Food production, preservation and distribution contribute to greenhouse gas emissions from the agri-food sector, therefore food producers require detailed, industrially relevant information that addresses these challenges The food industry, as one of the world’s largest users of energy, must embrace new ways of meeting the needs of the present without compromising future viability It is important that the industry does not merely focus on simple indicators of sustainability that are relatively easy to calculate and hold appeal for governments and the public, but which not properly address the many dimensions of sustainability This book provides a comprehensive overview of both economic sustainability and the environmental concerns that relate to food processing It is divided into four sections Part one deals with principles and assessment of sustainability in the context of food processing; Part two summarises sustainability in various food processing applications within the food industry; Part three considers sustainability in food manufacturing operations that are vital in food production systems; and Part four addresses sustainable food distribution and consumption As the most comprehensive reference book for industry to date, this book will provide engineers, educators, researchers, policy makers and scientists working in the food industry with a valuable resource for their work Dr Brijesh K Tiwari is a Senior Research Officer in the Department of Food Biosciences at the Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland Dr Tomas Norton is a Senior Lecturer in Biosystems Engineering in the Engineering Department of Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK Sustainable Food Processing Edited by Brijesh K Tiwari, Tomas Norton and Nicholas M Holden Tiwari Norton Holden The Editors Sustainable Food Processing Food processors face numerous challenges from ever-changing economic, social and environmental conditions With global inequalities increasing, ingredient costs climbing, and global climate change becoming a major political issue, food producers must now address environmental concerns, social responsibility and economic viability when shaping their food processing techniques for the future Professor Nicholas M Holden is Associate Professor of Biosystems Engineering and Head of Agricultural Systems Technology at University College Dublin, Ireland Also available Handbook of Food Process Design Edited by Dr Jasim Ahmed and Dr Mohammad Shafiur Rahman ISBN 978-1-4443-3011-3 Sustainable Dairy Production Edited by Peter de Jong ISBN 978-0-470-65584-9 Handbook of Sustainability for the Food Sciences By Rubén O Morawicki ISBN 978-0-8138-1735-4 www.wiley.com/go/food ISBN 978-0-470-67223-5 780470 672235 Tiwari_Sustainable_9780470672235_hb.indd 26/09/2013 09:17 FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page Sustainable Food Processing FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page Sustainable Food Processing Edited by Brijesh K Tiwari Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland Tomas Norton Department of Engineering, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK Nicholas M Holden School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page This edition first published 2014 # 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley com/ wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sustainable food processing / edited by Brijesh K Tiwari, Tomas Norton, and Nicholas M Holden pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-67223-5 (cloth) Food industry and trade Processed foods Food industry and trade–Environmental aspects Sustainable agriculture I Tiwari, Brijesh K II Norton, Tomas III Holden, Nicholas M TP370.5.S935 2013 664–dc23 2013018939 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Cover image: Egg Factory: Istock # Choja Agricultural Storage: Istock # YinYang Sorting Potatoes: Istock # bluebird13 Cover design by Meaden Creative Set in 10.5/12.5pt Times Ten Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida 2014 FTOC 09/28/2013 10:21:34 Page Contents List of Contributors vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xv Introduction Brijesh K Tiwari, Tomas Norton and Nicholas M Holden Section 1: Principles and Assessment Current Concepts and Applied Research in Sustainable Food Processing 11 Wayne Martindale, Tim Finnigan and Louise Needham Environmental Sustainability in Food Processing 39 Poritosh Roy, Takahiro Orikasa, Nobutaka Nakamura and Takeo Shiina Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Food Processing 63 Nicholas M Holden and Ming-Jia Yan Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 93 Colm D Everard, Colette C Fagan and Kevin P McDonnell Risk Analysis for a Sustainable Food Chain 103 Uma Tiwari and Enda Cummins Section 2: Food Processing Applications Dairy Processing 125 127 Anwesha Sarkar, Lakshmi Dave, Anant Dave and Shantanu Das Meat Processing 169 Daniel M Anang Seafood Processing Christian James, Graham Purnell and Stephen J James 195 FTOC 09/28/2013 10:21:34 Page vi CONTENTS 10 Sustainable Processing of Fresh-Cut Fruit and Vegetables 219 11 Sustainable Food Grain Processing 269 Francisco Artes-Hernandez, Perla A Gomez, Encarna Aguayo, Alejandro Tomas-Callejas and Francisco Artes Anil Kumar Anal, Imran Ahmad, Jiraporn