout an actual person playing, we must remember that pianists actually created the music for the piano rolls Confused? I hope not Let’s move on then Another change was called the novelty piano, which 6.C d ) d ) CD CD 10· CD 11 ، No/No/No/Yes/No can be c o n sid e re d a p ia n is tic cousin o f jazz, and th is appeared around th e sam e tim e as the piano roll Its originators were m ostly piano roll artists from Okay Let’s carry on with some more American music history, shall we? For th is lecture, I will discuss the th e C hicago area A ctually, th e n ovelty piano was developed as a vehicle to showcase the talents of these effect that ragtime music had on the way the piano was professionals and was more often sold in the form of played after, urn, ragtim e’s inception From a historic recordings and piano rolls than as sheet music point of view, urn, ragtime is an American musical genre Anyways, novelty piano slowly fell out of favor to, or enjoying its peak popularity, from, urn, 1899 to 1918 was absorbed into, the new orchestral styles as the Ragtim e was the firs t truly Am erican m usical genre piano m oved o ff ce n te r stage and to o k a su p p o rt 329 role By, urn, 1920, though, tw o new technologies had Now, let’s talk about specific varieties of Rafflesia I’ll appea re d w hich allow ed the general pu b lic to hear begin w ith the N epenthes rafflesiana, a species of m usic as perform ed by skilled musicians: the “ hand- pitcher plant named after Stamford Raffles, the founder played” piano roll and the phonograph record of Singapore This plant has a very w ide distribution Now, the most im portant new form of actually playing covering, um, Borneo, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, th e p ia n o in a live p e rfo rm a n c e w a s c a lle d , ah, and Singapore N rafflesiana is extremely variable with s trid e piano, used p rim a rily in jazz The d is tin c tiv e numerous forms and varieties For example, in Borneo technique originated in, um, Harlem, in or about 1919 alone, there are at least four distinct varieties The most It was partially influenced by ragtime, which features im pressive form , know n as N rafflesiana gigantea, improvisation, blue notes, and swing rhythms The over produces enormous pitchers These pitchers, or heavily sim plistic name “ stride” comes from the “ striding” left- modified leaves, are used to capture and kill insect prey hand movement See how I’m doing it? As well, pedal for nutrients te ch n iq u e fu rth e r varied the left-h a n d sound Quite Well, like it or not, all N epenthes are, um, passive frankly, stride piano is one of the most difficult styles of carnivores They are classified passive because they jazz piano playing because it takes years to master and have no moving parts, unlike their distant cousins the is often confused with other jazz piano where the left Venus flytrap, an active carnivore O kay So the N hand alternates Like this! rafflesiana kills by luring its prey into its, ah, pitchers, Okay, on a final note, a s ig n ific a n t ragtim e revival whose peristomes secrete sweet-tasting nectar Once o c c u rre d in the 1950s R agtim e styles o f the past the insect is inside, it qu ickly finds the w alls of the were made available on records, and new rags were pitcher too slippery to scale and, as you may expect, c o m p o s e d , p u b lish e d , and re corded A num ber of drowns Digestive enzymes released by the plant into popular recordings featured, um, “ prepared pianos,” the liquid break down the prey and, um, release soluble simulating the sound of a piano in an old honkey tonk nutrients, w hich are absorbed by the plant through So, as you can see, we still have portio n s o f piano the w alls of the pitcher The ca rn iv o ro u s nature of ragtim e m usic incorporate d into the m usic we hear Nepenthes is supposedly a consequence of um living today in nutrient-poor soils since the main method of nutrient absorption in m ost plants, the root, is insufficient in these soils, so the plants have evolved o ther ways to gain nutrients Let’s see, yes, finally, N rafflesiana enjoys hot, humid conditions most of the time, as found 12 c٥) 16 C D 13 Cb ) 17 ( A ) 14 ( C ) 15 Yes/No/No/Yes/No in tropical jungle lowlands Okay, so far so good The next plant I will discuss is the, um where are my notes, ah, here we go, Rafflesia Hi, everyone Okay Today, will lecture on some pretty strange plants As a matter of fact, the plants we will discuss are from the family Rafflesia, a