T H E R I G H T TO D O W R O N G Th e Rig ht To Do WRo n g MoRalit y and the liMits of laW Mark osiel Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Mark Osiel All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing 9780674240209 (EPUB) 9780674240216 (MOBI) 9780674240193 (PDF) The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Names: Osiel, Mark, author Title: The right to wrong : morality and the limits of law / Mark Osiel Description: Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 2019 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2018025427 | ISBN 9780674368255 (hardcover : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Law and ethics Classification: LCC K247.6 O85 2019 | DDC 340/.112—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018025427 To Joëlle CONTENTS Introduction: Defining the Puzzle 1 Common Morality, Social Mores, and the Law 22 A Sampling of Rights to Do Wrong 44 Three Rights to Do Wrong 85 How to “Abuse” a Right 109 Law and Morality in Ordinary Language and Social Science 131 Divergences of Law and Morals: Sites and Sources 153 Convergences of Law and Morals: Sites and Sources 176 Questions of Method and Meaning: The Law at Odds with Common Morality 195 Why This Book Is Not What You Had in Mind 217 10 The Changing Stance of Lawyers toward Common Morality 233 11 Commercial Morality, Bourgeois Virtue, and the Law 246 12 How We Attach Responsibilities to Rights 261 13 Common Morality Confronts Modernity 288 Conclusion 319 Notes 333 References 429 Acknowledgments 491 Index 493 Should there happen to be a country whose inhabitants were of a social temper, open-hearted, cheerful, endowed with . . . a facility in communicating their thoughts; who w ere sprightly and agreeable . . . and beside had courage, generosity, frankness and a certain notion of honor, no one o ught endeavor to restrain their manners by laws, unless he would lay a constraint on their virtues —Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1748 It is the manners and spirit of a p eople which preserve a republic in vigor A degeneracy in t hese is a canker which soon eats to the heart of its laws —Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 1782 Standing within the law, we are always in danger of allowing law to fill our entire vision . . . Not to see the end of social order as the rule of law strikes us as unnatural—the equivalent of imagining a world without gravity —Paul Kahn, The Cultural Study of Law, 1999 REFERENCES ——— 2005 In the Beginning Was the Deed: Realism and Moralism in Political Argument Edited by Geoffrey Hawthorn Princeton: Princeton University Press Williston, Samuel, and Richard A Lord 2010 A Treatise on the Law of Contracts 4th ed Vol. 8 Rochester, NY: Lawyers Cooperative Wilson, Ben 2007 The Making of Victorian Values New York: Penguin Press Wilson, Richard R 1980 Conformity and Deviance regarding Moral Rules in Chinese Society In Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture, edited by Arthur Kleinman and Tsung-yi Lin Hingham, MA: Kluwar Boston Winston, Kenneth 2008 What Makes Ethics Practical Harvard Kennedy School Working Paper No RWP08-013 https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm ?abstract_id=976556 ——— 2015 Ethics in Public Life: Good Practitioners in a Rising Asia New York: Palgrave Macmillan ——— 2018 “Good Order and Workable Arrangements”: Lon Fuller’s Critique of Positivism In The Cambridge Companion to Legal Positivism, edited by Patricia Mindus and Torben Spaak, forthcoming Witt, John Fabian 2008 Form and Substance in the Law of Counterinsurgency Damages Loyola Los Angeles Law Review 41:1455–1482 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1953 Philosophical Investigations Edited by G. E. M Anscombe and R Rhees Translated by G. E. M Anscombe Oxford: Blackwell Wolfe, Alan 2001 Moral Freedom: The Impossible Idea That Defines the Way We Now Live New York: W. W Norton Wong, Kristina 2015 U.S Aim for “Zero Civilian Casualties” Draws Criticisms The Hill, June 24 http://thehill.com/policy/defense/policy-strategy/245932-us -aims-for-zero-civilian-casualties-in-war-vs-isis World Values Survey 2014 Survey of Church Attendance http://www worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp Worthington, Sarah 2018 Revolutions in Personal Property: Redrawing the Common Law’s Conceptual Map Forthcoming in Revolution and Evolution in Private Law, edited by Sarah Worthington, Andrew Robertson, and Graham Virgo Portland, OR: Hart Wozner, Shai 2000–2001 Consistency and Effectiveness in Jewish Law as Reflected by the Lekhat’hila-Bedeabad Distinction Diney Israel 20–21: 42–100 (Hebrew) Wrage, Stephen 2003 The Ethics of Precision Air Power In Immaculate Warfare: Participants Reflect on the Air Campaigns over Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq, edited by Stephen Wrage Westport, CT: Praeger Wrong, Dennis 1994 The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society New York: Free Press Wuthnow, Robert 1991 Acts of Compassion: Caring for O thers and Helping Ourselves Princeton: Princeton University Press Xue, Xinran 2010 Gendercide: The Worldwide War on Baby Girls The Economist, March 4 488 REFERENCES Yates, Joshua J., and James Davison Hunter, eds 2011 Thrift and Thriving in America: Capitalism and Moral Order from the Puritans to the Present New York: Oxford University Press Yi, Zeng, Tu Ping, Gu Baochang, et al 1993 Causes and Implications of the Recent Increase in the Reported Sex Ratio at Birth in China Population and Development Review 19:283–302 Yiannopoulos, A. N 1994 Civil Liability for Abuse of Right: Something Old, Something New Louisiana Law Review 54:1173–1198 Yong, Ed 2009 Envious Capuchin Monkeys React Badly to Raw Deals In Phenomena: A Science Salon, by National Geographic December 5 http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2009/12/05/envious-capuchin -monkeys-react-badly-to-raw-deals YouGov 2014 Survey Results http://cdn.yougov.com/cumulus_uploads /document/5a36trmrkq/InternalResults_140718_Human_Rights_W.pdf Zakaria, Fareed 2010 Build the Ground Zero Mosque Daily Beast, August 6 Zelizer, Viviana 1979 Morals and Markets: The Development of Life Insurance in the United States New York: Columbia University Press Zhu, Ning 2011 Household Consumption and Personal Bankruptcy Journal of Legal Studies 40:1–37 Zifcak, Spencer 2012 The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria Melbourne Journal of International Law 13:59–93 Zigon, Jarret 2011 HIV Is God’s Blessing: Rehabilitating Morality in Neoliberal Russia Berkeley: University of California Press Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, Pablo 2010 Do Unfair Procedures Predict Employees’ Ethical Behavior by Deactivating Formal Regulations? Journal of Business Ethics 94:411–425 Zuckerberg, Marc 2017 Building Global Community August 16 https://www facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community /10154544292806634/ Zussman, Robert 1992 Intensive Care: Medical Ethics and the Medical Profession Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zywicki, Todd 2005 Institutions, Incentives, and Consumer Bankruptcy Reform Washington and Lee Law Review 62:1071–1138 489 AC K N OW L E DGMENTS “I think you’ll be amused by its presumption.” With this gesture of self-abasement (the caption of a famous James Thurber cartoon), I’ve sometimes inflicted this venturesome project, in search of guidance, on friends and professional acquaintances Those who left their mark on it, to whom I feel much gratitude, include Joëlle Adda, Hervé Ascenio, Tom Baker, Ziv Bohrer, W. James Booth, Sandy Boyd, Curtis Chan, Jovana Davidovic, Hanoch Dagan, Mihailis Diamantis, Paul Dubinsky, Stella Elias, Linda Emanuel, Zephyr Frank, Antoine Garapon, David Garrow, Robert W Gordon, Paul Gowder, Kent Greenawalt, Andrew Grewal, Ariela Gross, Stephen Holmes, Abdul Khaliq, Elizabeth Knoll, Michèle Lamont, Thomas LeBien, Clark Lombardi, Larry May, Marcin Matczak, Robert T Miller, Robert Moffitt, David Orentlicher, Todd Pettys, Jason Rantanen, Brad Roth, Julie Saada, Susan P Shapiro, Céline Spector, Maya Steinitz, Sean S ullivan, Robert Talisse, Frank Upham, Lea Vandervelde, Teresa Wagner, Jeremy Waldron, Roman Zinigrad, and Todd Zywicki None bear any responsibility for my missteps Thanks as well to my many research assistants over several years, and to the several senior military officers, physicians, and attorneys who have shared with me (under promise of anonymity) sobering stories of the ethical challenges—some here recounted—with which their many years of professional experiences regularly confronted them Having learned so much from him over several years of close correspondence, I owe my greatest debt in this work to Kenneth Winston, a former colleague at Harvard’s Center for Ethics and the Professions I am grateful also to several anonymous readers for Harvard University Press In early years, I learned enormously from my many teachers