Sripinyowanich and Athapol Noomhorm 12 Sustainable Brewing 295 Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan and N N Misra 13 Sustainable Processed Food 313 Anne Sibbel Section 3: Food Manufacturing Operations 14 Concept of Sustainable Packaging System and Its Development 337 339 Jasim Ahmed and Tanweer Alam 15 Sustainable Cleaning and Sanitation in the Food Industry 363 Tomas Norton and Brijesh K Tiwari 16 Energy Consumption and Reduction Strategies in Food Processing 377 Lijun Wang 17 Water Consumption, Reuse and Reduction Strategies in Food Processing 401 18 Food Industry Waste Management 435 € Hu€lya Olmez Belarmino Adenso-Dıaz and Carlos Mena 19 Sustainable Cold Chain 463 Stephen J James and Christian James Section 4: Food Distribution and Consumption 20 National and International Food Distribution: Do Food Miles Really Matter? 497 499 David Coley, Michael Winter and Mark Howard 21 Sustainable Global Food Supply Networks 521 Ultan McCarthy, Ismail Uysal, Magalie Laniel, Gerard Corkery, Francis Butler, Kevin P McDonnell and Shane Ward 22 Sustainable Food Consumption 539 Kritika Mahadevan Index 557 FLOC 09/28/2013 10:29:29 Page List of Contributors Belarmino Adenso-Díaz, Escuela Politecnica de Ingenieros, Universidad de Oviedo, Gijon, Spain Encarna Aguayo, Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain; Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Imran Ahmad, Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Jasim Ahmed, Food & Nutrition Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Tanweer Alam, Indian Institute of Packaging, Delhi, India Anil Kumar Anal, Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Dr Daniel M Anang, Department of Food and Consumer Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Francisco Artes, Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Francisco Artes-Hernandez, Postharvest andRefrigeration Group,Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Francis Butler, UCD School of Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland David Coley, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, UK Gerard Corkery, UCD School of Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland FLOC 09/28/2013 10:29:29 viii Page LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Enda Cummins, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland Shantanu Das, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Anant Dave, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Lakshmi Dave, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Colm D Everard, School of Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Colette C Fagan, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK Dr Tim Finnigan, Technical Director, Quorn Foods Ltd, Stokesley, North Yorkshire, UK Perla A G omez, Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Food Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain Nicholas M Holden, School of Biosystems Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland Mark Howard, Centre for Rural Policy Research, Department of Politics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK Christian James, Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), The Grimsby Institute (GIFHE), Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, UK Stephen J James, Food Refrigeration & Process Engineering Research Centre (FRPERC), The Grimsby Institute (GIFHE), Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire, UK Magalie Laniel, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA Dr Kritika Mahadevan, Department of Food and Consumer Technology, Hollings Faculty, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK Dr Wayne Martindale, Corporate Social Responsibility Group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK Ultan McCarthy, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 567 INDEX Fair Trade Foundation 21 fair trade movements 319 fair trade policy 116, 301 false perception 426 family Saccharomycetaceae 373 fan 2, 11, 36, 231, 236, 238, 255, 300, 309 fan motors 471 electronic commutated 471 fan speeds 489 farm 19, 23, 66, 82–3, 109, 111, 117, 120, 132, 158–9, 174, 221, 275, 506–8, 510–14 individual 513 neighbouring 46 single 512 farm activities 153 farm animals 384 farm conditions 275 farm costs 60, 519 farm gate 86, 509–10 farm level 301, 530 farm life 530 farm site 505 farmed fish 197 farmer education 551 farmers 3, 275, 296, 315–16, 319, 456, 459 helping 158 international 552 farming commercial 318 intensive 319 organic 59, 102, 519 organic sheep 50 farming and food strategy 500 farming communities 319 farming cooperatives 319 farming foresight study 19 farming practices 331 intensive 318 farming region 102 farming systems 28, 54, 88, 546 integrated arable 517 organic pig 50 fat 24, 36, 44, 68, 134, 140, 142, 145–6, 151, 175, 177–9, 184, 314–15, 320, 322 567 excess 179 saturated 550 fat droplets 141 fat fryers, deep 466 fat globule size distributions 165 fat globules 141, 149 small 141 fat-rich products 151 fat trimmings 180 fatty acid composition of melon 250 fatty acids omega 26 saturated 327 unsaturated 177 fatty acids linoleic 247 feasibility 244, 304, 311, 389, 408, 412, 469 technical 421 technological 116 feasibility assessment 423 feature, special 383 Federal Register 253, 255 feedback 106, 332 feedback