Vulnerability of fishery based livelihoods to impacts of weather and climate events

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY ERIC T.S PATTEN VULNERABILITY OF FISHERY-BASED LIVELIHOOD TO IMPACTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE EVENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ROBERTSPORT, GRAND CAPE MOUNT COUNTY, LIBERIA MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA - 2019 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY ERIC T.S PATTEN VULNERABILITY OF FISHERY-BASED LIVELIHOOD TO IMPACTS OF WEATHER AND CLIMATE EVENTS: A CASE STUDY OF ROBERTSPORT, GRAND CAPE MOUNT COUNTY, LIBERIA MASTER THESIS Major: Topic allocation Decision Decision on Committee establishing the Defense date: Supervisors: Prof CURTIS M JOLLY Dr Chairman: (Full name) Faculty of Graduate Studies: (Full name) KHANH HOA - 2019 KHANH HOA – 2019 UNDERTAKING I undertake that this thesis titled “Vulnerability of Fishery-based livelihoods to impacts of weather and climate events” is my original work I further declare that this thesis has not been presented anywhere until the time of submission 02/05/2019 ERIC T S PATTEN i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude to the Administration and Faculty of the Nha Trang University, especially the program faculty of the NORHED International Masters Program on Marine Based Ecosystem Management and Climate Change, for their support and mentorship in completing this work I am also profoundly grateful to Prof Curtis M Jolly for his motivational support, experienced and knowledge based supervision as well as great enthusiasm for the completion of my study and Masters Thesis My esteemed appreciation to the Administration of the University of Liberia, for their immense financial support towards my study and research work; moreover, the support from the Department of Economics during my time of study and research is highly applauded Finally, I would like to appreciate my family and friends whose support meant the world to me, especially my wife and kids Thank you! This work is dedicated to mama 02/05/2019 ERIC T.S PATTEN TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i APPENDICES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES iii Abstract 17 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Significance of the study 1.3 Limitations of the study 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Objectives of the study CHAPTER 2: WEATHER, CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 2.1 Temperature 2.2 Rainfall 2.3 Weather and Climate conditions in Liberia 2.3.1 Climate 2.3.2 Rainfall, Temperatures and Extremes 2.3.3 Natural Hazard Occurrence 10 2.4 Vulnerability of fishery-based Livelihoods to impacts of Weather and climate events 12 2.5 Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) 12 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD 17 3.1 Focus Group Discussion 17 3.1.1 First Focus Group Discussion 19 3.1.2 Second Focus Group Discussion 19 3.1.3 Third Focus Group Discussion 20 3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE 20 3.2.1 QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT 20 3.2.2 MODIFICATION/FINALIZATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE 20 3.3 Households survey/interview 21 3.4 Mode of data entry 21 3.4.1 Data Analysis 22 3.5 Secondary Data 22 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 23 4.1 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION 23 4.1.1 First Focus Group Discussion 23 4.1.2 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 25 4.1.3 Weather and Climate Impacts on Fisher-folks livelihood resources 25 4.2 Second Focus Group Discussion 26 4.2.1 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS 28 4.3 THIRD FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION 29 4.4 ASSESSMENT OF LIVELIHOOD ASSETS 29 4.4.1 HUMAN CAPITAL (ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION) 29 4.4.2 Occupational analysis 30 4.4.2.1 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL 30 4.4.2.2 House and Land ownership social capital 31 4.4.2.3 House Structural, Roofing and Floor Types- Social Capital 31 4.4.2.4 Organization membership and Type of Affiliation 33 4.4.2.5 