in sociology and in the law, at Berkeley, Harvard, the University of Chicago, and at Foley Hoag, a Boston law firm The manuscript profited from presentations to the Columbia Law School Legal Theory Workshop, École Normal Supérieure, University of Iowa Legal Studies Workshop, University of Michigan Legal Theory Workshop, Vanderbilt University Philosophy Department, University of Paris / Sorbonne, political theory workshop of 491 A c k n o w le d gme n t s the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po), and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, at a conference sponsored by the Minerva Institute of Human Rights The origin of the argument of this book is “Rights to Do Grave Wrong,” which I published in the Journal of Legal Analysis, Volume 5, Issue 1, June 1, 2013, pages 107– 219, https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/las015 © 2018 Oxford University Press Several institutions offered hospitable milieus in which to write: Stanford University’s WSD Handa Center for Human Rights and International Justice; the Institute des Hautes Études sur la Justice, Paris; the School of Law at Sciences Po; and the Centre d’Études des Normes Juridiques, of the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Over many years, the University of Iowa, College of Law, provided helpful support 492 INDEX abortion, 14, 70–72, 77, 84, 125, 128–130, 149, 151, 154, 188, 191–192; stigma against, 71, 129 “abuse of rights”: to abortion, 70–72, 128–129; to cause collateral damage in war, 98–108; concept of, 114–122; to declare bankruptcy, 49–51; to decline life-support, 93; to disability benefits, 52–54; to disinherit young children, 56–57; to divorce, 85–90; to “human rights,” 8, 122–124; to insurance recovery, 67–70; to invest in poorly governed countries, 61–64; to mistreat slaves, 272–275; to real property, 14, 84, 116, 118, 122, 279–280; to retain stolen artwork, 65–67; to set executive compensation, 160, 236–237; to sovereign territorial integrity, 274–276; to speak offensively, 44–46, 84, 112, 131–132; to tax arbitrage, 117 “acoustic separation” of rules See “conduct rules” (vs decision rules) administrative law, 189 Adorno, Theodor, 303 adultery, 89, 126, 174 advance care directives, 96–97 advertising, 69, 81, 134, 163, 202, 243, 294 affirmative action, 205 Afghanistan, 101, 102, 105, 112 Africa, 30, 62, 127, 141, 163 African Americans, 23, 80, 138 aiding and abetting, 182 al-Awlaki, Anwar, 46–47 alcoholism, 174 alienation, 282–283, 303 Al Qaeda, 46, 83 altruism, 200; reciprocal, 311 American Civil Liberties Union, 131, 132, 135 American Temperance Movement, 148, 226 Amish, 164 Anderson, Elizabeth, 255 anger, 73, 101, 137, 297 anomie, 38, 140, 144, 282, 303, 305 antitrust law, 154, 189 apologies, 99, 164–165, 304 applied ethics, 221–222 Aquinas, Thomas, 162, 165 Aristotle, 295, 311 Arneson, Richard, 296 artwork: morally offensive, 47–48, 131; stolen, 65–67, 304, 326, 328 See also museums; repatriation atomization, social, 303 auditing, legal, 243–244 Austin, John, 264, 290, 294 493 INDEX authoritarianism, 13, 45, 305 authority, 94, 232; cultural, 234, 241, 265; respect for, 33, 93, 142, 205 See also distrust of authority avarice, 256, 258 Bangladesh, 58, 64, 216 bankruptcy, personal, 3, 49–52, 76, 78, 83, 198–199, 212, 283, 301, 304, 325, 328 Bannon, Stephen, 258 baptism, 164 barroom fistfights, 274 battery, criminal, 184 bearbaiting, 226 Beinart, Peter, 17–18, 19 Bell, Daniel, 38 benevolence, 73, 173, 280 Bentham, Jeremy, 288, 290, 311, 314 binge drinking, 134, 226 biopolitics, 227 blackmail, 184 black markets, 161–163 blood transfusions, 293 Bloomberg, Michael, 20 blue laws, 195 Bourdieu, Pierre, 28, 230 bourgeois virtue, 247–252, 254, 256, 258 bribery, 182 Brooks, David, 252, 253, 254 Burke, Edmund, 288, 328 Bush, George W., 281 business community, 247, 255, 260 business ethics, 246–260 business schools, 244, 249, 259–260 capital punishment, 154, 188 “capture” theory (of legislation), 153–155, 186 Cardozo, Benjamin, 146 Carnival, 135, 171, 173 See also Mardi Gras (New Orleans) Catholicism, Catholic Church, 135, 149, 150, 172, 207, 249, 258 cause lawyers, 228 centralism, legal, 227, 289, 293, 314, 327 Chancery, English Courts of, 118, 217–218, 268 See also equity jurisprudence change, in social mores, 35–37 character, moral, 12, 103, 142, 174, 231, 249, 253, 256, 269, 280 charity, 137, 200, 280 chemical spills, 265 child abuse, neglect, 90 child soldiers, 163, 298 China, 9, 35, 59, 209, 