parasitic plant So, w ithout further delay, will begin The Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants It contains, um 15-19 species, all found in southeastern Asia, le t’s see, on the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, West M alaysia, and the P hilippines The flo w e rs have no leaves and hardly any stem, just a huge, speckled, fivepetal flo w e r w ith a diam eter of up to 106 cm, and it weighs up to 10 kg Even the smallest species, um, R manillana, has 15-inch-diam eter flowers The flowers smell like rotting meat, so we get certain local names for these plants which translate to, um, “ corpse flower” or “ meat flower.” The vile smell that the flower gives off can sometimes attract flies, which these plants use as a food source Additionally, it is parasitic on vines in the genus Vitaceae spreading its roots inside the vine 330 arnoldii, another m em ber of the genus Rafflesia Not only is it the w o rld ’s largest flower, but it is also one of the most bizarre and improbable organisms on the planet There are som e plants w ith larger flow ering organs, for example, the Titan Arum and Talipot, but these are technically clusters of many flowers Rafflesia arnoldii is the largest, and you can take this to the bank, because its flower attains a diameter of nearly three feet and can weigh up to, get this, 24 pounds! It lives as a parasite on the Tetra Stigm a vine, as its host, which grows only in undisturbed rainforests While many parasites appear like normal plants, um, Rafflesia lacks any observable leaves, roots, or even stems, and this is what makes it so strange A lot like fungi, Rafflesia in d iv id u a ls g ro w as th re a d -lik e s tra n d s of tis s u e com pletely em bedded within and in intim ate contact with surrounding host cells from which, um, nutrients and water are obtained The only part of Rafflesia that is identifiable as distinctly plant-like are the ah, flowers, W’-) Well, I have an idea Would you feel com fortable although even these are bizarre because they attain a changing your topic this late in the game? I could massive size and are usually reddish-brown and stink assign you a more research friendly topic, and you of rotting flesh The flow er is pollinated by, uh, oh my could get to work on that What you, uh, think? goodness, flie s w hich are a ttra c te d by its scent W: That m ight be a good idea as long as it is n 't as Rafflesia arnoldii is very rare and fairly hard to locate It obscure as the m igrationai habits of the Alaskan is especially difficult to see in flower because the buds Godwit, Professor What you think would be a take many m onths to develop, and the flower lasts for just a few days good topic? M: Now, let’s see How about the cuckoos, which are genuine long distance migratory birds in the tropics? There’s been tons written on them, of course, and I doubt you'll have any trouble finding enough stuff on them 18 Cb ) 19 Cc ) C E ) 21 ( D 2 C E ) W: Uh excuse me Professor I wanted to talk to you about the paper due next Friday I'm having some trouble finding enough information on the seasonal migration of the Alaskan Bar-tailed Godwits M: Ah the G o d w it, a fa s c in a tin g species, yet a b it obscure I believe There haven’t been many studies on th a t p a rtic u la r bird though I love the long brown bill Did you know the Bar-tailed G odwit is the holder of the longest nonstop flight known for any bird 6,835 miles from Alaska to New Zealand? Isn’t that fascinating? W: Of course, Professor I was able to find that fact Actually, it is stated in most of the resources I looked at Unfortunately, it was about the only fact I was able to find on the Bar-tailed Godwit M; I see Well, I th o u g h t it w ould be a little d iffic u lt researching the Godwit, but not that hard W: Well, yes it is, which is why I’m so concerned The minimum length of the paper is, as you, uh, know, eight pages typed, I d o n 't think I’ll be able to find enough in fo rm a tio n fo r th a t length o f a paper I mean, I could probably stretch it to half that right now, but that would be pushing it M: Yes, I see your dilemma Please understand that did not intentionally want to put you in any distress Please remind me when this paper is due W: It is due next Friday, sir M: Next Friday, hmm, I see That gives you roughly one week to com plete it, correct? W: T h a t’s c o rre c t, sir I ١ m re a lly s ta rtin g to p anic because I have a number of other papers due next W: The cu c k o o , huh? Г1! be the laughing s