Availability of Gov’t organization and Fishing regulatory law 34 4.4.2.6 Availability of Relatives and help from Relatives and Community 35 4.4.3 Assessment of Access to Natural Capital 36 4.4.3.1 Households years of being involved in fishing or fishing activities Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.3.2 Household access to fishing and earnings from fishery-based activities Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.3.3 Average catch of households currently and in the past 10 yearsError! Bookmark not defined 4.4.3.4 Coastal Flooding and Coastal Erosion weather & climate effects and Impacts 42 4.4.3.5 Sea Level Rise and Wind Strength effects on households and their Impacts on fishing activities 44 4.4.3.6 Rainfall Impacts on fishing activities and the impact of marine pollution on household fishing activities 46 4.4.4 Assessment of Physical capital 38 4.4.4.1 Access to roads Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.4.2 Access to Water & Sanitation 38 5.4.4.3 Access to Schools Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.4.4 Access to Technology Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.4.5 Access to Hospitals Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.4.6 Access to Toilets Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.4.7 Access to Markets for Producer goods Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5 Assessment of climate change knowledge and perception 47 4.4.5.1 Assessment of Knowledge about Climate change (CC) 47 4.4.5.2 Assessment of perception of climate variables changing 48 4.4.5.3 Assessment of households’ perception of climate variables changing 49 4.4.5.4 Assessment of Impact of current trend of climate change 50 4.4.5.4.1 Household perception of Climate Change impact on livelihood & fresh water quality 50 4.4.5.4.2 Households (HH) perception of climate change Impact on infrastructure and sea level rise (SLR) 51 4.4.5.4.3 Household perception of climate change impact from increased emperature and Coastal Flooding 52 4.4.5.4.4 Households perception of climate change impact on coastal erosion and environmental pollution 53 4.4.5.4.5 Households perception of climate change impact on salt water intrusion and loss of fishing grounds 54 4.4.5.5 Households rating of climate events impacts on their livelihood 55 4.4.5.5.1 Households rating of the impacts of loss and damage of infrastructure due to climate events Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.5.2 Households rating of coastal floods and coastal erosion impacts due to climate events 56 4.4.5.5.3 Households rating of SLR and Temperature Change (TC) impacts due to climate events Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.5.4 Households rating of wind strength and rainfall impacts due to climate events Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.6 Household perception of what is responsible for climate change 58 4.4.5.6.1 Perception of cutting of trees and burning of solid fuelError! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.6.2 Perception of volcanic eruption and carbon emission from transportation Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.6.3 Perception of carbon emission from energy production and industries pollution Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.6.4 Perception of burning of waste being responsible for climate change Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7 Household perception of what can reduce climate change impacts 61 4.4.5.7.1 Perception of re-planting of tress and sustainable forest useError! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.2 Perception of increase use of public transport and use of appliances with low energy consumption Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.3 Perception of renewable energy sources and coastal defenses and sea walls Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.4 Perception of building durable structures and climate change awareness Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.5 Perception of mangroves replanting and support from government 63 4.4.5.7.6 Perception of support from NGOs and alternative skills training Error! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.7 Perception of increased level of education and employmentError! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.7.8 Perception of loans and support from communityError! Bookmark not defined 4.4.5.8 Household mode of coping with weather and climate events 66 4.4.5.8.1 Household mode of coping with coastal flooding, coastal erosion, SLR and other climate events 66 4.4.6 Correlation analysis of weather and climate events impact on fisheries dependents income Error! Bookmark not defined CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 69 5.1 Discussion 69 5.2 Conclusion 72 5.3 Recommendations 72 References Error! Bookmark not defined APPENDIX A 79 2013.pdf FAO (2007) Fishery and Aquaculture country profile, Republic of Liberia Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_LR.pdf FAO, G of L and (2012) Country Programming Framework Ferrol-Schulte, D., Wolff, M., Ferse, S & Glaser, M (2013) Sustainable livelihoods approach in tropical coastal and marine social–ecological systems: A review Marine Policy, 42, 253–258 GoL, G of L (2009) National Human Development Report Accra, Ghana Groot, A., Singh, T., & Riel, K Van (2013) Vulnerability of coastal fishery communities to climate change in Kerala state Group, T W B (2019a) Liberia Dashboard: Climate baseline- Climate Knowledge Portal for Development practitioners and policy makers Retrieved from https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ Group, T W B (2019b) Liberia Dashboard: Climate Overview-Climate Knowledge portal for development practitioners and policy makers Retrieved from https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ Group, T W bank (2019) Liberia Dashboard: Natural hazards, Climate Knowledge portal for development practitioners and Policy makers Retrieved from https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/countryprofile/home/liberia Hibar, Derrek P., Thompson, P M (2018) Imaging Genetics In Imaging Genetics (pp 142–162) Science Direct Retrieved from http//doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12813968-4.0000-2 Hughes, S., et al (2012) A framework to assess national level vulnerability from the perspective of food security: the case of coral reef fisheries Environmental Science & Policy, 23, 95-108 IPCC (2000) IPCC Special Report, Emmissions Scenarios IPCC (2007) Global Climate Projections, Meehl, G.A., T.F Stocker, W.D Collins, P Friedlingstein, A.T Gaye, J.M Gregory, A Kitoh, R Knutti, J.M Murphy, A Noda, S.C.B Raper I.G Watterson, A.J Weaver and Z.-C Zhao, 2007: Global 75 Climate Projections In: Clim Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA IPCC (2013) Summary for Policy makers In: Climate change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D Qin, G.K Plattner, M Tignor, S.K Allen, IPCC (2014) Summary for policymakers In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change Contribution of working group III to the fith Assessment Reportof the intergovernmental Panel on Climate change [Edenhofer, O., R Pichs-Madruga, Y Sokona, E Farahani, S Ka Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA IRIN, I R I N (2007) Sea destroys homes in coastal communities Retrieved from http://www.irinnews.org/report/73754/liberia-sea-destroys-homes-coastalcommunities Islam, M M., Sallu, S., Hubacek, K., & Paavola, J (2013) Vulnerability of fisherybased livelihoods to the impacts of climate variability and change: Insights from coastal Bangladesh Regional Environmental Change, 14(1), 281–294 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0487-6 K, B (2006) Assessment of possible impacts of climate on fisheries Wissenschaftliche Beirat Der Bundesregierung Globale-Umweltveraănderungen (WBGU), Berlin Kebe, Moustapha, Jern, Petter, Collins, Raphael, Kay, Wisseh, & K E (2009) A LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS OF COASTAL FISHERIES COMMUNITIES IN LIBERIA (No 1043) Rome Kebe, M., Jern, P., Collins, R., Kay, W., & Kekula, E (2009) A livelihoods analysis of coastal fisheries communities in Liberia FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No 1043 (Vol Rome, FAO.) Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/ai0909e.pdf Knutsson, P & Ostwald, M (2006) A process-oriented sustainable livelihoods approach — a tool for increased understanding of vulnerability, adaptation and 76 resilience Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Kovats RS, Bouma MJ, Hajat S, Worrall E, H A (2003) El Nin˜o and health Lancet, 362, 1481–1489 https://doi.org/Doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14695-8 Krantz, L.-S (2001) The sustainable livelihood approach to poverty reduction Division for Policy and Socio-Economic Analysis, (February), 44 LISGIS (2009) Republic of liberia 2008 Population and Housing Census Statistics, (May) LMS, L M S (2017) Robertsport Climate data Monrovia Mohammed, Essam Yassin and Uraguchi, Z B (2013) Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries: Implications for Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa Nova Science Publishers, Inc Morris, S S., Neidecker-Gonzales, O., Carletto, C., Munguia, M., Medina, J M & Wodon, Q (2002) Hurricane Mitch and the livelihoods of the rural poor in Honduras In World Development, (30th ed., pp 49–60) MRAG, M R A., & Group (2011) Fisheries and livelihood London Retrieved from www.mrag.co.uk/Documents/PolicyBrief4_%0ALivelihoods.pdf OECD, O for E C and D (2001) Glossary of statistical terms Retrieved from http://stats.oecd.org/, Glossary/detail.asp?ID=993 Perry RI, Ommer RE, Allison E, Badjeck M-C, Barange M, H., & L, Jarre A, Quinones RA, S U (2009) Interactions between changes in marine ecosystems andhuman communities: in M Barange, J.G Field, R.P Harris, E.E Hofmann, R.I.Perry & F.E Werner (eds.) Marine Ecosystems and Global Change https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199558025.003.0008 Rahman, M K (2015) Environmental and Social Vulnerabilities and Livelihoods of Fishing Communities of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh Kent State University Richard, S S (2012) LAKE PISO MULTIPLE SUSTAINABLE USE RESERVE Draft MANAGEMENT PLAN MONROVIA Roncoli C, Ingram K, K P (2001) The costs and risks of coping with drought: livelihood impacts and farmers’ responses In Burkina Faso Clim Res, 19:, 119– 77 132, S, C (2008) Adapting to environmental change in Artisanal fisheries—insights from a South Indian lagoon Global Environ Chang, 18(3):, 479–489 https://doi.org/Doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.04.003, UNDP, I (2009) Guidance Note on Recovery Livelihood UNDP, & United Nations (2016) Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone US-CIA, C I A (2015) The World Fact Book Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html US-EPA (2017) Climate Change Impacts: Climate Change Impacts on Human Health Retrieved May 19, 2019, from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-humanhealth_.html USAID-DAI (2008) Final Report, Liberia Threats And Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) Monrovia USAID-USDA (2014) Final Report, Liberia Threats And Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) Monrovia USAID (2015) The Importance of Wild Fisheries For Local Food Security: LIBERIA USAID (2018) Fact Sheet (Report), Climate risk in West Africa: Regional risk profile Wallace, Carolyn Gamiao and Lepol, R J (2008) Poverty and Social Impact Assessment and Strategy formulation on Artisanal Diamond Mining Reform in Liberia - Diamonds for Development Monrovia Westlund L, Poulain F, Bage H, van A R (2007) Disaster response and risk management in the fisheries sector Ziervogel, G & Calder, R (2003) Climate variability and rural livelihoods: Assessing the impact of seasonal climate forecasts in Lesotho Area, 35, 78 APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire My name is Eric T.S Patten, a Master degree Candidate from the Nha Trang University, Vietnam I am here to conduct a survey on the Vulnerability of Fisherybased livelihoods to impacts of weather and climate events The objective of this survey is to assess variables that determine the vulnerability of fishery-based livelihoods to weather and climate events This is in partial fulfillment of my Master of Science (MSc.) degree in Marine Based Ecosystem Management and Climate Change I am kindly asking you to please help me in responding to the questions in this questionnaire Thank you! Section 0: QUESTIONNAIRE