inhibition 243 feedback loop 205 feeding 122, 460, 554 cows 145 wet 449 feedstocks 147, 287 feedwater 138 fermentation 25, 140, 142–3, 167, 225, 243, 288, 297, 303, 306, 313, 389 anaerobic 241–2 ethanol 555 solid state 309 fermentation process 142, 373 fermentation stage 142 fermentation tanks 301, 404 fermentation temperature–time 142 fermented milk products 140 fermented products 147, 177, 384 fermented sausage 177 fertilizer 50, 76, 82, 182, 210, 296–7, 300, 445 chemical 297 BINDEX 09/28/2013 568 15:9:26 Page 568 INDEX fertilizer production 76 fibre production 42–3 fibres, plant-derived 341 fibril dispersions 164 fibril morphology 164 filler 351 fillet 207, 486 frozen 207 filleting 84, 202–3, 416, 487–9 filleting line 487 film area 226 film dries 139 film process production 351 film production 351 film selectivity 226 films 137, 139, 233, 342, 363 agro-based 342 barrier 241 based nanocomposite 349 complex 226 conventional 226 conventional non-perforated 226 dried 139 high-barrier 241 micro-perforated 255, 256 microporous 226 petroleum-based 342 polymeric 226 using low permeability 241 filtration 31, 370, 394, 409–10, 415 mash 302 filtration particle removal 409 final distribution 508 Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards 193 final washing 181 final water rinsing 422 financial burden 535 financial gain 525 financial support 249 financial targets 522 fingerprint 531 finished form 406 finished product 143, 212–13, 246, 355, 365, 373, 379, 404, 486, 491 branded 315 finished rice product 270 finished wine product 373 firmness 142, 236, 242 firms, multinational 441 first-expired-first-out (FEFO) 528 first-in-first-out 528 fish 26, 44, 74, 84, 91, 95, 111, 114, 182, 197, 201–3, 208–13, 416, 486–9, 547 behaviour 217 bones 95 chilled 487 cold chain 217, 495 commodities 206 consumption 83 dried 384 exposed 489 flesh 95 fresh 207 harvesting stage 83, 197 individual 202 industry 122, 486 Fish Industry Authority 218 markets 212 meal 84, 210, 384 oil 210, 211, 483 packed 488 paste products 218 white 204 pond 304 preserved 384 preserving 205 processing 210, 218, 421 processing chain 197 processing sectors 421 production 213 products 84, 201 protein 210 protein hydrolysate 210 samples 111 sector 384 smoked 109 stocks 205 storing 200 fisheries 51, 58, 200, 215, 217, 548 Fisheries, Marine 218 Fisheries Research 89, 218 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 569 INDEX Fishes 217 fishing 197, 215, 439, 445, 552 fishing boats 211, 213 fishing fleet 84 fishing gear 211 fishing operations 197, 201 fishing vessels 197, 201, 216, 494 large 201 sized 197, 200 fishmeal 210 Five a Day initiative 24 five-day period 175 five-fold 208, 470 fixed compressed air leakage 386 fixed number 152 flaking equipments 187 flame, open 137 flavonoid biosynthesis 239 flavonoid contents 238 flavonoids 237, 240, 246 including 245 flavonolquercetin 246 flavour compounds 141 flavourings 204 flavours 25–6, 132, 140–3, 210, 220, 243, 248, 296, 322 smoked 185 unami 25 flesh 236, 244, 265 unused 244 flesh nectarines, white 245 flesh softening 243 flexible flow 459 flocculation 409 floor coverings 349 floors 95, 139, 175, 203, 371, 404 thicker 212, 465 Florence 37 Florida 192, 252 flotation 300 dissolved air 410, 415 flotation tank 301 flour 303, 314, 322, 385 soybean 270 flow 72, 75, 78, 210, 286, 305, 366–9, 409, 505, 521 concurrent 275 569 fluid 364, 367–8 minimum water 425 physical 69 pulsating 369 state turbulent 369 total mass 78 transient 369 flow rates, high 203 flow restrictors 420 flow velocity 368 relatively low 369 flow velocity field 367 fluctuations 315, 368 local 368 flue gases 286 hot 387 stack 387 fluid 367, 368, 397 low-pressure 397 fluid action 368 fluid ejection 396 fluid exchange 368 fluid exudation 223 fluid milk 128, 132–6, 138, 140, 153, 159, 166, 399 packaged 132 pasteurized 129, 135 supplies 148 fluid phase 397 fluid stream 389 fluidized bed 485 fluidized bed dryers 275, 277, 281 commercial 277 well-mixed 279, 290 fluorescens 235 flux 421 behaviour 431 high 416 focus 2, 4–5, 12, 14, 17, 32–3, 65, 67–8, 70, 72–3, 78–9, 81, 86–7, 196, 500 international 521 significant 81 small-scale 64 focus groups 461 fodder production 132, 161 foils 348–9 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 570 570 food animal 48 available 50 balanced 54 canned 313–14, 390, 404 cheap 3, 41 chilled 442, 482–3, 494 consumed 436 consumer-led 35 current 22, 316 deactivating key 230 deliberate 111 developing 464, 490 discarded 455 edible 437 enrich 547 fast 442 fatty 355 fortifying 322 fresh 455 fresh-cut 248 frozen 28, 211, 445, 476, 483 healthier 149 high risk 176 higher quality household 462 human 111, 119, 547 imported 29 improving 46 improving water-intensive 402 making 314 manufactured 321, 545 matter 170 pet 217 post-harvest 399 producing gluten-free 315 quality 500 reduced-fat 149 refrigerated 206, 475–6 safe 6, 40, 120, 463, 551 sea 127 solid 392, 396 stable probiotic 165 staple 322–3, 383 supplying 316 traceable transporting 477 INDEX food aid 53 Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) 49–50, 56, 89, 103–5, 107–8, 110–13, 115–16, 118–20, 122–3, 190–1, 215, 334, 438, 548–9, 554 estimates 179 expert consultation 37 fisheries 215 international symposium on Dairy Safety and Hygiene 167 perspective 191 Rome 122 STAT 36 statistical database 