Michael l grey, jagan mohan ailinani CT MRI pathology a pocket atlas, third edition mcgraw hill education medical (2018)

Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-1-26-012195-7 MHID: 1-26-012195-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-26-012194-0, MHID: 1-26-012194-1 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions 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may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise CONTENTS Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments Special Acknowledgments Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) PART I PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PART II CONTRAST MEDIA CT and MRI Contrast Agents CT Contrast Agents Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Metformin (Glucophage) MR Contrast Agents Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Intravenous (IV) Contrast and the Pregnant Patient PART III CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Neoplasm Acoustic Neuroma Astrocytoma Brain Metastasis Craniopharyngioma Ependymoma Glioblastoma Multiforme Lipoma Medulloblastoma Meningioma Oligodendroglioma Pituitary Adenoma Brain Congenital Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Arachnoid Cyst Crainosynostosis Dandy-Walker Syndrome Encephalocele Hydrocephalus Neurofibromatosis (NF1) Tuberous Sclerosis Brain Phakomatosis Sturge-Weber Syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Brain Vascular Disease Arteriovenous Malformation Intracranial Aneurysm Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Hemorrhagic Stroke) Ischemic Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) Neurovascular Compression Syndrome (NVCS) Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis Brain Degenerative Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Multi-Infarct Dementia Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Parkinson’s Disease Brain Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis Brain Infection Brain Abscess Cysticercosis Brain Trauma Brain Herniation Diffuse Axonal Injury Epidural Hematoma Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subdural Hematoma Spine Congenital Arnold-Chiari Malformation Syringomyelia/Hydromyelia Tethered Cord Spine Degenerative Herniated Disk Spinal Stenosis Spondylolisthesis Spine Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis (Spinal Cord) Spine Infection Vertebral Osteomyelitis Spine Tumor Metastatic Disease to the Spine Spinal Ependymoma Spinal Hemangioma Spinal Meningioma Spine Trauma Burst Fracture C1 Fracture Cervical Facet Lock Vertebral Compression Fracture Spinal Cord Hematoma Fracture/Dislocation (C6-C7) Odontoid Fracture Spine Vascular Disease Spinal Cord Ischemia/Infarction PART IV HEAD AND NECK Congenital Brachial Cleft Cyst Tumor Cavernous Hemangioma (Orbital) Cholesteatoma (Acquired) Glomus Tumor (Paraganglioma) Parotid Gland Tumor (Benign Adenoma) Thyroid Goiter Infection Peritonsillar Abscess Submandibular Salivary Gland Abscess Sinus Mucocele Sinusitis Trauma Intraocular Foreign Body Tripod Fracture PART V CHEST AND MEDIASTINUM Cardiac Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery Aortic Regurgitation Atrial Myxoma Coronary Artery Disease Pericardial Effusion Situs Inversus Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Infection Histoplasmosis Lungs Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Asbestosis Bronchogenic Carcinoma 10 Sarcoidosis, 204–205 Sarcoma, abdominal soft-tissue, 350–353 Shoulder Hill-Sachs fracture, 382–385 labral tear, 386–389 pectoralis major tendon tear, 390–391 rotator cuff tear, 392–395 Sinus tarsi syndrome, 468–469 Sinusitis, 162–163 Situs inversus, 180–181 Small bowel obstruction (SBO), 256–259 Soft-tissue sarcoma, 350–353 Spigelian hernia, 344–345 Spinal cord hematoma, 132–133 ischemia/infarction, 138–139 Spinal stenosis, 104–105 Spine congenital anomalies of, 96–101 degenerative disease, 102–107 demyelinating disease, 108–109 infection, 110–111 trauma, 124–137 tumor, 112–123 vascular disease, 138–139 Splenic laceration, 328–329 Splenomegaly, 354–355 Spondylolisthesis, 106–107 Subacute osteomyelitis, 458–461 Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 92–93 Subdural hematoma (SDH), 94–95 Submandibular salivary gland abscess, 158–159 Superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis, 68–69 Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, 182–183 Syringomyelia, 98–99 T 556 T1-weighted pulse sequence, MRI, T2-weighted pulse sequence, MRI, TE (echo time) values, Tethered cord, 100–101 Thymoma, 208–209 Thyroid goiter, 154–155 Tibial plateau fracture, 448–449 TR (repetition time) values, Trauma brain brain herniation, 86–87 diffuse axonal injuries (DAI), 88–89 epidural hematoma, 90–91 subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 92–93 subdural hematoma (SDH), 94–95 chest and mediastinum aortic tear, 220–221 diaphragmatic hernia, 222–223 lung contusion, 224–225 pneumothorax, 226–227 head and neck, 220–227 intraocular foreign body, 164–165 tripod fracture, 166–167 liver laceration, 324–325 renal laceration, 326–327 spine burst fracture, 124–125 C1 fracture, 126–127 cervical facet lock, 128–129 fracture/dislocation (C6-C7), 134–135 odontoid fracture, 136–137 spinal cord hematoma, 132–133 vertebral compression fracture, 130–131 splenic laceration, 328–329 Trendelenburg position, Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), 410–411 Triceps tendon tear, 398–399 557 Tripod fracture, 166–167 Tuberous sclerosis, 50–51 Tumor See also Cancer; Neoplasms of head and neck, 144–155 cavernous hemangioma (orbital), 144–145 cholesteatoma (acquired), 146–147 glomus tumor (paraganglioma), 148–151 parotid gland tumor (benign adenoma), 152–153 soft-tissue sarcoma, 350–353 spine, 112–123 metastatic disease, 112–115 spinal ependymoma, 116–117 spinal hemangioma, 118–119 spinal meningioma, 120–123 Wilm tumor, 314–315 U Unicameral (simple) bone cyst, 450–453 Uterine leiomyoma (fibroid uterus), 376–379 Uterus, fibroid, 376–379 V Vascular disease of brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 56–57 intracerebral hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke), 60–61 intracranial aneurysm, 58–59 ischemic stroke (cerebrovascular accident), 62–65 neurovascular compression syndrome (NVCS), 66–67 superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis, 68–69 peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 470–471 spine, 138–139 Ventral hernia, 346–347 Vertebral compression fracture, 130–131 Vertebral osteomyelitis, 110–111 Volvulus, 260–261 Von Hippel-Lindau disease, 54–55 558 W Water-soluble contrast agents, Wilm tumor, 314–315 Wrist See Hand and wrist 559 FIGURE Ischemic Stroke Same patient as in Figure with the left MCA stroke Shows decreased cerebral perfusion to this area (blue) (A) Mean transit time is prolonged (blue) (B) In image (C) red represents an infarct; green represents the penumbra of threatened (at risk) ischemic brain that may potentially be saved with an intervention 560 FIGURE Glomus Tumor (Glomus Tympanicum) Clinical otoscopic images show a (blue)vascular mass located behind the eardrum This corresponds to the mass seen on the cochlear promontory (Figure 3) 561 目录 Title Page Copyright Page Contents Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments Special Acknowledgments Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) PART I: PRINCIPLES OF IMAGING IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PART II: CONTRAST MEDIA CT and MRI Contrast Agents CT Contrast Agents Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Metformin (Glucophage) MR Contrast Agents Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Intravenous (IV) Contrast and the Pregnant Patient PART III: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Brain Neoplasm Acoustic Neuroma Astrocytoma Brain Metastasis Craniopharyngioma Ependymoma Glioblastoma Multiforme Lipoma Medulloblastoma 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 26 28 28 30 30 31 32 33 33 33 35 39 42 44 47 49 51 562 Meningioma Oligodendroglioma Pituitary Adenoma Brain Congenital Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Arachnoid Cyst Crainosynostosis Dandy-Walker Syndrome Encephalocele Hydrocephalus Neurofibromatosis (NF1) Tuberous Sclerosis Brain Phakomatosis Sturge-Weber Syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Brain Vascular Disease Arteriovenous Malformation Intracranial Aneurysm Intracerebral Hemorrhage (Hemorrhagic Stroke) Ischemic Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) Neurovascular Compression Syndrome (NVCS) Superior Sagittal Sinus Thrombosis Brain Degenerative Disease Alzheimer’s Disease Multi-Infarct Dementia Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus Parkinson’s Disease Brain Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis 563 53 56 59 61 61 61 63 65 67 70 72 75 77 80 80 80 82 84 84 84 86 88 91 96 98 101 101 101 103 105 107 109 109 109 Brain Infection Brain Abscess Cysticercosis Brain Trauma Brain Herniation Diffuse Axonal Injury Epidural Hematoma Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Subdural Hematoma Spine Congenital Arnold-Chiari Malformation Syringomyelia/Hydromyelia Tethered Cord Spine Degenerative Herniated Disk Spinal Stenosis Spondylolisthesis Spine Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis (Spinal Cord) Spine Infection Vertebral Osteomyelitis Spine Tumor Metastatic Disease to the