211, 225, 226 “choice architecture,” 202 Christianity, 50, 74, 89, 112, 164, 229, 249, 256, 257, 312 Cicero, 310, 317 “circumstances of justice,” 188 clairvoyance, 250 classroom, law school, 82, 238, 240–242 clemency, 209, 308 Clinton, Bill, 129 Clinton, Hillary, 129 cockfighting, 226 Cohen, Felix, 238 cohesion, social, 33, 38–41, 118, 305 collateral damage See “incidental” civilian casualties collection agencies, 223 commercial transactions, 129, 241, 253, 255, 209 commodity chains, 62–63 common morality, differing concepts of, 22–43 commons property, 279 “common wisdom,” 34 communitarianism, 8, 128, 144 “community standards” (role of internet companies), 1, 319 compassion, 115, 200, 209, 231 concealed preferences, 127 “conduct rules” (vs decision rules), 305–306, 309–310 conflicts of law and morality, 218–221 Confucians, views on law, 290 consequentialism (and utilitarianism), 35, 192, 197, 205, 221, 222, 224, 239, 241, 253, 286 constructive trusteeship, 268 494 INDEX consumer boycotts, 61–64 contempt, 70, 125, 126, 142, 156, 184, 205, 260, 297 contraception, 9, 71, 269, 328 contract law, 178–181, 290 convergence (of law and morals), 187–194 coordination, social, 22, 40, 77, 223, 295, 311, 316 See also cohesion; focal points; reciprocity copyright law, 184–185, 189 corporate misconduct, 189, 215, 298 corruption, 159 cosmopolitanism, 26, 42, 102, 158 cost-benefit analysis, 238, 285 courage, epigraph (Montesquieu), 24, 103, 200, 206–207 covenant marriage, 88–89 cowardice, 206–207, 258 “creative destruction,” 254, 259 credit-rating agencies, 249 creditworthiness, 249 criminal law, 29–30, 115, 148, 163, 181–184, 193, 196 “critical” morality, 37, 95, 112, 114, 204, 222, 240, 293 criticism (social, moral), 7, 37, 61, 65, 100, 121, 127, 170, 230, 294 “cross-cutting cleavages,” 42 “crowding out,” 133, 196, 215 cruelty, 73, 144, 295, 304 cultural capital, 230 cultural property, 65, 66 See also artwork: stolen; museums; repatriation cultural sociology, 155 culture critics, 258, 330 Danish cartoon controversy, 18, 121 debauchery, 171–175 defamation, 38, 143, 178 dehumanization, 301 democratic experimentalism, 276 deontology, 35, 61, 83, 192, 197, 205, 221, 222, 239, 241, 286, 295 See also dignity: human derision, 297 desuetude, 126–127 Devlin, Lord, 39, 40 dignity: human, 61, 70, 78, 97, 121, 124–126, 222, 239, 269, 320; social, 104, 170, 262, 264, 278–279 diplomacy, 113, 276 disability, disability benefits, 52–54, 304 discrimination, 20, 68, 76, 80, 110, 227, 228, 300 See also racism “disenchantment,” 303 “disfavored” rights, 109–111, 131, 310 disgust, 36, 42, 134, 137, 142, 154, 156, 231, 286, 320 disinheritance (of children), 14, 56–57, 83, 278 distrust of authority, 158–161 division of labor, 266, 304, 308–310, 329 divorce, 56, 85–90, 166, 326; “no-fault,” 86–88 Douglas, Mary, 38 Douglass, Frederick, 171 drones, 101 drug enforcement, 159 drug possession offenses, 154, 183 due process, 25, 118, 189 Durkheim, Émile, 11, 45, 137, 176, 203, 253, 255, 303 duties to oneself, 94, 103, 140, 269 duties without corresponding rights, 9, 320 dwarf tossing, 125, 226 Dworkin, Ronald, 70, 125, 218, 219, 220 economics, 67–69, 77, 127, 203, 237, 248, 251, 254, 255, 265, 284, 311; of social norms, 2, 222–225 efficiency (of law vs mores), 180, 223, 224, 225, 238, 255, 259, 261, 266, 267, 302 Elster, Jon, 33 “embarrassment of riches,” 257 “embeddedness,” social, 253, 255 embezzlement, 213, 214 eminent domain, 278 England, 116, 122, 140, 146, 174, 184, 185, 212, 250, 277, 319 environmental harm, 190, 191, 265, 302 environmental justice, 209 Epstein, Richard, 328 495 INDEX equilibrium (between law and morals), 75–76, 85, 94, 106, 107, 124, 210–212, 279, 325, 328 equity jurisprudence, 118, 121, 217–218 See also Chancery, English Courts of ethnic cleansing, 107 ethnographies, 23, 112, 127, 141, 150, 231, 254, 303, 309, 323 European Convention of Human Rights, 123 European Court of Justice, 117 euthanasia, 182, 188, 205 evidence, law of, 5, 111, 185 evil regimes, 219 executive compensation, 160, 236–237 exile, 307 extortion, crime of, 184 false positives, 53, 55, 110 Feldman, Eric, 225 felony murder, 182 female genital mutilation, 127 feminism, 8, 37, 86 fetishism (faith in law as), 147 fiduciaries, trustees, 268, 273 financial crisis (of 2008), 154, 160, 247, 259, 260, 328 financiers, 247, 252, 254–255, 259–260 First Amendment, 11, 18, 45, 46, 48, 133–134, 136, 138, 273 First World War, 313 Fletcher, George, 114–115 focal points, 77, 223 See