IDENTIFICATION/ GENERAL INFORMATION S-0.1: NAME OF DISTRICT S-0.2: DATE COLLECTION S-0.3: CODE OF / dd/mm/yyyy QUESTIONNAIRE Section 1: ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION/HUMAN CAPITAL S-1.1: COUNTY – CAPEMOUNT; – OTHER S-1.2: CITY 1-ROBERTSPORT; OTHER S-1.3: FISHING VILLAGE 1-KRU BEACH 2- 2-FANTI TOWN 3-TAILOR BEACH S-1.4: GENDER 1-FEMALE 2-MALE S-1.5: AGE S-1.6: OCCUPATION 1-FISHING 2-PROCESSING/DRYING 3-TRADER S-1.7: EDUCATION 1-ILLITERATE 2-ELEMENTARY 3-HIGH SCHOOL 4-COLLEGE 5-VOCATIONAL 79 S-1.10: NUMBER DEPENDENTS OF MALE Section 2: S-2.1: MARITAL STATUS FEMALE HEALTH &DISABILITY – (Good-1, Bad-2, chronically ill-3, Disable-4) ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL 1-SINGLE 2-MARRIED 3-ENGAGED 4-WIDOWED S-2.2: STATUS OF HOUSE 1-RENT/LEASED OWNERSHIP? 2-OWNED 3-OTHER S-2.3: STATUS OF LAND 1-RENT/LEASED OWNERSHIP? 2-OWNED S-2.4: HOUSE WALL 0-MUD/CLAY STRUCTURAL TYPE? 1-ZINC 2-CONCRETE 3-STICK & THATCH 4-WOOD/BOARD 5-OTHER S-2.5: TYPE OF FLOOR 0-MUD 1-WOOD 2-CONCRETE 3-TILES 4-OTHER S-2.6: ROOFING TYPE 0-ASBESTOS 1-TILES 2-ZINC 3-TARPULIN 4-BAMBOO/LEAVES/THATCH 5-OTHER S-2.7: ARE YOU A 1-YES MEMBER OF ANY 2-NO COMMUNITY OR SOCIAL 80 ORGANIZATION? S-2.8: TYPE OF MEMBERSHIP GROUP? IF YOU’RE IN MORE THAN ONE, PLACE THE CODE IN THE EXTRA BOXES PROVIDED ON THE SIDE 1-FISHER 2-MUSLIM 3-CHRISTIAN 4-TRADITIONAL 5-COMMUNITY 6-CO-MANAGEMENT 7-OTHER _ 8-NONE S-2.9: DO YOU HAVE ANY 1-YES GOVERNMENT 2-NO ORGANIZATION RESPONSIBLE FOR FISHERY AND ENVIRONMENT? PLEASE SPECIFY: S-2.10: DO YOU HAVE 1-YES ANY LAW THAT 2-NO PROTECTS OR REGULATE YOUR 3-DON’T KNOW FISHING ACTIVITIES? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY: S-2.11: DO YOU HAVE 1-YES ANY RELATIVES IN THIS 2-NO VILLAGE? 3-DON’T KNOW S-2.12: DO YOU RECEIVE 1-YES HELP FROM YOUR 2-NO RELATIVES? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY: S-2.13: DO YOU RECEIVE 1-YES HELP FROM ANY 2-NO COMMUNITY MEMBER OR STRUCTURE? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY: 81 S-2.14: DO YOU HAVE 1-YES POLICE STATION OR 2-NO COURT HERE? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY: SECTION 3: ASSESSMENT OF ACCESS TO NATURAL CAPITAL S-3.1: HOW LONG HAVE 1-(1-10 YEARS) YOU AND YOUR FAMILY 2-(11-20 YEARS) BEEN INVOLVED IN 3-(21-30 YEARS) FISHING? 4-(ABOVE 30 YEARS) S-3.2: DO YOU HAVE FULL 1-YES ACCESS TO GO FISHING? 2-NO S-3.3: HOW MUCH DO 1-(L$1,000-20,000) YOU EARN FROM 2-(L$21,000-40,000) FISHING EVERY MONTH? 3-(L$41,000-60,000) 4-(L$61,000-ABOVE) S-3.4: FISHING THAT YOU USE: ITEMS QUANTITY: A) BOAT B) CANOE C) FISHING NET D) DRYER E) GASOLINE/DIESEL F) ICE/COLD STORAGE G) LABOR H) OTHER _ _ _ SIZE-LARGE –1; NON-MOTORIZED MEDIUM – 2; – 0; MOTORIZED – SMALL DUGOUT – _ _ _ _ _ S-3.5: WHAT IS YOUR 1-(0 – TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) CURRENT AVERAGE 2-(4 – TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) CATCH PER MONTH? 3-(8 –11 TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) 4-(11–15 TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) 5-(ABOVE TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) 15 S-3.6: WHAT WAS YOUR 1-(0 – TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) AVERAGE CATCH PER 2-(4 – TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) MONTH FOR THE LAST 10 3-(8 – 11 TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) YEARS? 4-(12 – 15 TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) 5-(ABOVE 15 TONS/BUCKETS/BAGS) 82 S-3.7: DO YOU HAVE ANY 1-YES OTHER OCCUPATION 2-NO APART FROM FISHING ACTIVITIES? IF YES, PLEASE SPECIFY: _ _ S-3.8: HOW MUCH 1-(L$1,000-20,000) INCOME DO YOU EARN 2-(L$21,000-40,000) FROM THESE ACTIVITIES? 3-(L$41,000-60,000) 4-(L$61,000-ABOVE) S-3.9: WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CLIMATE EVENTS HAVE SCALE EFFECT: AFFECTED YOUR FISHING ACTIVITIES? 