Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống
1
/ 14 trang
THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Thông tin cơ bản
Định dạng
Số trang
14
Dung lượng
489 KB
Nội dung
3/10/2017 InvasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyKlebsiellapneumoniaeưUpToDate OfficialreprintfromUpToDateđ www.uptodate.comâ2017UpToDateđ InvasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyKlebsiellapneumoniae Authors: WenưLiangYu,MD,YinưChingChuang,MD SectionEditor: StephenBCalderwood,MD DeputyEditor: Allyson Bloom, MD All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete Literature review current through: Feb 2017. | This topic last updated: Oct 29, 2015 INTRODUCTION — Klebsiella pneumoniae can produce infection at a variety of sites, with the risk being increased in patients with impaired host defenses (eg, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and glucocorticoid therapy). K. pneumoniae is also associated with a community acquired primary invasive liver abscess syndrome. In addition to liver abscess, some patients develop metastatic infection at other sites Issues related to the K. pneumoniae invasive liver abscess syndrome will be reviewed here. The epidemiology, clinical features (including the general principles of diagnosis and treatment), microbiology, and pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae infection are discussed separately. (See "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection" and "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection".) DEFINITION — K. pneumoniae primary liver abscess has been variably defined in the literature. In one study, for example, primary liver abscess was defined as a K. pneumoniae liver abscess occurring in the absence of predisposing intraabdominal factors, such as hepatobiliary disease, colorectal disease, or a history of intraabdominal surgery or trauma [1]. In other studies, it has been defined by a monomicrobial K. pneumoniae isolate, while polymicrobial liver abscess was usually secondary to hepatobiliary disease or intraabdominal infection [2,3] We prefer to define K. pneumoniae primary liver abscess (KLA) as liver abscess that occurs in the absence of hepatobiliary disease. Almost all of these infections are monomicrobial [35]. Although this topic highlights virulent strains of K. pneumoniae that have the capacity to invade a healthy liver without predisposing anatomical abnormalities, the rare possibility of concurrent colorectal disease cannot be excluded, as routine colonoscopy is not generally performed in the setting of KLA. (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Association with colorectal neoplasia'.) EPIDEMIOLOGY — Most cases of K. pneumoniae primary liver abscess (KLA), particularly those associated with metastatic infection, have been reported in Taiwan and are communityacquired [112]. In a series of 248 patients with pyogenic liver abscess from Taiwan, for example, K. pneumoniae was responsible for 171 (69 percent) [4] Communityacquired KLA has also been described in other countries in Asia [7,1317], in Asian patients living in other countries [1824], and in South Africa [25]. It has less commonly been reported in nonAsian patients in the United States [19,20,26,27] ( particularly Hispanics [19,27]) and in Europe and Canada [2836]. A report from New York, for example, evaluated 79 cases of liver abscess [19]. K. pneumoniae was the most commonly identified pathogen, isolated from 23 of 54 liver abscesses (41 percent) in which an organism was recovered. K pneumoniae was more commonly isolated among Asian than nonAsian patients (50 versus 27 percent) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 1/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate A minority of patients with KLA, mostly from Taiwan, develops metastatic infection, most commonly manifested as endophthalmitis and/or meningitis [1,6,8,10,37,38]. The incidence of metastatic infection in the setting of KLA is about 12 percent in series from Taiwan and is more common in KLA than in liver abscesses of other bacterial etiology (15 versus 4 percent) [1,3,4]. A somewhat lower rate of metastatic infection (9 percent) was noted in a series of 290 patients with KLA from Korea [13]. (See 'Metastatic infection' below.) The findings have been more variable in studies in the United States. There were no cases of metastatic infection among the 23 patients with KLA in a study from New York [19], whereas a review of 18 cases in the United States prior to the New York study found metastatic infection in five (28 percent) [20] In contrast, metastatic infection appears to be a rare complication (2 percent or less) of secondary K pneumoniae liver abscess, even in Taiwan [1,3] Metastatic infection can also occur with K. pneumoniae infections other than liver abscess. These infections are discussed separately. (See "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Endophthalmitis' and "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Meningitis/brain abscess'.) PATHOGENESIS AND RISK FACTORS — Klebsiella primary liver abscess (KLA) frequently occurs in patients with diabetes but can occur in the absence of underlying predisposing medical conditions Host factors Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose, present in 70 to 78 percent of patients in three series from Taiwan, is the major observed risk factor for KLA [36,12,13]. The high