coordination, social “forced share,” 57 See also disinheritance (of children) forgiveness, 129, 294, 280, 307 Foucault, Michel, 28, 138–140, 227, 231, 292, 303, 324 France, 27–28, 57, 64, 122, 125, 207, 303 Franklin, Benjamin, 249 fraud, 55–56, 58, 69, 112–113, 178, 181–182, 191, 266, 248 Freedom of the Press, Commission on, 272 free riding, 67, 69, 248 frequency of encounter (with given legal fields), 188–191 Friedman, Milton, 246 Fuller, Lon, 146, 291 Galanter, Marc, 243 gambling, 86, 174, 211, 226 Garland, David, 30, 48 Gates, Bill, 240 gay marriage, 135, 152, 205 Geertz, Clifford, 34, 35 gemeinschaft, gessellschaft, 305 generosity, 24, 142, 209, 231 Geneva Conventions, 313 genocide, 164, 168, 206, 276 gentlemanliness, 252, 253 German law, 45, 57, 89, 90, 115–116, 123 Germany, 45, 102, 116, 205 “getting to maybe,” 237–238 Gilligan, Carol, Goffman, Erving, 282, 301 good faith, 25, 179, 187, 202, 261 good will, 249 Gordon, Robert W., 282 “governmentality,” 227 See also Foucault, Michel gratitude, 1, 102, 137, 209, 231, 295, 319, 323 gravity, of wrong, 12, 210, 263, 327 Greece, ancient, 35, 164, 242, 249, 307 Greenawalt, Kent, 146 Greenpeace, 298 guilt, 52, 142, 231, 294, 295, 296, 298 Habermas, Jürgen, 289, 314 Haidt, Jonathan, 137, 205, 206, 298 Hand, Judge Learned, 242 harms of prohibition, 161–163 Hart, H. L. A., 28, 40, 219 Haskell, Thomas, 201 hearsay, 185 Hegel, Georg W. F., 275 hegemony, bourgeois, 32–33 Heinich, Nathalie, 27 “helicopter parenting,” 271–272 “heroics,” medical interventions, 91, 284 Hirschman, Albert, 259 Hobbes, Thomas, 281 496 INDEX Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 146, 240 Honneth, Axel, 16 Horkheimer, Max, 303 House of Commons, 1, 319 humanitarian intervention, 98, 158, 195 humanitarian law, 98–108 human rights law, 62, 99, 107, 117, 164, 168–169, 201, 275; “abuse” of, 8, 122–124 human rights NGOs, 49, 64, 99, 277, 299 humiliation, 126, 291, 292, 299 Hutchins, Robert, 273 Ignatieff, Michael, 27 ignorance, public, 160–161, 247 immigration, 205 “imperfect duties,” 168–169 impoliteness, 144 incentives, 55, 68, 101, 186, 198, 237, 246, 248, 312 “incidental” civilian casualties, 13, 55, 78, 82–83, 98–108, 216, 268, 270, 314, 326, 328 income inequality, 205 indignation (at injustice): as an emotion, 142; aroused by perceived injustice, 16; aroused in litigation, 209; Axel Honneth on, 16; as basis of collective self- definition, 39; capacity of higher primates for, 21; as conjoining thought and feeling, 295; distinguished from resentment, 16; as form of anger, 137; ideologically disparate targets of, 26; inapt as category error, 155; main research questions concerning, 321; as manifested in ordinary language, 143; positive effects of, 16; as prompting feelings of guilt, 297; public displays of, 291; as the “reactive attitude” of most concern to law, 208; relative legislative and judicial sensitivity toward public’s, 186; toward mala in se wrongs only, 192, 223; toward 9/11 terrorists, 183; toward “philistine vulgarity,” 47; as triggering practices of reproach, 41; turns technical issues into moral ones, 155; uneasy relation to rule of law, 293; viewed sociologically, 155, 208–209, 220; within abortion debate, 150 See also disgust; revulsion infanticide, 127 information asymmetry, 77, 162, 190, 191, 248, 266 informed consent, 91–98, 315 See also advance care directives; life-support, right to decline insanity defense, 182 insider trading, 181 institutional design, 327 insurance, 14, 67–70, 76, 82, 83, 139, 211, 256, 328 intellectual piracy, 184 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 164 “internal morality,” 102, 255, 258 See also role morality International Criminal Court, 29, 59 international law, 14, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 78, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108, 117, 158, 164, 274–275, 276, 281, 304, 313, 314, 315 internet, 54, 298, 319 invisible hand, 323 Iraq, 101, 102, 105, 112 Islamic Cultural Center, 17–21, 201, 277, 279–280, 304 Islamic law, 48–49, 307 Islamic State (ISIS), 83, 101 Israel, 100, 307, 309 Italy, 122, 149 Jacquet, Jennifer, 294, 298 Jefferson, Thomas, epigraph, 137 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 293 Jewish law, 306, 307, 309, 316 Jews, 6, 31, 109 Joas, Hans, 137 Jobs, Steve, 240 journalism, 272–273 Judge Advocates General, 281 judging others, discomfort with, 143–144, 231 “judicial behavior,” political science concerning, 197 497 INDEX juries, jurors, 6, 92–94, 111, 