to c k of our seminar Can’t you assign a bird with a better intellectual reputation than the cuckoo? M; I beg to differ The cuckoo is a bird of impeccable intelligence How most laymen think of the cuckoo as a silly, stupid bird is a misnomer! W: Please, Professor! C an’t you give me som ething different? M: Oh, all right Let's see here Urn, no, well, uh, how about the Pink-footed Goose? If I recall correctly, they migrate each year from Iceland to England One of my colleagues has written four books on them, which I can let you borrow W; The Pink-footed Goose sounds perfect, Professor! And that would be wonderful if I could borrow those texts from you I promise that I’ll take excellent care of them and will return them just as they were M: I have the utmost trust in you W: Thank you, th a n k you, P rofessor Y ou’ve been very accom m odatin g and patient with me, and i appreciate that Most professors wouldn’t have gone out of their way just for one student like you have Thanks! M: Oh, don’t mention it I know you guys are under a lot of pressure these days with all the new academic requirements, and it is the least I can to help you out once in a while when can Now, why don’t you get out of here and start to work on that paper? I’m really looking forward to, uh, reading about the Pink­ footed Goose VV: Okay, Professor I will, and I w o n ’t let you down! Thanks again! Bye! week, and then with finals the week after that I’m worrying if I’m going to be able to put my best effort into this paper And now I can’t seem to find any info on the bird 23 ( ‫ ؟‬: ) 24 (A 25 '‫؛‬ C© 26 C© 27 C© 28 ( © 331 W ;G o o d evening Everyone ready? Okay Tonight we will discuss some of the details of the modern paper The lines of type were then assembled by hand into a page Are we good so far? printing process I will begin with the changes in M; You mean this was all done by hand? the printing process introduced in the 19th century W1: Naturally But the most difficult process was punch F irst of all, does anyone know the firs t step a cutting th -c e n tu ry p rin te r had to in order to print M; Well, what’s that? something? W1: Well, the cutting of letter punches was a highly- W2: I haven’t a clue skilled craft requiring much patience and practice W1 Well, make sure you take good notes then Okay, The punch-cutte r began by, um, transferring the the first step in the 19th-century printing process outline of a letter design to one end of a metal bar was to create the typeset Let me explain By the Do you understand? M; 19th century, printers began using what we now call M: Yeah, it sounds pretty basic the hot metal typeset Hot metal typesetting is a W1: Good Okay Next, the outer shape o f the letter method, urn, of creating a relief printing surface by punch could be cut directly, but the internal curves injecting a molten metal alloy into a matrix of a small punch were particularly difficult, as it was Ma’am, I don’t want to sound uninformed, but, ah, necessary to cut deep enough and stra ig h t into w hat’s an alloy? the metal This was almost never done with cutting W1: You’re kidding? Hmm An alloy is simply a mixture tools, so they used what is called a counterpunch, of m etals to create a new metal Anyways, this which is a type of punch used in the cu ttin g of a llo y w as ty p ic a lly an alloy of lead, tin , and a sm all a m o u n t o f antim ony The re su ltin g lines of typ e could range in size from pt to 24 pt other punches W2: You mean they used a counterpunch to cut into the letter punch? It w as pioneered by the com p a n ie s M onotype W1: E xactly Of co u rse , the c o u n te rp u n c h had to and Linotype in the late 19th century, and their be harder than the letter punch itself This was typesetting machines dom inated the Industry for accomplished by heat tempering the counterpunch the next century and softening the type punch Once the punches W2: You mean they were using this in the 20th century? were read, um, a mold could then be created from W :O h s u r e R e m e m b e r, c o m p u t e r s w e r e n ’ t the punch by using the punch on a softer metal, like c o m m o n p la ce in the p rin tin g in d u stry until the copper, to create a matrix Then, the type metal, 1980s A nyw a ys, m o vin g alo n g , th e L in o ty p e that alloy of lead, antimony, and tin, flowed into the m achine uses a 90-character keyboard to create matrix to produce a single piece of type, ready for an entire line of metal type at once This allows typesetting One characteristic