prevalence of diabetes or impaired fasting glucose in patients with KLA is not seen with other causes of liver abscess (5 percent with polymicrobial liver abscess and 33 percent with nonK. pneumoniae liver abscess in those series) [3,4] The mechanism by which diabetes predisposes to KLA is not well understood. One contributory mechanism may be that poor glycemic control impairs neutrophil phagocytosis of K1 and K2 capsular serotypes [39]. However, diabetic patients are also vulnerable to infection caused by nonK1/K2 strains [40]. (See "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Association with primary liver abscess'.) Other host factors — Fatty liver disease has also been more highly associated with KLA compared with liver abscesses due to other organisms [41] Although no studies have identified specific human genes that predispose to KLA, the prevalence in Asian patients has raised the possibility that host genetic factors play a role. As an example, Chinese ethnicity itself might be a major factor predisposing to intestinal colonization by serotype K1/K2 K. pneumoniae isolates, which is associated with KLA. In one study that evaluated K. pneumoniae isolates from the stools of healthy adult Chinese residents of Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam, 10 percent of the isolates were serotypes K1/K2 [42]. (See "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Pathogenesis' and "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Association with primary liver abscess'.) Virulence factors — KLA is caused by isolates with an increased number of virulence factors compared with other K. pneumoniae isolates [13,6,11,25] In studies from Taiwan, both the K1 capsular serotype and the hypermucoviscosity phenotype are more common in communityacquired compared with nosocomial K. pneumoniae infections [2,11]. These virulence factors are also associated with primary liver abscess, and their higher frequency in communityacquired isolates could explain why isolates from primary liver abscess are almost exclusively acquired in the community [13,6,11,25]. In https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 2/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate a report from Taiwan of 95 K. pneumoniae isolates from secondary bacteremia with an identified source of infection, abscess formation in the liver and other sites was much more common with communityacquired than nosocomial isolates (46 versus 4 percent) [2] The regional distribution of K. pneumoniae virulence factors also appears to play a significant role in the geographic restriction of KLA. In a review of 455 consecutive cases of K. pneumoniae bacteremia in seven countries (Taiwan, South Africa, United States, Australia, Belgium, Turkey, and Argentina), the invasive communityacquired syndrome of liver abscess, meningitis, or endophthalmitis was only seen in Taiwan and South Africa [25]. The isolates from Taiwan and South Africa compared with the other countries were much more likely to have a mucoid phenotype (100 versus 2 percent) and to be rmpApositive (86 versus 7 percent). Other virulence factors, such as K1 capsular serotype, were common in Taiwan and South Africa but rarely seen in the other countries The role of virulence factors in KLA is discussed in further detail separately. (See "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Pathogenesis' and "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Association with primary liver abscess'.) Antibiotic use — Prior antibiotic use also appears to increase the risk of KLA. As an example, in a retrospective study of 855 patients with KLA and 3400 age and sexmatched controls in Taiwan, ampicillin or amoxicillin therapy within the prior 30 days was associated with KLA [43]. In an accompanying animal study, ampicillin administration predisposed K. pneumoniaecolonized mice to increased liver abscess formation Risk factors for metastatic disease — Existing published data are conflicting as to whether diabetes is an independent risk factor for metastatic infection [1,3,6,12,44]. Virulence factors of the isolate have been more clearly associated with the development of metastatic disease The presence of the more virulent K1 serotype is a risk factor for metastatic infection [1,6]. In a report from Taiwan of patients with primary Klebsiella liver abscess (KLA), septic endophthalmitis was present in infections with 12 of 85 K1 strains, 2 of 19 K2 strains, and none of 28 nonK1/K2 strains [6]. A similar relationship was seen in the four patients with other sites of metastatic infection: none occurred in the nonK1/K2 strains. (See "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Capsular serotypes'.) Presence of the magA gene is another risk factor for metastatic infection [8]. Among magApositive isolates, those that also have the kfu ironuptake system may be particularly associated with metastatic infection [45]. The rmpA gene also appears to be a significant predictor of metastatic infection [46]. However, the rmpA gene is almost ubiquitous in KLA strains, thus rmpA could hardly predict metastatic infections among patients with KLA [47]. (See "Microbiology and pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Siderophores'.) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS — The presenting symptoms and signs of K. pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA) are similar to those caused by other etiologies of pyogenic liver abscess [3,4,48]. (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Clinical manifestations'.) In a review of 160 cases from Taiwan, the most common clinical features and their frequencies are listed below [3]: ● Fever (93 percent) ● Right upper quadrant tenderness (71 percent) ● Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain (38 percent) ● Leukocytosis (70 percent) ● Elevations in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (59 and 68 percent) ● Elevations in alkaline phosphatase (78 percent) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 3/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate ● Elevations in bilirubin (26 percent) In contrast to liver abscesses caused by other organisms, those due to K. pneumoniae are more likely to be solitary and more likely to be monomicrobial [35]. In a report from Taiwan, for example, 65 of 68 were monomicrobial [5] Certain imaging findings have been reported more commonly with KLA compared with liver abscesses of other bacterial etiology. On ultrasonography, KLA often have a predominantly solid appearance and, compared with other causes of bacterial liver abscess, have a much smaller quantity of pus at initial aspiration [49]. On CT scan, monomicrobial KLA tends to be single, unilobular, and multiloculated [50]. When compared with abscesses caused by other bacteria, KLA is more likely to be solid, thinwalled, without rim enhancement, and associated with thrombophlebitis [50,51] Metastatic infection — A minority of patients with primary liver abscess has concurrent evidence of or develops metastatic infection at other sites [1,3,4,6,8,10,12,13,20,37,38,45,5254]. The most common manifestations of metastatic infection are endophthalmitis, meningitis and brain abscess [1,3,12]. Other manifestations include lumbar or cervical spondylitis and discitis, septic pulmonary emboli, lung abscess, psoas abscess, splenic abscess, necrotizing fasciitis, neck abscess, and osteomyelitis [1,3,12,18,55]. (See "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Endophthalmitis' and "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Meningitis/brain abscess'.) DIAGNOSIS — Similar to the diagnosis of pyogenic liver abscesses, the diagnosis of primary liver abscess due to K. pneumoniae (KLA) is made when K. pneumonia is isolated from the abscess aspirate or blood of a patient with imaging findings consistent with a liver abscess in the absence of underlying hepatobiliary disease. (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Diagnosis'.) Ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) are the imaging methods of choice when liver abscess is part of the differential diagnosis in patients with the above clinical manifestations and laboratory abnormalities (image 1) Imaging for liver abscess may also be warranted in patients who present with K. pneumoniae bacteremia and have persistent fever despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. Some radiographic findings have been associated with KLA compared with liver abscesses due to other pathogens, but these findings alone are not diagnostic of KLA. (See 'Clinical manifestations' above.) Following radiologic identification of a possible liver abscess, imageguided diagnostic aspiration should be performed to confirm a pyogenic process. Specimens should be sent for Gram stain and both aerobic and anaerobic culture. Blood cultures should be obtained from all patients with known or suspected liver abscess since KLA may be associated with bacteremia [10,11,25] DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS — The differential diagnosis of fever and right upper quadrant abdominal pain includes other hepatobiliary disease, colitis, or pneumonia. This topic is reviewed in detail separately The differential diagnosis of patients presenting with a focal liver lesion is broad and includes both malignant and infectious etiologies. Imaging studies (ultrasound or computed tomography [CT]) can usually differentiate abscess from malignancy. In some instances, however, a multilobulated abscess may mimic the heterogeneity of hepatic tumor (image 2). Conversely, necrosis of hepatic tumor can appear similar to a highly suppurative abscess on CT. In these diagnostic difficulties, diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging may be useful to differentiate between hepatic abscess and necrotic liver tumor [56,57]. However, it is possible that K. pneumoniae could be isolated from an infected and necrotic hepatic tumor [58,59]. In such a situation, the diagnosis is extremely difficult and may require tissue biopsies. This is a particular consideration in the setting of a nonresolving liver abscess. (See "Solid liver lesions: Differential diagnosis and evaluation".) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 4/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate In a patient with imaging findings consistent with a liver abscess, many different microbiological etiologies are possible and cannot be distinguished without culture or serological data. (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Microbiology'.) TREATMENT — Treatment of primary Klebsiella liver abscess (KLA) involves drainage and systemic antibiotic therapy Drainage — Percutaneous drainage guided by imaging (either ultrasonography or computed tomography [CT]) is used for both diagnosis and treatment and is preferred over surgical drainage. Percutaneous drainage for treatment is recommended even in patients in whom the diagnosis has been made on the basis of positive blood cultures In some cases, the abscess may not be amenable to immediate drainage, for example, if it is still in an immature form. Two options are to postpone drainage and monitor closely until the abscess has matured and can then be drained or to insert the drain and retain the tubing so that the abscess can drain once it becomes liquefied Surgical resection may be warranted in some instances, such as when the abscess is multiloculated, it fails to liquefy, or there is delayed resolution and a protracted course of fever. (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Drainage'.) Antibiotic choice — Treatment of KLA requires parenteral antibiotic therapy in addition to drainage. Generally, communityacquired KLA isolates remain susceptible to cephalosporins [14,60]. Resistant isolates, including those that produce extendedspectrum betalactamases (ESBL), have been rarely reported [61,62]. Initial therapy for KLA may be administered as outlined for empiric management of pyogenic liver abscess, which generally should include coverage for gramnegative and anaerobic organisms (table 1). (See "Pyogenic liver abscess", section on 'Antibiotics'.) Subsequent antibiotic therapy should be tailored to results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. In reports from Taiwan and Korea, antibiotic regimens have included extended spectrum betalactams and cephalosporins with or without aminoglycosides [1,3,14,20] There is disagreement regarding the selection of early or late generation cephalosporins. Many favor use of first generation cephalosporins (with or without an aminoglycoside) given their relatively low cost and apparent efficacy with respect to rates of mortality, metastatic infection, and complications [46]. However, others have reported higher metastatic infection rates among patients treated with cefazolin compared with those treated with a second or third generation cephalosporin, both with or without an aminoglycoside (37 versus 6 percent) [63] In regions where third generation cephalosporins are much more costly than first generation cephalosporins, cefazolin with or without an aminoglycoside may be the favored antibiotic regimen. However, third generation cephalosporins are favorable if costs are not prohibitive and/or in the setting of severe infection Although aminoglycosides penetrate abscess cavities poorly, in theory they may eradicate bloodstream organisms early in the course of infection, potentially decreasing risk for metastatic complications. However, this benefit is unproven and may be outweighed by the toxicity of aminoglycosides. (See "Aminoglycosides".) Duration of therapy — For most cases, antibiotic therapy should be administered for four to six weeks. Longer courses of treatment may be warranted for patients requiring subsequent drainage procedures or with persistent radiographic evidence of abscess. Parenteral antibiotics may be administered for the first two to three weeks until the patient has improved systemically and drainage is complete; the remainder of the course can be completed with oral agents Followup imaging should be used to monitor the response to therapy, to determine the duration of antibiotics, and to assess the need for further aspiration. In general, treatment should be continued until CT imaging https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 5/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate demonstrates complete or near complete resolution of the abscess cavity. Some abscesses with a thick capsule may leave a CT abnormality remaining after the infection has been eradicated, and other clinical findings, such as normalization of inflammatory markers, sterile cultures, and the finding of a clear cavity without debris or other content on imaging, can be helpful to distinguish this from persistent infection Treatment of metastatic infection — In addition to systemic antibiotics, local therapy or debridement may be required in patients with metastatic infection. As an example, patients with Klebsiella endophthalmitis should receive intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy. Management of the metastatic complications is discussed further in the topic reviews on those clinical syndromes PROGNOSIS — The prognosis of K. pneumoniae liver abscess (KLA) is good overall, but the metastatic complications can cause significant morbidity. The largest published experience comes from Taiwan: ● In a review of 160 cases of KLA (all but one were primary), the mortality rate was 11 percent and relapse occurred in 4.4 percent [3]. Among the 18 patients who died, the main causes of death were fulminant sepsis in nine (all with inadequate or delayed drainage of the abscess), metastatic infection in four (meningitis in two, brain and lung abscess in one, and necrotizing fasciitis in one), and rupture of the abscess in two. The mortality rate was significantly higher (41 percent) in 22 patients with polymicrobial liver abscess, all but one of whom had a biliary tract stone or intraabdominal malignancy. Sepsis was the only cause of death in these patients ● A later study evaluated 248 patients with pyogenic liver abscess (171 due to K. pneumoniae and 77 to other bacteria) [4]. The mortality rate was significantly lower in patients with