127, 178, 184, 185, 238, 264 loyalty, 142, 205, 209, 253, 259, 268 Luker, Kristin, 150, 188 Kahan, Dan, 296, 300 Kahn, Paul, epigraph, 133 Kant, Emmanuel, 115, 168–169, 205, 223, 294–295, 311 Katz, Leo, 153 Krauthammer, Charles, 18, 19 Machiavelli, Niccoló, 310 MacIntyre, Alasdaire, 281 malice, 111, 116, 118, 120, 121 malingering, 270 March, Andrew, 138 Marcuse, Herbert, 46 Mardi Gras (New Orleans), 171–172 marriage, 54, 56, 88, 89, 126, 152, 166, 188, 306, 309 See also gay marriage martial honor, martial virtue, 102–104, 281, 313 Marx, Karl (and Marxism), 172, 199, 228, 257, 288, 303 mass media, 28, 304, 191, 272–273 McChrystal, Gen Stanley, 105 McCloskey, Deirdre, 249 Medicaid, 51, 322 “medicalization,” 134 mentally disabled, right to bear children, 59–61, 140, 315, 329 mercy, 209, 307 meritocracy, 252–253 Methodism, 250 microfinance, 58 militarism, 102 military officers, 55, 98, 101–106, 125, 263, 267, 271, 279, 281, 304, 313 See also Judge Advocates General Mill, John Stuart, 140, 221 “mirror” thesis, 145–147, 329 mistrust, as basis of lawyerly authority, 237–240 Model Penal Code, 181 modernity, 303, 305–306, 309, 314, 328 Mohammed, 121 Montesquieu, epigraph, 2, 11, 215, 225, 289, 303, 310, 319, 324; on honor, 103, 281; Persian Letters, 42; on Roman law and mores, 213–214 Moore, Barrington, 250 moral anthropology, 9, 229–232, 323 moral beauty, 137 labeling, 299, 301, 302 language, limitations of, 21, 156–158, 305 See also ordinary language larceny, 189 Latin America, 56, 149, 150 law professors, 9, 11, 82, 109, 178, 196–198, 227, 238, 240, 243, 302 lawyers, 233–245, 280, 282, 301, 304; cultural authority of, 233–244; public’s view of, 234 “least-cost avoider,” theory of, 261, 265–267, 284 legal ethics, 233–234, 282, 328 legal realism, 119, 238, 278 legal theory, 2, 291, 322, 327 See also centralism, legal legislation (vs judge-made law), 184–187 legislation, legislators, 156–157, 197, 210, 212–213, 220, 236, 251, 259, 284, 310, 321, 327 leprosy, 301 lex mercatoria, 179–180 liberalism (in moral and political theory), 13, 24–25, 31, 37–39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 57, 95, 118, 126, 144, 165, 199, 221, 230, 234, 288, 289, 292, 297, 299, 310, 314–316, 319, 320, 323, 329 libertarianism, 57, 131, 196, 288 life-support, right to decline, 14, 54, 78, 91–98, 216, 239, 269, 283, 314, 326, 329 Lindsay, Ronald, 28, 29 litigation, 111, 118–119, 126, 135, 169, 228, 235, 244, 273 Locke, John, 280 498 INDEX moral domain, 155–156, 166, 205, 208, 209, 259, 323 morale, military, 99 moral education, 310 moral entrepreneurs, 62, 137, 152, 216, 301 “moral hazard,” 67–70, 82, 160, 212, 328 moral heuristic, 132 moralism, 143–144, 125, 320 morality: common vs critical, 204–206; informal transmission of, 206–207; sociological approach to, 207–208; transvaluation of, 206–207 “moralization” (of issues), 134, 155, 188, 301 moral pluralism, 241 moral reeducation, 207 moral regeneration, 203, 305, 329 moral rights, 107, 168–170 “morals legislation,” 221 moral suasion, 92 “moral support,” 136, 142 moral turpitude, 290 motives (for conduct): ensuring proper, 163–166; incentives to conceal, 80; inscrutability of, 166–167, 305; intrinsic vs extrinsic, 77, 224, 253, 258, 298; mixed, 167; motivation to act on moral judgments, 297 Moyn, Samuel, multiculturalism, 39–40 murder, 5, 47, 73, 104, 149, 182, 183, 189, 193 museums, 14, 65–67, 76, 168, 304, 326, 328 See also artwork: stolen; repatriation mystification, 4, nationalism, 30–31 Native Americans, 112 natural law, 94 negligence, law of, 177–178, 181, 189, 193, 290 neighborliness, 206, 218 Nelson, Robert, 235 neoliberalism, 10, 70 neonates, duties toward, 272 neo-Nazis, 6, 45, 136, 321 nepotism, 252 Netherlands, 122, 257 neuroscience, 59 New Deal, 272 news reporting, 272–273 Ngram Viewer, 200, 234, 292 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 144, 229, 230 nonlethal weapons, 105 Novak, Michael, 249 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 162 Nussbaum, Martha, 292, 299 Oakeshott, Michael, 288 Obama, Barak, 19, 46, 101, 276 obesity, 36, 134 “offensiveness” in tort, 184 offensive speech, 14, 44–47, 84, 112, 113, 131, 132, 135–137, 304 oil spills, 190, 191 O’Neill, Onora, ordinary language, 9, 13, 21, 24, 47, 51, 92, 97, 113, 116, 122, 133, 140–144, 170, 188, 199, 201, 202, 208, 209, 264, 277, 278, 279, 296, 323 See also language, limitations of Orentlicher, David, 95–96 organicism, social, 288–289 organs, human (harvesting of), 225–226 parents, rights