of type metal that m uch fa s te r p rin tin g than w ith the G u tenbu rg - makes it valuable for this use is that it expands as style system, um, in which operators placed down it cools, filling in any gaps present in the thinner one letter at a tim e The machine revolutionized portions of letters hope I didn’t confuse anyone new spap er publishing, m aking it possible fo r a Does everyone get this? Great! relatively small number of operators to set type for many pages on a daily basis M: You mean this was the first new printing process since Gutenburg? W1: C orrect Let me explain how it works This new process was produced by Ottmar Mergenthaler in ® ® ® ® 3 ® ® 1886 His Linotype machine was 2.1 m eters tall First of all, a typesetter would put the letter molds to be used to form a line on a page Once an entire line of molds was assembled, the machine poured m olten type metal, which is an alloy of lead, tin and antim ony, into the sta c k e d -u p m olds This produced a com plete line of type in reverse, so it would read properly when used to transfer ink onto M1: Could I get everyone to place their chairs in a semi­ circle? That’s it Thank you Today, we will discuss, ah, method acting and its importance to theatrical acting Let me begin by giving you a d e fin itio n of m ethod acting as well as a little background Ready? Okay Method acting is an acting technique in w h ich a c to rs try to re p lic a te in real life th e em otional condition s under which the character 332 operates in an effort to create a lifelike, realistic performance “The M ethod” typically refers to the M2: Got it! By the way, that’s a pretty impressive list of actors! practice of actors drawing on their own emotions, M l ; Absolutely! And since all of the above mentioned m em ories, and e x p e rie n c e s to in flu e n ce th e ir a c to rs are m e th o d a c to rs , w e can see th e portrayals of characters importance of method acting as related to theater М2 Isn’t the method an American invention? and movies M ١Not necessarily “ The M ethod", as we will call it, W2: Well, I d o n ’t get it What makes a method a ctor um, was popularized by Lee Strasberg at the Actors more important or better than an actor who hasn’t Studio and the Group Theater in New York City in the 1940s and 1950s But, the method was derived studied Strasberg’s method? M1; Weil, maybe a little more insight into the method is from “the Stanislavski S ystem ,” after Konstantin needed here In general, method acting combines S tanislavski, w ho pioneered sim ilar ideas in his a careful consideration of the, um, psychological quest for "theatrical truth." This was done through, motives of the character and some sort of personal um, friendships with R ussia’s leading actors as identificatio n w ith and, in some cases, possibly well as his teachings, w ritings, and acting at the the re p ro d u c tio n o f the c h a c te r’s e m o tio n a l Moscow Art Theater, founded in 1897 By the way, state in a realistic way This process can include, this is very im portant The system is the result of ah, v a rio u s id e o lo g ie s and p c tic e s su ch as Stanislavski’s many years of efforts to determine “ as if,” “ su b stitu tio n ,” “ em otional m em ory,” and how a, umm, how should I say this, how a human “preparation.” So, the difference between a method being can control, in their performance, the most actor and a non-method actor would probably be intangible and u n controlla ble aspects of human the am ount of preparation given for a particular behavior: th in g s such as e m o tio n s and a rtistic part M ost m ethod a c to rs th e re fo re w o u ld be inspiration Geez, that’s a mouthful! Question? considered lead actors М2: Ah, you mean the Stanislavski System encouraged actors to act naturally? M l, E xa c tly ! B ut th e re ’s m ore to it than th a t The S ta n is la v s k i S ystem is a c o m p le x m ethod fo r W :O ka y B u t h o w d o e s th e m e th o d im p a c t a p e rfo rm a n ce ? Can you g ive us a w ell kn o w n example of an actor who has gone above the call of duty to prepare for a part? producing, shall we say, realistic characters, and M1 ■Very well There are so many examples of method m ost of to d a y’s actors, on stage, television, and actors who have put their bodies and souls into the film , owe much to it By using “ The System ," an characters that they are playing Let’s use Robert a c to r is required to um, deeply analyze his or De Niro as an example Praised for his commitment her