National Climate Assessment Regional Technical Input Report Series Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment Edited by: Roger Griffis Jennifer Howard Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment © 2013 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions Reproduction of this report by electronic means for personal and noncommercial purposes ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Printed on recycled, acid-free paper ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Note: This technical input document in its current form does not represent a Federal document ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ or Tribal Government or Non-Governmental entity Suggested Citation: Ĝǰȱǯȱȱ ǰȱ ǯȱǽǯǾǯȱŘŖŗřǯȱOceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate: A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment Washington, DC: Island Press Keywords: Climate change, climate variability, oceans, adaptation, extreme events, ocean ęǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱĴǰȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱǰȱęǰȱȬǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱǰȱ¢ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱĴǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ NCA author teams ȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Commerce ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴDZȱ April 17, 2012 ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱŘŖŗřǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱOceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual ReviewǰȱŘŖŗřǰȱśŗǰȱŝŗȬŗşŘǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ DZ ȱ ĜDZȱǯǯĜȓǯȱřŖŗȬŚŘŝȬŞŗřŚ ȱ DZȱǯ ȓǯȱřŖŗȬŚŘŝȬŞŗŝř ȱȱ DZ Courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration About This Series This report is published as one of a series of technical inputs to the National Climate Assessment (NCA) 2013 report The NCA is being conducted under the auspices of the ȱȱȱȱȱŗşşŖǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱgress every four years on the status of climate change science and impacts The NCA informs the nation about already observed changes, the current status of the climate, and ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯǯȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ and environmentally sound plans for the nation’s future ȱȱȱŘŖŗŗǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȬȱ£ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŗřǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ developing this technical input The lead authors for related chapters in the 2013 NCA ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ are using these technical input reports as important source material By publishing this ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱDZ ȱȱȱęȱ DZȱ ȱȱ Coastal Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerabilities Great Plains Regional Technical Input Report Climate Change in the Midwest: A Synthesis Report for the National Climate Assessment Climate Change in the Northeast: A Sourcebook Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes, Waters, and Communities Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate Climate of the Southeast United States: Variability, Change, Impacts, and Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱǻ Ǽȱ ȱȱwww.cakex.org/NCAreports Printed copies are available for ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱwww.islandpress.org/NCAreports 178 OCEANS AND MARINE RESOURCES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE A.4 Subsistence Fisheries For generations, subsistence harvesting of marine resources has been important to rural ȱȱȱǯǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱlihoods In addition to providing basic nutrition and sustenance, subsistence activities ȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ Ȭ being, family structures, and resource conservation Based on the numerous physical and biological changes that are occurring in the ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱŘȱȱřǼǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱǰȱęȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ¢ȱ ȱ .ǰȱ ŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ lach et al., 2011) Perhaps most importantly, subsistence resource users are typically the least mobile constituency of all marine resource users due to their strong, place-based cultural identities and/or limited incomes Partly because of this, many subsistence resource users fall ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱŗŘŞşŞȱǻśşȱȱŝŜŘşǰȱŗşşŚǼǰȱȃȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȭ ȱǯȄȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǯǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱęǯ North Pacific ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ¢ǯȱ Northern people have relied for millennia on the landscape for their food through a ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ęǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱęǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ ęȱǻCaulolatilus princeps) is the noȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱǰȱŗşŞŜǰȱǰȱŗşŜşǰȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĜ¢Ȭȱȱęȱȱȱǯǯȱ ȱǰȱęǰȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢Dzȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ are more reliant on harvesting marine mammals Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the U.S ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȬŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǰȱ ŘřǰŝŞŖȱȱȬęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱşŞşǰŘŜŜȱ ǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ in 177 communities around the state (Fall et al., 2011) ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱǻ Ǽȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖřǯȱȱ ȱ ŘŖŖşǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŝŝȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱŚŚǰşŞşȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŞśŗǰśŝşȱȱǻȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ A-7) ȱŘŖŖŘȱȱŘŖŖŝǰȱȱȱśŜȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȬŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱŞŗŖǰŝśŝȱęȱǻŗǰŚŖŚǰŘŗŝȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȬęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŖȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŝǰȱ ȱ ȱ řŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱǰȱřŘǰŚŝŞȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŞřǰŖřřȱȱ ȱ ȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǻȱȬŞǼǯȱ ȱ ŘŖŗŖǰȱ ȱ ȱ ŗřȱ polar bears (Ursus maritimusǼǰȱŜŝŞȱ ȱǻOdobenidae divergensǼȱȱşŜşȱȱĴȱǻEnhydra lutris kenyoniǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻDelphinapterus leucasǼȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱŘŘŘȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŘŖŖŜȱǻȱȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱŚǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯ Other subsistence fisheries ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǯȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱȬȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱęǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱęȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ǯ 179 180 OCEANS AND MARINE RESOURCES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE West coast Native Americans have harvested marine resources along the West Coast for centuries ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ǻȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱśŖȱ¢Ȭ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŘşȱȱǰȱŗŖȱȱȱȱŗŗȱȱǼǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȦȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱę¢ȱęȱǯȱȱǰȱŘŖȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ resources (NOAA Fisheries, 2009a) ȱ¡ęȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ŞŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱǰȱ ȱ¢ǰȱşşȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱDzȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ on a vast array of marine resources for subsistence near their reservations or traditional ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ vests such as Dungeness crab (Cancer magisterǼǰȱǰȱȱǻPanopea abrupta), butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus), and manila clams (Corbicula manilensis) In central Puget ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱtence purposes Tribes in the southern reaches of Puget Sound rely primarily on chum ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ cultural context and values of each tribe are intimately tied to salmon harvests and consumption In addition, members of many tribes collect salmon for ceremonial purposes ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱĴȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ for reporting are often absent These realities lend themselves to absent or underreported subsistence harvest data through the states’ formal reporting programs Figure A-10 deȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ 25 percent of their total catch for personal consumption (Impact Assessment, 2005) ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱȬşǼǯȱ ȱȱdance is considered to be one of the main factors in this decline (Impact Assessment, ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖȱ ȱ ŚŖȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŘŖśŖȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻĴȱȱ., 2007) Given that so many tribes depend on salmon for ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯǯȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ of tribal communities (Colombi, 2009) ȱȱȱęęȱȱęǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the U.S A B C D Figure A-7a–d Relative harvests of non-salmon fish, salmon, marine invertebrates, and halibut in subsistence reliance communities around Alaska Points on the maps represent species group harvests in individual communities The point size varies based on the relative harvest of each community’s residents compared to all other communities harvesting that species group in the state (Source: Amber Himes-Cornell, NOAA) ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ In addition to the subsistence harvests of marine resources by tribal entities, subsistence harvests by non-tribal individuals on urban and rural coastal piers throughout ȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖśDzȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȭǰȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱŗŘŞşŞȱǻȱ ȱǰȱȱ ǼǯȱȱȬęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ 181 182 OCEANS AND MARINE RESOURCES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE A B C D Figure A-8a–d Relative harvests of walrus, beluga whales, polar bears, and sea otters in subsistence reliance communities around Alaska Points on the maps represent species group harvests in individual communities The point size varies based on the relative harvest of each community’s residents compared to all other communities harvesting that species group in the state (Source: Amber HimesCornell, NOAA) ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ exists to document these activities Extant data on non-tribal subsistence and personal ȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱȱȱǰȱȱ Ǽǯȱȱ¡ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęǰȱ Řŝȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱ ȱǰȱȱ Ǽǯ Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the U.S Figure A-9 Total number of salmon taken by Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission tribes (Source: Impact Assessment, 2005) Northeast ȱȱȱęȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ£ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǯȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ.ǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱ.ȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱ¢Ȭȱęȱȱǰȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȬǯ ȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱȱȱŘŞȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱtimated 33 percent rely on their catch as a cost-saving food source or as a supplement ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ (72 percent), half reported using at least some of their catch for personal consumption 183 184 OCEANS AND MARINE RESOURCES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE ȱ ȱ .ȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ŝŞřǰŖŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ŗŘŝǰŖŖŖȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱŗŖśǰŖŖŖȱȱȱȬȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱŗǯŘŘȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱŜşǯŞȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŚǯŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȬȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ minority ȱ ȱ (2009) also noted that approximately 12 percent of anglers in the ȱ ȱ Ȭęęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻŗŜǯśȱǼȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱęęȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ęęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖśȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻMorone saxatilisǼǰȱȱĚȱǻParalichthys dentatusǼǰȱęȱǻPomatomus saltatrixǼǰȱȱȱǻMicropogonias undulatus), and ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻCentropristis striataǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŝśȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ consumed species Pacific Islands ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ Ȃǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱęǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱĜǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȬȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ or even the trip ȱ Ȃǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱǻ £ǰȱŘŖŖŘDzȱǰȱŗşşŜǼǯȱȱ Ěȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¡ǯȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŜȱ¢ȱȱŚŖŖȱ ȱ ȱęȱǻȱȱĜǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ¢ȱŚŖȱȱȱȱǰȱęȱȱęȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱǯȱȱȱŘŝȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ most of their trips, 25 percent for some of their trips, and less than 10 percent said that ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȱȬȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ £ǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǰȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ.ȱǻŘŖŗŗǼȱȱȱřŞȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱşŝȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the U.S ȱ ȱ ęȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ŜŘȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗşşŚǼȱȱȱŘŞȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱřŞȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȽȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱcurement, including exercise, recreation, time spent in nature, a sense of environmental ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ is a basis for sharing and gift-giving as both a process of reciprocity and providing reȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ continue to provide a source of food for a variety of celebrations and events, further culȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ Ȃǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȬȱ Ěȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱęǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ their catch for personal consumption A 2011 survey of Marianas archipelago commerȱęȱǻ ȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǻŞŚȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ĴęȱęȱǻŞşȱǼǰȱȱȱȱęȱǻşŘȱǼȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŘȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻŘşȱ Ǽȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻřřȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱǻŘśȱǼȱȱȱȱȱǻŞȱǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱŗşȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱŘŚȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱŞȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱmunity or cultural events ȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱęǰȱȂȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱȱȱěȱęȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŜśȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęDzȱȱǰȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǻŗŞȱǼȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱęȱȱǻŗŜȱǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęǯȱȱȱȱǻśŗȱǼȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱęȱǻşŜȱǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻřŜȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ǻŗřȱ ǼǰȱȱȱǻŚŝȱǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȬŗşŞŖǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ ǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱDzȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ 185 186 OCEANS AND MARINE RESOURCES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭ ǰȱŗşŞşǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ to the subsistence needs of the Chamorro population and in preserving their history ȱ¢ȱǻȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ ȱȱȬȱȱęȱǻ¢ȱȱ ȬǰȱŗşŞşǼǯ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ŘŖŖśȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŚŘśȱȱȱřŚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱśśȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱȱ.ǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱęǰȱ¢ǰȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ as a food source is one that might be expected from a society that has been undergoing a shift from a subsistence-oriented economy to a cash economy (Levine and Allen, 2009); ǰȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱatule and paloloȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱ£ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱ ěǰȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱ¡ȱęȱǼǯ Southeast ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ subsistence livelihoods today (NOAA Fisheries, 2009a) Coastal counties and parishes ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşŞşǼǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱǰȱ ęǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşŞşDzȱȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ References ǰȱǯȱǭȱ¢ǰȱǯȱŘŖŖŖǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŖǻŚǼǰȱǰȱ ¢ǯ ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȬǰȱ ǯȱǭȱǰȱǯȱŘŖŗŗǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬ indigenous species Gracilaria vermiculophylla ǻ¢ǼȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ de Aveiro lagoon, Portugal European Journal of Phycology 46ǰȱŚśřȬŚŜŚǯ Acclimatise 2009a Understanding the investment implications of adapting to climate change - oil and gas.ȱ¡ǰȱǯ ǯDZȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Acclimatise 2009b ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱŘŖŖŞǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¡ǰȱǯ ǯDZȱȱȱȱȱment Ltd ǰȱ ǯȱǯȱŘŖŖřǯȱCapturing the Commons: Devising Institutions to Manage the Maine Lobster Industryǯȱ ȱȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯ Adger, N W., 2003 Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change Economic GeographyȱŝşȱǻŚǼDZȱřŞŝȬŚŖŚǯ ȱǯǯǰȱ ¡ǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯB., Wilson, C.D., Pierce, S & Francis, R.C 2007 ȱȱęȱDZȱȱȱȱǯȱJournal of Marine Systems ŝŗ, ŘřŝȬŘŚŞǯȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǭȱ ¡ǰȱǯǯȱŘŖŖŜǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻMerluccius productusǼȱȱȱ ȱȬȱ Ě ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Ŝř, ŘŜŚŞȬŘŜśşǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ ǼǯȱŘŖŗŗǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱǻ Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱĴǯȱȱ¢ȱŘŖŗŗǰȱȱ ĴDZȦȦ ǯǯǯȦȦ Ȧǯ ǰȱ ǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ Ĵǰȱǯǰȱ £Ȃǰȱǯȱǭȱ ǰȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘŖȱȱŘŗȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ £¢ȱAtmospheric and Oceanic Physics ŚřǰȱŜŝśȬŜŞŜǯ ¡ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ £ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱ ǯǯǰȱǭȱǰȱ ǯǯȱŘŖŖŞǯȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ River Basin, Environmental Science and Technology ŚŘǰȱŞŘŘȬŞřŖǯ ǰȱǯȱȱǯȱǯȱŘŖŖŞȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱŘŖŖŞǯȱęȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȬŖŞȬŖŗǰȱǯȱŘŖŖŞǯ ǰȱǯȱǯȱȱ ... Oceans and Marine Resources in a Changing Climate A Technical Input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment © 2013 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration All rights reserved... Ocean Policy and Management Incorporating climate change into marine spatial planning and marine protected area design Integrating climate change into fisheries management Efforts to integrate climate. .. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Michael Graham, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Anne Hollowed, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jennifer Howard, AAAS Science and