56 Food and Drink Federation 445, 459–60 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 224, 229, 234, 255 food animals 482 food applications 166, 299 food availability 52, 440 Food Banks 456 food businesses 33, 549 food chain 3, 6, 40, 56, 65, 81, 84, 86–7, 89, 103–17, 120–2, 182, 270, 518 food chain integrity 536 food choices 18, 47, 88, 105, 329, 543–4, 551, 554–5 food commodities 114, 383 food companies 17, 22, 27, 29, 127, 161, 324, 326–7, 330, 440 multinational 321 food components 40, 62, 240 food composition 236, 258, 331 food constituents 232 food consumption 4, 7, 11, 48, 53–6, 188, 335, 438, 539, 542, 544–6, 550, 554 ethical 552 projected 543 total 48 food consumption patterns 91, 191 food consumption trends 36 food contaminants 124 food crisis 119 food culture 17 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 571 INDEX food demand, manufactured 15 food distribution 50, 500 national 502–3, 505, 507 Food Distribution and Consumption 497 food distribution chain 355 food drying 394, 398 food factories 154, 213, 418, 433, 485–6 food grain processing food grains 42, 274–5, 277 food group 110, 116 food habits 52, 454 food handlers 222 food hazard assessment 365 food hazards 105, 187 Food Home Delivery 519 food hygiene 408 food industry 5–7, 24–7, 39–40, 43–6, 51–4, 332–6, 363–70, 373–5, 377– 83, 385–90, 397–9, 403, 405–9, 418–20, 426–9 food industry manufactures products 438 food industry ozone 369 food industry ranks 377 food industry stakeholders 407 food industry standards 408 food industry sustainability strategy (FISS) 19, 35, 334, 405, 407, 430, 492, 500, 517 food industry waste 60 food ingredients 14, 245, 263, 288 value-added 267 food insecurity 324, 541 food intake, recommended 50 food irradiation 267, 392, 400 food items 356, 361, 392, 396, 441 food labelling 325 low-fat 88 food labels 34 food losses 40–2, 52, 355–6, 361, 464, 548 addressing America’s 461 food manufacture 31, 443, 475 food manufacturers 19, 104, 118, 314–15, 317, 320, 325, 327, 351, 390, 443, 466, 551–2 571 food manufacturing 7, 18–20, 24–5, 34, 314, 317, 319, 327, 331, 335, 382, 435, 443 modern 325 specialty 382 stimulated 17 food manufacturing companies 20 food manufacturing decisions 326 food manufacturing efficiency 496 food manufacturing industry 329, 378, 380, 389, 443 food manufacturing operations 5–6, 433 food manufacturing processes 33, 443 food manufacturing requirement 22 food manufacturing sectors 31, 382–3, 443 food materials 356, 359 food matrix 246 food miles 22, 37, 45–6, 60–2, 127–8, 215, 332, 477, 499–3, 507–9, 511, 513, 515–17, 519–20, 545 local 508 validity of 214, 491–2 food packages 348 food packaging 6, 40–2, 58, 71, 87, 150, 166, 257, 340–41, 348–9, 359–60, 455 designing sustainable 354 intelligent 254 processed 85 secondary 302 food packaging operations 151 food packaging professionals 358 food packaging sales 358 food packaging sustainability 359 food packaging systems 52 food poisoning 51, 202, 211, 464, 481–3, 490–91, 494, 551 food policies 19, 28, 55–6, 60, 121, 165, 517, 519, 554 international 121 new 118 food preferences 540 food preparation 24, 29 food preservation 215, 390, 399, 493 refrigerated 399 BINDEX 09/28/2013 572 15:9:26 Page 572 INDEX food-preservation technologies 90 alternative 259, 399 food prices 42, 541, 551 food process equipment 367 food processes 377–8 intensive 397 food processing 3–5, 14–15, 17–18, 30–3, 39–52, 62–5, 81, 85–7, 94–5, 127, 332–4, 373, 377–80, 400–2, 412–14 food-processing 257 based 364 commercial 314, 330 contemporary 314 fluid 372 impacts measuring efficient sustainable 22 food processing equipment 234, 366–7, 370, 371 food processing facilities 252, 367, 377–8, 381, 385, 387, 389–90, 393, 400 food processing industry 4, 33, 40, 42–4, 50–1, 54–6, 315, 349, 378, 380, 389, 397, 401, 403, 406 food processing plants 43, 363, 387, 405 food processing sectors 7, 25, 397 food processing surfaces 369 food processing systems, developing sustainable 68 food processing wastes 43, 389–90, 415 food processors 3, 12, 15, 17, 22–3, 26, 118, 239, 426 sanitation programmes 364 food producers 1–2, 88, 94, 99, 104–5, 117, 316, 447 food production 2–3, 5–6, 12, 15, 37, 42, 46, 50–1, 56, 103–4, 107–8, 318–21, 500–501, 539–40, 549–50 sustainable 60, 88, 103–4, 119, 545 food production systems 5–6, 19, 26, 94, 99, 104–5, 107, 316 food products eco-design 38 high quality 85 higher-value 378 manufactured 12 manufacturing of 11, 407 sustainable 54, 545 food quality 36, 42–3, 46, 253, 259, 262, 264, 290 food refrigeration 396, 400, 474, 483, 490, 493 food refrigeration applications 496 food refrigeration operations 216, 486, 494 food refrigeration processes 480 food retail 474, 484 food retailers 457 food retailing 518–19 food safety 36, 46, 51–2, 54–7, 61, 82, 104–6, 110, 116, 118, 120, 122–3, 175–6, 261–2 Food Safety Guidelines 258 Food Safety Inspection Service 266 food safety issues 252 food safety organizations 121 food safety policy makers 120 food safety problems 116, 408 food safety regulations 104, 405 food safety risk analysis 122 food sector 18, 66, 128, 186, 215, 289, 382, 426, 485, 492, 516, 518 food security 3, 7, 12, 15, 19, 36, 40, 53, 62, 103–4, 122, 165, 317, 540–41, 554–6 dimensions of 541 improving 46 including 121 sustainable 15 threat of limited 2, 11 food security complement 94 food