and duties of, 59, 67, 85–90, 125, 189, 239, 267, 270, 271–272, 279, 280, 325 See also disinheritance (of c hildren) Parsons, Talcott, 32, 270 paternalism, 50, 64; of lawyers, 234; of physicians, 321; of slaveholders, 74–75; of state policy, 50, 136, 221 penal populism, 183 Peretz, Martin, 18, 19 perjury, 122, 166, 182 philistines, 47, 258 philosophy: analytic, 2, 81, 157–158, 205, 206, 219, 220, 323; experimental, 192, 323 physicians, 54, 91–93, 189, 266, 271, 277, 280, 283, 304, 309, 313 Pinker, Steven, 155 Pinto case (vs Ford Motors), 238, 239 499 INDEX pipelines (siting of), 210 pity, 295 Poland, 122, 207 polarization, political, 6, 41, 42–43, 201 police, 23, 109, 132, 159, 171, 223, 267 pornography, 48, 221 Posner, Eric, 226 Posner, Judge Richard, 119, 247 Post, Robert, 38, 39, 40, 42, 226–227 Pound, Roscoe, 145 power, political, 300–302 preventive law, 243–244 primates, 21 prisons, 154, 223 privacy, 88, 112, 159, 178, 316 privilege, 252, 253 professional associations, 265 professions, 34–35, 240, 266, 269, 270, 277, 283, 285, 313, 315 See also lawyers; military officers; physicians Prohibition (of alcohol sales), 26, 148–149, 150, 151 property, property law, 58, 84, 87, 185, 189, 199, 278, 279, 316 prostitution See sex work protest, mass (against hate speech, hate crime), 44–45, 137–138, 323 prudence, 18, 49, 74, 83, 170, 202, 212, 251–252, 280 psychology: cognitive, 97, 99, 187; experimental, 77, 177, 180, 297 public choice theory, 148–152, 176, 329 punishment, 29–31, 115, 127, 182, 192, 291–292 punitive damages, 111 purity, 33, 137, 143, 205 Putnam, Robert, racism, 18, 138, 170 See also discrimination rape, 37, 73, 149, 183 Rape of the Sabines, 37 Rawls, John, 204–205 Raz, Joseph, 235 reactive attitudes, 192, 208, 323 Reality TV, 60 reasonableness, as legal test, 115, 177–178, 180, 187, 202, 271, 290 reciprocity, 7, 193, 243, 247, 310–311, 317 recklessness, 121, 142, 212, 235, 251, 258, 260 rectitude, 250 referendum, public, 186 reflective equilibrium, 78 rent-seeking, 188 repatriation, 65, 66, 168, 304 See also artwork: stolen; museums “repeat players,” 255 reputation (for virtue), 38, 55, 57–58, 69, 88, 101, 163, 232, 248, 251, 258, 293, 312 resentiment, 172 respectability, 23, 142, 149, 250, 263 “responsibility-rights,” 158, 261, 262–265, 274–277, 278, 283, 284 “Responsibility to Protect,” 168, 275–277, 304 retribution, 16, 115, 183, 192, 196, 286 revulsion, 155, 211, 286, 296 See also disgust; indignation (at injustice) ridicule, 126, 171, 184 rights-consciousness, 228, 315, 323 rights-talk, 7, 8, 128, 200–201 “right to die.” See advance care directives; “heroics,” medical interventions; life-support, right to decline risk analysis, 244 “risk society,” 244 ritual, 18, 137, 165, 172, 207, 212, 226 robbery, 183 Robinson, Paul H., 181, 182, 196 role morality, 102, 273 See also “internal morality” Rollert, John, 260 Roman law, 119, 213, 264 rudeness, 144 rule against perpetuities, 189 rule of law, epigraph (Kahn), 93, 103, 104, 114, 118, 159, 167, 289, 293, 305 See also centralism, legal rules of engagement, 76, 105 rumor, 307 Ryan, Alan, 280, 315 500 INDEX salience, psychological, 187, 189, 194 sanctity, sacred, 18, 30, 39, 155, 205 Sanders, Bernie, 258 Sanger, Carol, 128–130 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 288 Sayer, Andrew, 230, 231 Scandinavia, 51 Scanlon, Thomas, 317–318 Schauer, Fred, 112, 113, 122, 129 Scheppelle, Kim, 169 Searle, John, 81 Second Amendment (right to bear arms), 264 secret laws, 305 security dilemma, 244 self-determination, national, 31 Sen, Amartya, 168–170, 277 sentencing, criminal, 182, 183, 239, 304 “separation of law and morality,” 219 sex work, 162, 163, 184 shame, shaming, 63, 83, 141, 199, 291–299, 300, 309, 319; definition of, 296; efficacy of (relative to guilt), 294–299; legitimacy of law’s reliance upon, 293–296, 299, 320–321, 328 shaming campaigns, 298–299, 301–302, 330 shaming methodologies, 299 shaming sanctions, 291–292 Shasta County, 225, 304, 309 Shklar, Judith, 192 “shock the conscience,” as legal test, 112, 178, 180, 238 sickness, as a social role, 270 Sidgwick, Henry, 205 Simmel, Georg, 250 slavery, 26, 72–75, 171–172, 212 Slobogin, Christopher, 196 Smith, Adam, 249, 256 Smith, Steven B., 258 Snyder v Phelps, 112 sobriety, 250 social capital, 7–8 social death, 301, 307 social media, 62, 164, 207, 294, 310 social roles, 126, 271, 273, 283, 284, 325 social science, 7, 11, 27, 34, 36, 42, 63, 70, 88, 127, 149, 155, 181, 186, 203, 204, 207, 