K. pneumoniae infection (4.1 versus 20.8 percent), while the relapse rate was the same in the two groups (6.5 versus 6.4 percent) Although the mortality rate is relatively low, the morbidity in patients with metastatic endophthalmitis is often high despite aggressive therapy, as many patients have impaired vision or blindness [1,54,6467]. In addition, patients with meningitis may have persistent neurologic abnormalities [1,68], particularly if they have substantial neurologic impairment prior to the onset of antibiotic therapy [68]. (See "Bacterial endophthalmitis", section on 'Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis' and "Gramnegative bacillary meningitis: Treatment".) The frequency of adverse outcomes was illustrated in a report of 23 patients with KLA who had metastatic infection involving the eye or central nervous system [1]. Sixteen had severe irreversible disability, including loss of vision, quadriplegia, paraparesis, or impaired higher cortical function. Good vision at presentation and early therapy have been associated with a higher likelihood of maintenance of vision [64,65]. (See "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Endophthalmitis' and "Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection", section on 'Meningitis/brain abscess'.) SUMMARY ● Klebsiella pneumoniae primary liver abscess (KLA) occurs in the absence of hepatobiliary disease and is almost always monomicrobial. Most cases have been reported from Asia or in patients of Asian origin. (See 'Definition' above and 'Epidemiology' above.) ● Diabetes mellitus or impaired fasting glucose is the most important host risk factor for primary KLA. (See 'Host factors' above.) ● The Klebsiella isolates that cause KLA have an increased number of virulence factors compared with other Klebsiella isolates and appear to be restricted geographically. (See 'Virulence factors' above.) ● In addition to the manifestations typical of pyogenic liver abscess, such as fever, leukocytosis, right upper quadrant tenderness, and elevated liver enzymes, a minority of patients with primary KLA can develop https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 6/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate metastatic infections at other sites. The most common sites for metastatic infections are the eye, meninges, and brain. (See 'Clinical manifestations' above.) ● Imaging should be performed in patients with signs and symptoms of a liver abscess or in patients with K pneumoniae bacteremia who have persistent fevers despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis of primary KLA is made by detection of a liver abscess on imaging (ultrasound or computed tomography [CT]) followed by aspiration of the lesion for Gram stain and aerobic and anaerobic culture. (See 'Diagnosis' above.) ● Treatment of KLA requires parenteral antibiotic therapy in addition to drainage, optimally percutaneous Antibiotic choice should be based upon the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing. A thirdgeneration cephalosporin is preferable if the isolate is susceptible and cost is not prohibitive. Antibiotics should be given for at least four to six weeks, depending on abscess resolution as determined by imaging findings. (See 'Antibiotic choice' above and 'Duration of therapy' above.) ● The reported mortality rate has ranged from 4 to 11 percent. Metastatic disease to the eyes or brain can cause significant longterm morbidity. (See 'Prognosis' above.) Use of UpToDate is subject to the Subscription and License Agreement REFERENCES 1. Fang CT, Lai SY, Yi WC, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae genotype K1: an emerging pathogen that causes septic ocular or central nervous system complications from pyogenic liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:284 2. Yu WL, Ko WC, Cheng KC, et al. Association between rmpA and magA genes and clinical syndromes caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1351 3. Wang JH, Liu YC, Lee SS, et al. Primary liver abscess due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1434 4. Yang CC, Yen CH, Ho MW, Wang JH. Comparison of pyogenic liver abscess caused by nonKlebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004; 37:176 5. Chan KS, Chen CM, Cheng KC, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess: a retrospective analysis of 107 patients during a 3year period. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58:366 6. Fung CP, Chang FY, Lee SC, et al. A global emerging disease of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: is serotype K1 an important factor for complicated endophthalmitis? Gut 2002; 50:420 7. Yeh KM, Kurup A, Siu LK, et al. Capsular serotype K1 or K2, rather than magA and rmpA, is a major virulence determinant for Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in Singapore and Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:466 8. Fang CT, Chuang YP, Shun CT, et al. A novel virulence gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing primary liver abscess and septic metastatic complications. J Exp Med 2004; 199:697 9. Chuang YP, Fang CT, Lai SY, et al. Genetic determinants of capsular serotype K1 of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing primary pyogenic liver abscess. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:645 10. Ko WC, Paterson DL, Sagnimeni AJ, et al. Communityacquired Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: global differences in clinical patterns. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:160 11. Tsay RW, Siu LK, Fung CP, Chang FY. Characteristics of bacteremia between communityacquired and nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: risk factor for mortality and the impact of capsular serotypes as https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 7/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate a herald for communityacquired infection. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:1021 12. Cheng DL, Liu YC, Yen MY, et al. Septic metastatic lesions of pyogenic liver abscess. Their association with Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia in diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1557 13. Chung DR, Lee SS, Lee HR, et al. Emerging invasive liver abscess caused by K1 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea. J Infect 2007; 54:578 14. Kang CI, Kim SH, Bang JW, et al. Communityacquired versus nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: clinical features, treatment outcomes, and clinical implication of antimicrobial resistance. J Korean Med Sci 2006; 21:816 15. Okano H, Shiraki K, Inoue H, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of liver abscess in Japan. Int J Mol Med 2002; 10:627 16. Siu LK, Fung CP, Chang FY, et al. Molecular typing and virulence analysis of serotype K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from liver abscess patients and stool samples from noninfectious subjects in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3761 17. Lee KH, Hui KP, Tan WC, Lim TK. Klebsiella bacteraemia: a report of 101 cases from National University Hospital, Singapore. J Hosp Infect 1994; 27:299 18. Nadasy KA, DomiatiSaad R, Tribble MA. Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae syndrome in North America. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:e25 19. Rahimian J, Wilson T, Oram V, Holzman RS. Pyogenic liver abscess: recent trends in etiology and mortality Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1654 20. Lederman ER, Crum NF. Pyogenic liver abscess with a focus on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen: an emerging disease with unique clinical characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:322 21. Fang FC, Sandler N, Libby SJ. Liver abscess caused by magA+ Klebsiella pneumoniae in North America. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:991 22. Fierer J, Walls L, Chu P. Recurring Klebsiella pneumoniae pyogenic liver abscesses in a resident of San Diego, California, due to a K1 strain carrying the virulence plasmid. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:4371 23. McCabe R, Lambert L, Frazee B. Invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1490 24. Anstey JR, Fazio TN, Gordon DL, et al. Communityacquired Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscesses an "emerging disease" in Australia. Med J Aust 2010; 193:543 25. Yu VL, Hansen DS, Ko WC, et al. Virulence characteristics of Klebsiella and clinical manifestations of K pneumoniae bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:986 26. Harris PJ, Laczek JT, Polish RD, Fraser SL. Two cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae primary liver abscesses; an emerging clinical entity among diabetics. Hawaii Med J 2005; 64:306 27. Braiteh F, Golden MP. Cryptogenic invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess syndrome. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11:16 28. Gomez C, Broseta A, Otero JR, et al. Primary pyogenic liver abscess cause by magA+ Klebsiella pneumoniae in Spain. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2007; 29:13 29. Karama EM, Willermain F, Janssens X, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis complicating Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in Europe: case report. Int Ophthalmol 2008; 28:111 30. Keynan Y, Karlowsky JA, Walus T, Rubinstein E. Pyogenic liver abscess caused by hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis 2007; 39:828 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 8/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate 31. Hsu CR, Lin TL, Chen YC, et al. The role of Klebsiella pneumoniae rmpA in capsular polysaccharide synthesis and virulence revisited. Microbiology 2011; 157:3446 32. Vila A, Cassata A, Pagella H, et al. Appearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess syndrome in Argentina: case report and review of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Open Microbiol J 2011; 5:107 33. Sobirk SK, Struve C, Jacobsson SG. Primary Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscess with Metastatic Spread to Lung and Eye, a NorthEuropean Case Report of an Emerging Syndrome. Open Microbiol J 2010; 4:5 34. Decré D, Verdet C, Emirian A, et al. Emerging severe and fatal infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae in two university hospitals in France. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:3012 35. Merlet A, Cazanave C, Dutronc H, et al. Primary liver abscess due to CC23K1 virulent clone of Klebsiella pneumoniae in France. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:E338 36. Moore R, O'Shea D, Geoghegan T, et al. Communityacquired Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: an emerging infection in Ireland and Europe. Infection 2013; 41:681 37. Lee HC, Chuang YC, Yu WL, et al. Clinical implications of hypermucoviscosity phenotype in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: association with invasive syndrome in patients with communityacquired bacteraemia J Intern Med 2006; 259:606 38. Yu WL, Fung CP, Ko WC, et al. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for detecting capsule serotypes K1 and K2 of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing abscesses of the liver and other sites. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1235 39. Lin JC, Siu LK, Fung CP, et al. Impaired phagocytosis of capsular serotypes K1 or K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with poor glycemic control. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3084 40. Yu WL, Chan KS, Ko WC, et al. Lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae primary liver abscess caused by isolates of K1/K2 than with nonK1/K2 capsular serotypes Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1529 41. Li J, Fu Y, Wang JY, et al. Early diagnosis and therapeutic choice of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess Front Med China 2010; 4:308 42. Lin YT, Siu LK, Lin JC, et al. Seroepidemiology of Klebsiella pneumoniae colonizing the intestinal tract of healthy Chinese and overseas Chinese adults in Asian countries. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:13 43. Lin YT, Liu CJ, Yeh YC, et al. Ampicillin and amoxicillin use and the risk of Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:211 44. Sheu SJ, Kung YH, Wu TT, et al. Risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: 20year experience in Southern Taiwan. Retina 2011; 31:2026 45. Ma LC, Fang CT, Lee CZ, et al. Genomic heterogeneity in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains is associated with primary pyogenic liver abscess and metastatic infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:117 46. Lee SS, Chen YS, Tsai HC, et al. Predictors of septic metastatic infection and mortality among patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:642 47. Chuang YC, Lee MF, Tan CK, et al. Can the rmpA gene predict metastatic meningitis among patients with primary Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess? J Infect 2013; 67:166 48. Chan KS, Yu WL, Tsai CL, et al. Pyogenic liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: analysis of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of 84 patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007; 120:136 49. Hui JY, Yang MK, Cho DH, et al. Pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: US appearance and aspiration findings. Radiology 2007; 242:769 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 9/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate 50. Alsaif HS, Venkatesh SK, Chan DS, Archuleta S. CT appearance of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Radiology 2011; 260:129 51. Lee NK, Kim S, Lee JW, et al. CT differentiation of pyogenic liver abscesses caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae vs nonKlebsiella pneumoniae. Br J Radiol 2011; 84:518 52. Kawai T. Hypermucoviscosity: an extremely sticky phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with emerging destructive tissue abscess syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1359 53. Chou FF, Kou HK. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with pyogenic hepatic abscess. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 182:33 54. Sheu SJ, Chou LC, Hong MC, et al. Risk factors for endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 2002; 65:534 55. Keynan Y, Rubinstein E. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae: an emerging disease in Southeast Asia and beyond. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2008; 10:343 56. Awaya H, Ito K, Honjo K, et al. Differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors with delayed enhancement at gadoliniumenhanced MRI: a pictorial essay. Clin Imaging 1998; 22:180 57. Chan JH, Tsui EY, Luk SH, et al. Diffusionweighted MR imaging of the liver: distinguishing hepatic abscess from cystic or necrotic tumor. Abdom Imaging 2001; 26:161 58. Huang CI, Wang LY, Yeh ML, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver abscess. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2009; 25:537 59. Chong VH, Lim KS. Pyogenic liver abscess as the first manifestation of hepatobiliary malignancy Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2009; 8:547 60. Lin TL, Tang SI, Fang CT, et al. Extendedspectrum betalactamase genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Taiwan: recharacterization of shv27, shv41, and tem116. Microb Drug Resist 2006; 12:12 61. Li W, Sun G, Yu Y, et al. Increasing occurrence of antimicrobialresistant hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in China. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:225 62. Su SC, Siu LK, Ma L, et al. Communityacquired liver abscess caused by serotype K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae with CTXM15type extendedspectrum betalactamase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:804 63. Cheng HP, Siu LK, Chang FY. Extendedspectrum cephalosporin compared to cefazolin for treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniaecaused liver abscess. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2088 64. Chen YJ, Kuo HK, Wu PC, et al. A 10year comparison of endogenous endophthalmitis outcomes: an east Asian experience with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Retina 2004; 24:383 65. Tan YM, Chee SP, Soo KC, Chow P. Ocular manifestations and complications of pyogenic liver abscess World J Surg 2004; 28:38 66. Yoon YH, Lee SU, Sohn JH, Lee SE. Result of early vitrectomy for endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Retina 2003; 23:366 67. Ang M, Jap A, Chee SP. Prognostic factors and outcomes in endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151:338 68. Fang CT, Chen YC, Chang SC, et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis: timing of antimicrobial therapy and prognosis. QJM 2000; 93:45 Topic 3124 Version 14.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 10/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate GRAPHICS Liver abscess A contrastenhanced CT scan of the upper abdomen demonstrates a large gas containing abscess in the right lobe of the liver. This location is easily amenable to percutaneous CTguided drainage CT: computed tomography Courtesy of Jonathan Kruskal, MD, PhD Graphic 61510 Version 3.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 11/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess Computed tomography (CT) of a primary liver abscess due to Klebsiella pneumoniae. The multiloculated appearance can make radiographic distinction from a hepatic tumor difficult. In such cases, diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful to better differentiate between abscess and tumor Courtesy of WenLiang Yu, MD and YinChing Chuang, MD Graphic 83712 Version 1.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 12/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate Empiric antibiotic therapy for gramnegative and anaerobic pathogens Regimen Dose (adult)* First choice Monotherapy with a betalactam/betalactamase inhibitor: Ampicillinsulbactam ¶ 3 g IV every six hours Piperacillintazobactam Δ 3.375 or 4.5 g IV every six hours Ticarcillinclavulanate 3.1 g IV every four hours Combination third generation cephalosporin PLUS metronidazole: Ceftriaxone plus 1 g IV every 24 hours or 2 g IV every 12 hours for CNS infections Metronidazole 500 mg IV every eight hours Alternative empiric regimens Combination fluoroquinolone ◊ PLUS metronidazole: Ciprofloxacin or 400 mg IV every 12 hours Levofloxacin plus 500 or 750 mg IV once daily Metronidazole 500 mg IV every eight hours Monotherapy with a carbapenem §: Imipenemcilastatin 500 mg IV every six hours Meropenem 1 g IV every eight hours Doripenem 500 mg IV every eight hours Ertapenem ¥ 1 g IV once daily * Antibiotic doses should be adjusted appropriately for patients with renal insufficiency or other doserelated consideration. ¶ E coli resistance to Ampicillinsulbactam is emerging in some areas; check local susceptibility data. Δ Some clinicians use 4.5 g every eight hours for empiric therapy since the percent time above the MIC is similar between the regimens for most pathogens; however, this regimen is NOT recommended for nosocomial pneumonia or Pseudomonas coverage. Please refer to UpToDate topics on the "Treatment of hospitalacquired, ventilatorassociated, and healthcare associated pneumonia in adults" and "Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections". ◊ Fluoroquinolones are generally avoided in pregnant women due to potential fetal toxicity. § Use carbapenems cautiously in patients with immediatetype hypersensitivity to betalactams. ¥ Ertapenem lacks activity against Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas and is not an appropriate choice for severe or nosocomial infection Graphic 67894 Version 15.0 https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 13/14 3/10/2017 Invasive liver abscess syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae UpToDate Contributor Disclosures Wen-Liang Yu, MD Nothing to disclose Yin-Ching Chuang, MD Nothing to disclose Stephen B Calderwood, MD Patent Holder: Vaccine Technologies Inc [Vaccines (Cholera vaccines)] Equity Ownership/Stock Options: Pulmatrix [Infectious diseases (Inhaled antimicrobials)]; PharmAthene [Anthrax (Antibody therapies)] Allyson Bloom, MD Nothing to disclose Contributor disclosures are reviewed for conflicts of interest by the editorial group When found, these are addressed by vetting through a multi-level review process, and through requirements for references to be provided to support the content Appropriately referenced content is required of all authors and must conform to UpToDate standards of evidence Conflict of interest policy https://www.uptodate.com/contents/invasiveliverabscesssyndromecausedbyklebsiellapneumoniae/print 14/14 ... https://www .uptodate. com/contents /invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?klebsiella? ?pneumoniae/ print 11/14 3/10/2017 Invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?Klebsiella? ?pneumoniae? ?? ?UpToDate Klebsiella? ?pneumoniae? ?liver? ?abscess. .. https://www .uptodate. com/contents /invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?klebsiella? ?pneumoniae/ print 5/14 3/10/2017 Invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?Klebsiella? ?pneumoniae? ?? ?UpToDate. .. https://www .uptodate. com/contents /invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?klebsiella? ?pneumoniae/ print 8/14 3/10/2017 Invasive? ?liver? ?abscess? ?syndrome? ?caused? ?by? ?Klebsiella? ?pneumoniae? ? UpToDate