security implications 13 food security indicators 541 food security policy 57 food security situation 15 food self-sufficiency 46, 58, 553 food service sector 24, 315, 443 food shopping 206, 214, 477, 491, 503, 517 food sources 48, 323 food spoilage 51, 211, 390, 445, 464, 490 food standards 36, 122 Food Standards Agency 25, 36 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 573 INDEX Food Standards Programme 122–3 food supply global 101 nutritious 321 safe 87, 331 sustainable 3, 24, 105 food supply chains 7, 11, 15, 18, 20, 23–4, 28–9, 32–3, 45, 335, 435, 437, 439–40, 453–4, 548 frozen 30, 217, 495 industrial 28 perishable 462 reliable sustainable 34, 336 food surplus 460 food system 2, 11, 14–15, 17, 19–21, 27–9, 31, 34, 38, 50, 52–3, 56, 113, 120, 508–509 alternative 499 competitive 19 global 13, 27, 435 local 509 sustainable 14, 19, 21, 316, 333 food system sustainability 2, food terrorism 105, 111, 117 food traceability 104, 536 food trade 46 international 53 food transport 379, 476, 509 food transport accounts 476 food trimmings 443 food types 46 food unit 176 food waste 2, 4, 15, 34, 40–2, 43, 57–9, 87, 355,435–8, 440–43, 446–9, 451, 453–61, 548–51, 554–6 avoidable 455 direct 43 domestic 34 organic 43 reducing 549 foods industry 336 foodstuffs 63, 188, 245, 446 perishable 213, 463 footprint 33, 70, 143, 204–5, 515 minimizing 129 footprinting, environmental 21 573 forecast 450, 452, 535 forecasting 33, 37, 443, 450, 452, 454, 458 forecasting error 450 formation biofilm 160, 233, 238, 367 cyanide 411 mycotoxin 280 particulate matter 287 photo-oxidant 79 photochemical oxidant 287 potential 230 residue 372 fossil fuel depletion 287 fossil fuels 82, 157, 161, 174, 176, 178, 181–2, 197, 206, 287, 300, 326, 476, 500, 505 total 151 fossil fuels consumptions 307 fouling behaviour 421 framework architectural 522 basic 341 conceptual 537 harmonized 86 methodological 64, 91, 101 theoretical 65 framing policy 117 franchisees 504–5 free chlorine content 234 freezers existing spiral 466 first contact 203 immersion 203 low temperature blast 201, 467 modern cryogenic 204 freezing fishery products 216 freezing guidelines 216, 494 freezing methods 203 freezing operations 202, 390 freezing plants 187 freezing pretreatment 295 freezing seafood 203 freezing tunnels 203, 395, 398 frequency, increased 52 frequency of occurrence 109 fresh characteristics 243 BINDEX 09/28/2013 574 15:9:26 Page 574 INDEX fresh-cut baby spinach 263 fresh-cut bell peppers 242, 253 fresh-cut by-products 244–5 fresh-cut industry 221, 244, 247, 254, 258 fresh-cut lemons 223, 252 fresh-cut lettuce 234, 237–8, 242, 255, 260, 262 fresh-cut mangoes 238 fresh-cut peppers 253 fresh-cut plant commodities 221, 228, 248–9, 251 Fresh-Cut Produce Industry 258 Fresh fillets 384 fresh fruits 220, 225, 252, 255, 258, 263, 440–41 processed 261 fresh mussel 84 fresh products 451 freshwater 84, 402 frozen cod fillets 91, 218 frozen cod production 209 frozen cooked rice 270 frozen fish 84, 207, 384, 486–7 frozen products 158, 451, 470 frozen storage cabinet 469 frozen storage rooms 487 frozen vegetables 384 fruit juices 262, 349–50, 390 fruit peel 236 fruit production 101 fruits, citrus 237, 256 fuel conservation 28 fuel consumption figures 508 fuel consumptions, total 386 fuel costs 200, 304 fuel demand, high 383 fuel efficiency 211, 213, 504, 516 recorded 505 fuels boiler 381, 387 combustion of 155, 378 vehicle 507 fumigants 280–1 fumigation 290, 295 chemical 280, 284 traditional 279 fumigation of grain 289 fumigation requirements, long 280 functional foods 22, 244, 267, 293, 336, 544 functional ingredients 149, 160, 244 new value-added 149 functional nanofibrils 148 functional unit 66, 71–2, 77–8, 98–9 functions 66, 71–3, 88, 99, 104, 150, 205, 238, 243, 255, 294, 297, 340, 359, 532–3 basic 390 biological 166 environmental 65 multiple 71 social 65 fungal strains 299, 310 fungicides 107 furnace 286, 381 box type 286 husk-fired 286 pot 286 g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 274, 292–4 accumulation 274 content 274, 292 Thai aromatic 274 increased brown rice 294 gamma irradiation 279, 281, 289–90, 295 of rice grains 294 garlic 26 gas-air mixture 286 gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) 430 gas composition 225–6 gas concentrations 235, 281 headspace 261 gas diffusion 226 gas emissions 175, 228, 234 annual greenhouse 474 anthropogenic greenhouse 318 associated greenhouse 128 direct greenhouse 318 estimating greenhouse 504 food system’s greenhouse 19 gas-flushing 227 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:26 Page 575 INDEX gas mixtures 241 gas-scavenging 227 gas tanks 304 gas turbines 485 gaseous energy products 389 gaseous O3 235 gases 72, 154, 214, 226–7, 234–5, 243, 278, 318, 491, 505 concentrated 230 exhaust 139, 389 hydrogen 485 unstable 372 xenon 267 gases mixtures 243 gasification 389 draft rice husk 286 gasification efficiency 287 gasifier 287 generations, aerosol 178, 181 genetic diversity 318 genetic modification 315, 336, 524 genetically modified (GM) 51, 55–6, 58, 60–1, 120, 123, 141, 321, 334 genetically modified animals 123 genomics 314, 320, 332 functional 248 genotoxic 117, 122 German purity standards 303 germinated brown rice (GBR) 45, 271, 274, 291–3 germination 45, 271, 274, 279–80, 303 glass 41, 85, 107, 151, 348, 350, 446 recycled 