208, 214, 224, 230, 243, 248, 298, 304, 310, 311 See also economics; moral anthropology; psychology; sociology sociolinguistics, 141, 323 sociological approach to morality, 207–208 sociology, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 17, 32, 40, 41, 42, 46, 50, 53, 69, 80, 81, 155, 197, 203, 225, 227–229, 230, 236, 250, 253, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266, 271, 289, 299–301, 302, 304, 311, 314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 322 “soft law,” 276, 304 solidarity, 32, 63, 115, 228, 317 Solomon, Robert, 249 Sophists, 242 “soulcraft,” 165 “sound morals,” as a legal test, 116, 117 sovereignty, 275–276, 304 Soviet law, 118 Soviet Union, 109 speech See First Amendment; offensive speech “standard of care,” 75, 177, 270, 271, 290 Stephens, Bret, 18 stereotyping, 299, 301, 302 sterilization, compulsory, 59–61 stigma: bankruptcy law, 3–4, 49–51, 198–199, 325; corporate social responsibility, 61–64, 298–299, 301–302, 330; definition of, 300; desuetude, 126–127; disability law, 52–53; divorce law, 85–90; First Amendment law, 44–48, 133; humanitarian law, 55, 98–108; insurance contracts, 67–70; integral to the workings of abortion law, 70–72, 198–199; Islamic law, 48–49; law in general, 2–4, 132–137, 203, 210–211, 248, 304–305, 307–308, 310; medical law of informed consent, 54, 91–98; microfinance contracts, 58; museum repatriation of looted art, 65–67; procreation rights among the mentally disabled, 59–61; slavery law, 72–75; state sovereignty, “Responsibility to Protect,” 275–277; testamentary law, 56–57; welfare law, 51–52 Stoics, ancient, 295 strict construction (in criminal law), 183, 306 501 INDEX strict liability, 182 suicide, 78, 91–92, 125, 188 Sunstein, Cass, 128 surveillance, 303 Susskind, Daniel, and Richard, 244 systemic risk, 251–252 taboo, 79, 129 take-up rates, 53, 54, 321 Tamanaha, Brian, 145, 147 tax law, 113, 117, 190, 297 terror, terrorism, 1, 19, 46, 82, 101, 105, 121, 123, 182, 281; “material support for,” 182 “thin” vs “thick” concepts, 24–26, 247, 304–305 Third Reich, 109, 116 tobacco, 134, 202 Tocqueville, Alexis, 5, 234 tolerance, 18, 20, 31, 37–38, 40, 41–42, 45, 85, 176, 231, 317 See also liberalism (in moral and political theory) tort law, 73, 172, 177–178, 183–184, 187, 193, 270, 272, 290 torture, 205, 281 trade usage, 290 transfer pricing, 191 transvaluation, of values, 206–207 Trotsky, Leon, 32 trustworthiness, 58, 185, 224, 244, 249, 250, 258 tuna traders, 225, 309 Turkey, 207 “unconscionability,” 180–181 unconsummated attempts, 181 U.N Global Compact, 62–64, 294 Uniform Commercial Code, 179 unjust enrichment, 268 U.N Security Council, 158, 195 usury, 162 viatical contracts, 211 vices, 143, 172, 221, 256 Victorians, Victorian morality, 26, 104, 143, 201, 202, 250, 319 virtue, 248–249, 250; appearance of, 174; civic, 31, 43, 122, 165, 199, 308, 310; martial, 101–104, 313; ordinary, 27; respectability as a, 23, 142; rights- consciousness at odds with civic, 200–201; self-discipline as a, 142 See also reputation (for virtue); virtue ethics virtue ethics, 239, 262, 280–283, 285, 286; of physicians, 97, 312–314; of military officers, 102–104, 313–314 voting franchise, right to vote, 269, 313 Waldron, Jeremy, 37, 89, 97, 100, 120–121, 125, 145, 170, 261–268, 271, 274, 278, 279, 282, 325 Walmart Stores, Inc v Dukes, 81–82 Warren, Elizabeth, 258 waste disposal, 209 Weber, Max, 57, 93–94, 129, 249, 256, 303 Weitz, Tracy, 129 “welfare” entitlements (Medicaid, SNAP), 51–52 whistle-blowers, 55–56, 110, 266, 328 Whitman, James, 292 wicked laws, 219 Wilde, Oscar, 35, 113 Williams, Bernard, 24, 206, 207, 267, 296 Winston, Kenneth, 206, 207, 491 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 81 “working to rule,” 55 workplace rights, 54 World Trade Organization, 63 zealous advocacy, 273 zoning, 209, 278 Zuckerberg, Mark, 23, 41 502 ... https://lccn.loc.gov/2018025427 To Joëlle CONTENTS Introduction: Defining the Puzzle 1 Common Morality, Social Mores, and the Law 22 A Sampling of Rights to Do Wrong 44 Three Rights to Do Wrong 85 How to “Abuse” a Right. .. exercise of these,”33 as by defending their motives for such use These academicians exhort that “a duty to respect the rights of o thers is to be preferred to a duty to ‘exercise rights responsibly,’... corresponding duties, for these are designed to ensure that those rights are satisfactorily respected We therefore naturally come to think of our duties in relation to others’ rights, to which t hese