ch aracter’s m otivations Stanislavski and his to roles stemming from his background in method system are frequently misunderstood For instance, acting, De Niro gained 60 pounds and learned how often the system is confused with the method W2; So, let me get th is s tra ig h t The m ethod is an offshoot of the system, correct? to box for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in R a g in g B u ll, ground his teeth for Cape F e a r, lived in Sicily for T h e G o d f a th e r P a r t II, and learned to play the M1: Yes, correct But there is more to it The method is saxophone for N e w York, N e w Y ork He also put on also an outgrowth of the American theater scene weight and shaved his hairline to play A! Capone of th e 1930s and 40s This is when actors and in T h e U n t o u c h a b le s A nd how did De N iro ’s directors such as, le t’s see, Elia Kazan and Lee preparation impact his performances? He won two Strasberg, for example, came across Stanislavski’s Academy Awards for doing it ideas through theatrical teachers like Stella Adler She showed Strasberg Stanislavski’s system ideas, and within two years, Strasberg was artistic director o f th e A c to rs S tu d io and th e G roup Theater, teaching his version o f the S tanislavski System or th e M ethod A cto rs under his tutelage there included A1 Pacino, Marilyn Monroe, and Robert De Niro, just to name a few of many I hope that’s clear for everyone 333 z H o w to M a s te r S k iỉls ٠١'٠٠٢® 0Ш r Will Link ’ Monika N Kushwaha Michael Kato - E2K Chiu trách nhiệm xuất TRẦN ĐÌNH VIỆT MINH CHÂU Biên tậ p CỒNG TY NHÂN TRÍ VIỆT Trình b y sách MINH CHÂU Sửa in NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỔNG Hộp THÀNH PHỐ Hồ CHÍ MINH 62 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai - Quận s 8225340 - 8296764 - 8222726 - 8296713 - 8223637 Fax: 8222726 E-mail: nxbtphcm@vnn.vn Thực liên doanh CỔNG TY TNHH NHÂN TRÍ VIỆT 83® Trần Đình Xu, p Nguyễn Cư Trinh, Q 1, TP Hồ Chí Minh s 8379344 Fax: 9200681 In 3.000 khổ x 28cm Xí nghiệp In MACHINCO - 21 Bùi Thị Xuân - Quận - Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Số xuất 346-07/CXB/140-13/THTPHCM In xong nộp lưu chiểu tháng 7-2007 V" ' ■■ ' ٩-■ ■ ; ■' ■ ■ ٢ ‫؛?؟■؛‬ How to Master Skills^ ^® ٥٢ Audio CDs How to Master Skills for the T O E F L ® Ï T L iS tG Ilin Q is designed to be used either as a textbook for a TOEFL® iBT listening preparation course or as a tool for individual learners who are preparing for the test on their own With a total of units, this book is organized to prepare students for the test with a comprehensive understanding of the test and a thorough analysis of every question type Each unit provides a step.by-step program that includes question-solving strategies and the development of test-taking abilities Special Features; • Intensive practice of all the question types on the TOEFL® iBT ٠ Graded listening passages with various topics that frequently appear on the TOEFLđ iBT ã Glossed vocabulary to help students understand the passages better ٠ Graphic organizers to show the structures of the passages ٠ To-the-point practice to build summary skills ٠ Integrated listening and speaking activities ٠ Eight mini-tests and one complete test that familiarize students with the actual test format ٠ Vocabulary exercises and lists to help students expand their vocabulary • Full answer key How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Series; How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® IBT Reading Basic ٠ Intermediate ٠Advanced How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Listening Basic ٠ Intermediate ٠ Advanced How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Writing Basic ٠ Intermediate ٠ Advanced How to Master Skills for the TOEFL® iBT Speaking Basic ٠ Intermediate ٠ Advanced Nlirsach MINH TÂM 286^ An Dương vương P4 Q5 TP HỒ Chi Mtnh ٠ 8353608 - 8364845 Fax 8302417 Giâ 98.000^ ... based on information given in the listening passage How to Master Skills fo r the TOEFL® iS T Listening Intermediate is designed to be used either as a textbook for a TOEFL® iBT listening preparation... except that there’s from the top of the tube to the bottom The food is pushed in front of the wave till it reaches the bottom of the esophagus At the bottom of the, urn, the esophagus, is the lower... by questions Therefore, test takers have to answer 34 to 51 questions in total The time allotted to the Listening section is 60 to 90 minutes, including the time spent listening to the conversations