349 glass bottles 73, 151, 348 disposable 42 production 304 refillable 350 glass containers 348 global agriculture 37, 122 global compact’s (GC) 407 global dairy agenda for action on climate change 161, 163 global environment 60 global environmental policies 60 global food security 3, 37, 52, 103–4, 120, 460, 496, 540–41, 545, 556 global good agricultural practice 36 575 global population 3, 16, 42, 102, 148, 547 global warming potential (GWP) 20, 31, 78–79, 196, 201, 356–7, 473 glucosinolates 246 glutamic acid 247, 298 glutathione 177 glycoalkaloids 107 good manufacturing practice (GMP) 104, 222, 254 goal food business 21 food sustainability 13 immeasurable consumption 13 socio-economic 553 good agricultural practice (GAP) 36 good hygiene practice (GHP) 104 good manufacturing practice (GMP) 104, 222, 254, 289 government regulations 30, 130, 379, 553, 556 government’s labelling system 507 grain by-products 290 grain processing 270, 274, 285 grain protection 279 grains cereal 288 dried 286, 288, 293 Gram-negative cells 229 granular activated carbon 309 GRAS antimicrobial substances 248 gravity separation 404 grazing 29, 169, 331 green beans 29 frozen 29 green brewery 305 green brewery concept 305, 310 green tea 42, 58, 246, 254 greenhouse 46, 51, 214, 491 current 174 heated 545 green house gas (GHG) 12, 28, 46, 50, 61, 173–5, 302, 438, 543, 545 emissions 2, 12, 15, 18, 21, 26, 28–30, 33, 39, 41–4, 49–51, 54–5, 58, 61, 80, 82, 83, 88, 127–8, 130, 132, 150, 170, 173–6, 183, 184, 186, 188, 196, 302, 318, 354, 448–9, 546 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:27 Page 576 576 INDEX green house gas (GHG) (Continued) abatement, including 19 mitigating agricultural 176 reduction measures 33, 59 total 475 footprint 90 mitigation 35 nitrous oxide 546 taxes 193 greenhouse tomato production 59 groups age 48 environmental 474, 524 gross domestic production (GDP) 53, 173, 437 gross material intensity (GMI) 354 growth bacterial 234, 239, 420, 466 economic 2, 11, 191, 547, 550, 553 inhibited 242 pathogen 239 growth of fungal strains 310 habitual purchase behaviour 544 hams 173, 183, 185 cooked 177 hard red winter wheats 294 harvest 20, 196, 223, 318, 475 temperature post 475 harvest date 221 harvest equipment 248 harvest techniques 551 harvested products 248 harvesting 40, 154, 197, 221, 228, 275 rain water 162 harvesting machines 331 harvesting methods 547 hazard analysis 221, 265 hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) 104, 221, 258, 413, 418, 427, 429 approach 429 plans 418–20 principles 364, 416 programs 408 system 420 team 418 hazard characterization (HC), 107, 112, 114 hazardous 422, 448 hazardous materials 113 hazards 104–8, 110–14, 117, 120–1, 308, 343, 357–8, 365 chemical 107, 110–11 foodborne 120 human 111 most significant 108 particular 109 physical 107–8, 111 potential 104–5, 107, 113, 115 health ecosystem 316 improving 215, 492 material 357–8 national 59, 111 nutritional 175 occupational 343, 348 health claims 322 health consciousness 47 health effects, adverse 106–7, 109, 115 heat exchange 86, 278 high-temperature 391 low-temperature 391 heat exchange networks 429, 432 heat exchangers 153, 160, 164, 363, 387–8 efficient 82 fouled 136 tube type 137, 140 heat loss 136, 138, 489 cumulative 136 heat processing, conventional 404 heat pump 278, 386, 389–91, 394–5, 398–9 heat pump cycle 391 heat pump dehumidifier 394 heat recovery 129, 278, 393 latent 278 optimized 305 heat regeneration 135 heat transfer 136, 203, 396 heat transfer coefficient 475, 489 heat transfer efficiency 136, 138 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:27 Page 577 INDEX heat treatment process 142 heating dielectric 281 microwave 392 radiant 281 heating medium 129, 135, 137, 139 high BOD 176, 182, 416 high BOD and COD levels 44 high CO2 levels 241, 243 high-density polyethylene (HDPE) 355 high-grade proteins 177 high O2 atmospheres 241–2 high oxygen atmospheres 266–7 high-pressure jet 397 high pressure processing (HPP) 42, 58, 282, 290, 292, 391 high protein food 303–4 high risk 436 high temperature short time (HTST) 129, 135, 392 pasteurizer 135 higher BOD removal efficiencies 45 higher operational costs 412 homogeneity requirements 85 homogenization 132, 134, 141, 160 homogenizers 136 horse power (HP), 276, 282, 301 horticultural products 460 hot drying air 139 household waste 443, 450, 452, 455, 458 high temperature short time (HTST) 129, 135, 392 HTST pasteurizer 135 Hue 301, 309 human activity 316–17 human activity impacts human behaviour 52 human consumption 50, 108, 134, 148, 173, 187, 189, 231, 247, 253, 255, 270, 281, 436–7, 548–9 human health 1, 59, 64–5, 78, 95, 99, 105, 108, 113–14, 117–18, 120, 185, 188, 219, 501 human rights 21, 540, 553 human–animal relations 191 humid conditions 481 577 humidity controlled 370 relative 205 Hurdle technologies 259 HVAC 381, 386 hydrocarbons 474 hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 473 hydrodynamics 367–8 hydrogen peroxide 156, 233, 238, 255, 257, 259, 262–3, 266, 422 hydrolysis 364 hydrophobic 409 hydroxyl radicals 231 hygiene 139, 154, 156, 167, 176, 345, 429, 433 hygiene procedures 364 importance 6, 14, 17, 28, 29, 45, 98, 116, 137, 148, 149, 150, 152, 194, 245, 253, 300, 306, 326, 327, 337, 349, 367, 371, 402, 450, 468, 525 imports 172 increases in 274, 344, 477 incentives 