1-Very high A) COASTAL FLOODING 2-high B) COASTAL EROSION 3-Moderate C) SEA LEVEL RISE 4-Low OF 5-No effect D) WIND STRENGTH E) F) G) STORMS SEASONALITY RAINFALL – no damage S-3.9: IMPACTS ON FISHING ACTIVITIES A) COASTAL FLOODING B) COASTAL EROSION C) SEA LEVEL RISE D) WIND STRENGTH E) STORMS F) SEASONALITY G) RAINFALL – damage housing to S – Damage to boats, canoes, etc – Limits fishing activities – reduces monthly catch – Damage to fishing nets, driers, etc – Health issues (sickness) – Death SECTION 4: ASSESSMENT OF ACCESS TO FINANCIAL CAPITAL S-4.1: WHAT IS YOUR LEVEL OF ACCESS TO THE STATUS: FOLLOWING FINANCIAL ASSETS? – No access – Very limited access 83 A) B) C) D) SAVINGS & FIN INST (SUSU, BANKS) LOANS REMITTANCES EMPLOYMENT S – Moderate access S – Strong access – Very Strong access SECTION 5: ASSESSMENT OF ACCESS TO PHYSICAL CAPITAL S-5.1: WHAT IS YOUR LEVEL OF ACCESS TO THE STATUS: – No access FOLLOWING PHYSICAL ASSETS? – Very limited access A) ROADS S – Moderate access B) WATER & SANITATION S – Strong access C) SCHOOLS – Very Strong access D) TECHNOLOGY E) HOSPITALS F) TOILETS G) MARKETS (FOR PRODUCER GOODS) SECTION 6: ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE PERCEPTION(KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS) S-6.1: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW 1-I HAVE ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE? NEVER HEARD ABOUT IT 2- I KNOW LITTLE ABOUT IT 3- I KNOW MUCH ABOUT IT S-6.2: HAVE YOU NOTICED ANY 1- YES CHANGE IN THE CLIMATE PATTERN? 2- NO 3- DON’T KNOW S-6.3:PLEASE CHECK THE CLIMATE 1-WIND VARIABLE YOU NOTICED TO BE STRENGTH CHANGING THE MOST: 2-RAINFALL PATTERN 3-STORMS 4TEMPERATURE 5-SEA LEVEL 6-OTHER 84 S-6.4: PLEASE CHECK THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS OF 1-STRONGLY CLIMATE CHANGE: AGREED THE CURRENT TREND OF CLIMATE CHANGE EVENT 2-AGREED WILL CAUSE3-DISAGREED A) My livelihood to be impacted negatively 4-STRONGLY B) Poor fresh water quality DISAGREED C) Degraded infrastructure 5-DON’T KNOW D) Sea level rise E) Increased temperature levels F) Coastal flooding G) Coastal erosion H) Environmental pollution I) Salt water intrusion J) Loss of fishing grounds K) Damaged fishing tool S-6.5: PLEASE RATE THE BELOW CLIMATE EVENTS = HIGH IMPACT ON FISHERIES DEPENDENTS OF ROBERTSPORT: S =MODERATE A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) LOSS OF INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE COASTAL FLOODS COASTAL EROSION SEA LEVEL RISE TEMPERATURE CHANGE WIND STRENGTH RAINFALL S = LOW = NO IMPACT = DON’T KNOW S-6.6: WHAT DO YOU THINK IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 1-STRONGLY CLIMATE CHANGE? AGREED A) Cutting of trees and clearing of forest lands for agriculture or 2-AGREED commercial purposes 3-DISAGREED B) Burning of solid fuel from cooking (Charcoal, wood, etc.) 4-STRONGLY C) Volcanic eruption D) Carbon emission from transportation DISAGREED E) Carbon emission from energy production 5-DON’T KNOW F) Industries pollution G) Burning of waste S-6.7: WHAT DO YOU THINK CAN REDUCE CLIMATE 1-STRONGLY CHANGE IMPACTS? AGREED A) RE-PLANTING OF TREES B) SUSTAINABLE FOREST USE C) INCREASE USE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT D) USE OF APPLIANCES WITH LOW CONSUMPTION 85 2-AGREED 3-DISAGREED ENERGY 4-STRONGLY 5-DISAGREED E) RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 6-DON’T KNOW F) COASTAL DEFENSES AND SEA WALLS G) BUILDING DURABLE INFRASTRUCTURE H) CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS I) MANGROVES REPLANTING J) SUPPORT FROM GOVERNMENT K) SUPPORT FROM COMMUNITY L) SUPPORT FROM NGOS M) ALTERNATIVE SKILLS TRAINING N) INCREASED LEVEL OF EDUCATION O) EMPLOYMENT P) LOANS S-6.8: HOW DO YOU COPE WITH THE FOLLOWING 1) NOTHING 2) MIGRATE WEATHER AND CLIMATE EVENTS: 3) CLEAR A) COASTAL FLOODING ESTUARY/DRAINAGE B) COASTAL EROSION 4) STOP FISHING C) SEA LEVEL RISE 5) BUILD DURABLE D) TEMPERATURE CHANGE STRUCTURES E) WIND STRENGTH F) RAINFALL 86 APPENDIX B 87 88 89 ... 11 2.4 Vulnerability of fishery- based Livelihoods to impacts of Weather and climate events The IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change) (2007) outlines vulnerability of a fishery- based. .. vulnerable to climate change impacts In assessing the vulnerability of Fishery- Based Livelihoods of coastal communities in Robertsport, Grand cape Mount County to impacts of weather and climatic events, ... sought to understand reasons and recommend strategies to reduce vulnerabilities of fishery- based livelihoods to weather and climate events in Robertsport, Grand Cape Mount County By this, the impacts