156, 313, 414, 424 index 2, 35, 36, 56, 68, 123, 192, 244, 268, 269, 293, 396, 423, 426, 427, 455, 463 India 15, 16, 27, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 162, 171, 187, 335, 354, 434, 515 indicators 2, 28, 58, 88, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 112, 247, 293, 304, 315, 323, 325, 326, 329, 336, 337, 350, 351, 377, 379, 412, 423, 430, 449, 513, 537 indicators of 2, 28, 100, 315, 326, 412 indicators of sustainability 2, 28, 326 infrastructure 5, 27, 73, 272, 313, 324, 340 innovation 4, 14, 25, 27, 53, 86, 168, 293, 302, 316, 317, 321, 322, 325, 327, 330, 349, 357, 424, 426, 514, 519, 549 insecticides 106, 276 institutional 15, 186, 549 institutions 163, 222, 423, 518, 535 integrated pest management 219 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:27 Page 578 578 INDEX interactions 4, 223, 224, 237, 246, 273, 311, 319, 339, 445, 450, 523, 529 interpretations 120, 312, 329 justice 3, 99, 505 knowledge 14, 19, 71, 88, 103, 106, 118, 154, 187, 287, 304, 316, 318, 325, 327, 360, 414, 420, 450, 451, 464, 514, 519, 521, 522, 524, 529, 536, 539, 540, 548, 551 Kuwait 335 labour 92, 168, 185, 295, 316, 326, 368, 377, 378, 433, 449, 521, 525, 548 land 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 28, 29, 37, 40, 43, 50, 57, 64, 68, 79, 97, 102, 150, 170, 173, 188, 203, 204, 205, 295, 296, 303, 314, 327, 339, 345, 351, 443, 444, 471, 473, 500, 509, 513, 542, 548, 552 Latin America 538, 539, 542, 544 learning 518, 519, 530 linkages 289, 291 livestock farming 542 local communities 153, 518 local economies 316 Malaysia 286 management practices 53, 291, 298, 381, 416, 431, 439, 445, 448 manure 66, 76, 113, 177, 178, 181, 226 marketing 14, 24, 32, 34, 67, 71, 226, 311, 319, 320, 321, 325, 326, 327, 335, 349, 352, 437, 446, 448, 449, 520, 521, 529, 539, 548, 549 markets 18, 24, 32, 43, 46, 52, 69, 85, 187, 190, 206, 210, 225, 307, 310, 311, 315, 330, 439, 452, 469, 473, 475, 519, 522, 525, 541 materials 1, 3, 20, 25, 41–44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 63, 71, 72, 76, 77, 85, 93, 94, 106, 110, 126, 131, 148, 149, 150, 180, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 202, 208, 210, 219, 225, 245, 247, 250, 271, 276, 280, 282, 293, 295, 296, 298, 300, 317, 326, 327, 328, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344, 345, 346, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359, 372, 377, 409, 411, 432, 439, 442, 443, 456, 461, 463, 471, 482, 484, 486, 487, 521, 536 Meadows 290 measuring sustainability 520 media 134, 148, 239, 285, 317, 330, 377, 392, 423, 450, 505 methodology 29, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 75, 81, 86, 88, 90, 94, 105, 276, 301, 347, 350, 357, 450, 457, 504, 520 motivation 52, 529 National Academy of Sciences 35, 492, 552 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 96 National Renewable Energy 77 natural environment 93 natural gas 156, 376, 502 natural resources 6, 27, 40, 93, 98, 130, 159, 185, 190, 424, 434, 435, 536, 537 natural capital 35, 65, 513 nature 5, 15, 68, 95, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115, 147, 160, 198, 300, 312, 322, 325, 367, 420, 447, 457, 496, 514 negative externalities 497 Netherlands 100, 156, 159, 163, 164, 175, 255, 330, 375, 379, 380, 427, 429, 478, 491 networks 7, 296, 313, 315, 328, 385, 404, 425, 426, 428, 504, 515, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 529 North America 41, 345, 398, 444 Norway 82, 205, 444 Network 18, 38, 58, 190, 427, 489 Nevada 374 Newcastle 99 Nicaragua 99 Nigeria 305, 434 non-renewable 39, 68, 337, 535, 546 North Sea 215 Norway 82, 205, 444 BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:27 Page 579 INDEX optimization 28, 71, 137, 148, 164, 261, 263, 275, 287, 301, 354, 383, 384, 386, 389, 391, 416, 419, 420, 421, 426, 428, 429, 482, 551 organic farming 101 oil 26, 58, 72, 84, 93, 142, 144, 145, 154, 156, 174, 208, 245, 248, 250, 262, 266, 267, 268, 269, 295, 304, 323, 331, 372, 379, 380, 385, 403, 411, 501, 508, 514, 542 Orlando 490 Oxford University 162, 192, 356 participation 95, 99, 322, 324 participatory processes 322 pesticides 50, 106, 409, 497 Philippines 215, 289, 291, 292 philosophy 87, 170, 188, 215 policies 18, 43, 103, 116, 120, 154, 158, 169, 185, 335, 362, 402, 403, 413, 446, 449, 450, 451, 455, 498, 522, 535, 548 policy options 45 politics 514 population 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26, 40, 42, 46, 92, 95, 98, 101, 102, 103, 112, 113, 114, 126, 147, 152, 160, 164, 169, 172, 187, 222, 229, 234, 236, 262, 267, 280, 318, 319, 328, 397, 402, 434, 451, 460, 468, 490, 535, 536, 539, 541, 542, 543 practical approaches 409 prices 36, 42, 52, 62, 74, 154, 186, 375, 393, 424, 453, 454, 537, 545, 547, 549 production of food 21, 34, 328 production sustainability 92 programme 62, 91, 121, 122, 189, 192, 206, 214, 215, 287, 289, 291, 398, 434, 457, 458, 474, 478, 490, 492, 551 project 37, 55, 57, 62, 77, 79, 80, 89, 95, 99, 100, 168, 191, 213, 247, 404, 471, 472, 477, 488, 491, 492, 513, 551 realities 321 research 11, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 32, 33, 34, 36, 57, 62, 78, 106, 140, 141, 142, 579 146, 149, 159, 160, 161, 188, 189, 205, 219, 220, 224, 229, 232, 233, 236, 239, 242, 245, 246, 247, 252, 256, 259, 274, 284, 310, 315, 316, 321, 327, 329, 336, 347, 354, 422, 423, 424, 431, 434, 439, 448, 449, 455, 458, 464, 490, 498, 507, 524, 526, 528, 533, 541, 548 reservoirs 152, 181 responses to 81, 111 rice 13, 39, 42, 45, 51, 55, 58, 60, 61, 88, 156, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 295, 298, 299, 306, 395, 436, 437 rural areas 437 science 5, 25, 34, 86, 104, 122, 149, 155, 159, 261, 316, 317, 331, 357, 430 services 19, 33, 35, 40, 52, 64, 70, 88, 102, 129, 151, 168, 169, 188, 189, 204, 212, 253, 313, 330, 331, 426, 438, 456, 473, 487, 491, 499, 513, 529, 533, 536, 549 social 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 33, 42, 65, 93, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104, 114, 119, 126, 157, 161, 172, 185, 186, 266, 312, 313, 315, 317, 319, 320, 321, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 335, 340, 355, 377, 403, 422, 428, 431, 433, 434,449, 454, 496, 505, 512, 513, 518, 520, 535, 536, 539, 546, 550 social justice social sustainability 185, 266, 315, 377 solar 43, 61, 154, 156, 303, 378, 393, 394, 395, 464, 481, 487, 492 solar energy 154, 156, 303, 374, 393, 464 solar power 464, 481, 487, 492 solar thermal energy 43, 61 solid 31, 43, 44, 55, 83, 85, 94, 100, 126, 141, 172, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 202, 208, 295, 296, 305, 316, 346, 381, 385, 388, 392, 393, 394, 400, 409, 443, 451, 455, 457 BINDEX 09/28/2013 580 15:9:27 Page 580 INDEX solid waste 43, 55, 83, 94, 100, 126, 172, 179, 182, 316, 346, 443, 451, 455, 457 spills 208, 362 spread of 107, 123 Sri Lanka 152, 163, 379 standards 12, 24, 36, 37, 46, 104, 121, 129, 130, 165, 264, 299, 322, 324, 325, 326, 328, 331, 338, 349, 361, 404, 412, 422, 424, 436, 441, 450, 473, 541, 542, 544, 549 stewardship 336, 354 strategies 7, 17, 18, 22, 26, 27, 42, 50, 54, 60, 61, 91, 103, 105, 116, 117, 127, 128, 130, 140, 150, 158, 159, 161, 185, 187, 188, 208, 246, 274, 294, 315, 322, 330, 340, 345, 349, 360, 361, 401, 403, 404, 409, 411, 413, 414, 416, 436, 454, 517, 519, 521, 539, 548 structure 5, 28, 63, 119, 139, 144, 148, 149, 170, 209, 211, 219, 225, 232, 237, 279, 360, 375, 436, 437, 442, 463, 484 subsidized 156 summit 102, 121, 550 supplies 46, 102, 147, 201, 309, 319, 322, 327, 329 sustainability issues 6, 127, 190 support services 424 sustainability concepts sustainable agriculture 495, 515 sustainable development 20, 62, 100, 213, 215, 404, 516, 546, 550 Sweden 55, 82, 88, 89, 162, 213, 292, 356, 445, 456, 488 Switzerland 55, 59, 382, 398, 478 system 65, 72, 89, 212, 329, 330, 335, 339, 487, 490, 504, 551 technologies 4, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 50, 54, 88, 90, 91, 102, 131, 133, 139, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 175, 212, 219, 227, 249, 252, 256, 257, 260, 302, 304, 310, 311, 316, 317, 318, 321, 372, 375, 381, 384, 386, 387, 390, 393, 395, 402, 404, 409, 411, 413, 414, 417, 424, 428, 443, 460, 479, 482, 492, 518, 521, 522, 524, 525, 526, 530, 545 training 325, 336, 416, 422, 453, 545 transitions 13, 15 transport 4, 22, 30, 46, 66, 71, 72, 82, 83, 84, 85, 94, 95, 140, 158, 168, 195, 199, 204, 205, 209, 210, 213, 215, 224, 230, 279, 282, 310, 313, 314, 322, 324, 329, 335, 339, 344, 347, 350, 360, 375, 377, 378, 389, 400, 460, 463, 464, 472, 473, 476, 479, 481, 483, 487, 489, 492, 496, 499, 500, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 512, 513, 514, 522, 523, 525, 542, 545 treatment systems 419 triple bottom line 518, 519, 530 trees 72 U.S 37, 62, 105, 129, 251, 264, 292, 378, 396, 430 U.S Environmental Protection 396, 430 ultra high temperature (UHT)-treatment of milk 135 uncertainties 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114, 118, 313 Unilever 17, 37, 85, 153, 155, 156, 161 United Nations 1, 13, 37, 56, 59, 62, 102, 121, 122, 126, 165, 189, 190, 192, 206, 213, 215, 398, 402, 403, 404, 429, 430, 456, 492, 536, 550, 551, 552 utilities 29, 127, 132, 151, 157 variables 275, 305, 309, 313, 318, 325, 366, 507 vehicles 82, 157, 158, 204, 445, 450, 463, 464, 472, 499, 500, 503 Wal-Mart 354, 357, 437 waste management 17, 30, 43, 54, 55, 59, 72, 77, 81, 186, 192, 288, 315, BINDEX 09/28/2013 15:9:27 Page 581 INDEX 347, 355, 356, 431, 439, 442, 455, 457, 519 waste reduction 158, 451, 452 water management 153, 157, 304, 397, 402, 403, 412, 413, 414, 424 water conservation 401, 409, 413, 414, 416 water heating 381 water pollution 56, 173, 430, 497 water supply 402, 414, 542 wildlife 246 wisdom 205, 320, 465, 505 581 wind energy 154, 156 World Bank 42, 172, 173, 183, 184, 186, 192, 398, 399, 401, 430, 434 World Health Organization (WHO) 15, 37, 46, 47, 49, 59, 62, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 198, 250, 539 zero carbon 211, 486 ... Data Sustainable food processing / edited by Brijesh K Tiwari, Tomas Norton, and Nicholas M Holden pages cm Includes index ISBN 978-0-470-67223-5 (cloth) Food industry and trade Processed foods Food. .. Finnigan and Louise Needham Environmental Sustainability in Food Processing 39 Poritosh Roy, Takahiro Orikasa, Nobutaka Nakamura and Takeo Shiina Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainable Food Processing. .. Page Sustainable Food Processing FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page FFIRS 09/27/2013 15:26:15 Page Sustainable Food Processing Edited by Brijesh K Tiwari Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food