Spine Spinal Ependymoma Spinal Hemangioma Spinal Meningioma Spine 564 109 112 112 114 119 119 119 121 124 125 128 132 132 132 134 136 139 139 139 142 143 148 148 148 150 150 150 153 153 153 158 160 162 168 Trauma Burst Fracture C1 Fracture Cervical Facet Lock Vertebral Compression Fracture Spinal Cord Hematoma Fracture/Dislocation (C6-C7) Odontoid Fracture Spine Vascular Disease Spinal Cord Ischemia/Infarction PART IV: HEAD AND NECK 168 168 170 172 175 177 179 181 183 183 183 185 Congenital Brachial Cleft Cyst Tumor Cavernous Hemangioma (Orbital) Cholesteatoma (Acquired) Glomus Tumor (Paraganglioma) Parotid Gland Tumor (Benign Adenoma) Thyroid Goiter Infection Peritonsillar Abscess Submandibular Salivary Gland Abscess Sinus Mucocele Sinusitis Trauma Intraocular Foreign Body Tripod Fracture 186 186 189 189 190 193 197 200 202 202 203 205 205 207 210 210 211 PART V: CHEST AND MEDIASTINUM 215 Cardiac Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery Aortic Regurgitation Atrial Myxoma 565 216 216 218 220 Coronary Artery Disease Pericardial Effusion Situs Inversus Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Infection Histoplasmosis Lungs Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome Asbestosis Bronchogenic Carcinoma Bullous Emphysema Mesothelioma Pleural Effusion Pulmonary Emboli Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary Metastatic Disease Sarcoidosis Mediastinum Hodgkin Disease Thymoma Aorta Aortic Coarctation Aortic Dissection Breast Breast Cancer Breast Implant Leakage Trauma Aortic Tear Diaphragmatic Hernia Lung Contusion Pneumothorax PART VI: ABDOMEN 222 225 227 229 233 233 235 235 236 237 239 240 242 243 245 247 249 252 252 254 258 258 259 263 263 267 269 269 271 273 276 279 Gastrointestinal Carcinoid 280 280 566 Colorectal Cancer Crohn’s Disease Free Intraperitoneal Air Gastric Carcinoma Intussusception Ischemic Bowel Large Bowel Obstruction Mesenteric Adenitis Mesenteric Ischemia Small Bowel Obstruction Volvulus Hepatobiliary Cavernous Hemangioma Choledochal Cysts Choledocholithiasis Fatty Infiltration of the Liver Focal Nodular Hyperplasia Hemochromatosis Hepatic Adenoma Hepatic Cysts Hepatic Metastases Hepatoma Pancreas Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Pancreatic Pseudocyst Pancreatitis Genitourinary Agenesis of the Kidney Angiomyolipoma Horseshoe Kidney Perinephric Hematoma Polycystic Kidney Disease Pyelonephritis Renal Artery Stenosis 567 282 284 288 289 291 293 295 297 300 303 306 309 309 311 314 316 318 321 323 326 328 330 335 335 336 338 342 342 343 346 348 350 353 355 Renal Calculus Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Infarct Wilms’ Tumor Infection Appendicitis Diverticulitis Perinephric Abscess Renal Abscess Trauma Liver Laceration Renal Laceration Splenic Laceration Miscellaneous Adrenal Adenoma Adrenal Metastases Aortic Aneurysm (Stent-Graft) Hernia: Hiatal Hernia Hernia: Inguinal Hernia Hernia: Spigelian Hernia Hernia: Ventral Hernia Lymphoma Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Splenomegaly PART VII: PELVIS 357 360 362 364 367 367 368 370 373 375 375 377 379 381 381 383 385 387 390 393 396 398 400 405 407 Adenomyosis Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Bladder Cancer Cervical Cancer Ovarian Carcinoma Ovarian Cyst Prostate Carcinoma Rectal Cancer Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroid Uterus) 568 408 410 411 414 416 418 421 422 426 PART VIII: MUSCULOSKELETAL 431 Shoulder Hill-Sachs Fracture (Defect) Labral Tear Pectoralis Major Tendon Tear Rotator Cuff Tear Elbow Biceps Brachii Tendon Tear Triceps Tendon Tear Hand and Wrist Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Gamekeeper Thumb Ganglion Cyst Kienbock Disease Triangular Fibrocartilage Tear Hip Avascular Necrosis (Osteonecrosis) Femoral Neck Fracture Hip Dislocation Knee Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Baker Cyst Bone Contusion (Bruise) Lateral Collateral Ligament Tear Meniscal Tear Osteoarthritis Osteosarcoma Patellar Fracture Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Quadriceps Tear Radiographic Occult Fracture Tibial Plateau Fracture Unicameral (Simple) Bone Cyst Ankle and Feet 432 432 436 439 441 447 447 449 452 452 453 457 462 465 468 468 470 473 476 476 477 479 481 482 484 486 490 492 494 498 502 504 511 569 Achilles Tendon Tear Brodie Abscess Diabetic Foot Peroneal Tendon Tear Sinus Tarsi Syndrome Vascular Peripheral Arterial Disease Miscellaneous Ewing Sarcoma 511 515 518 522 525 529 529 532 532 Index 537 570 ... Lateral Collateral Ligament Tear Meniscal Tear Osteoarthritis 14 Osteosarcoma Patellar Fracture Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Quadriceps Tear Radiographic Occult Fracture Tibial Plateau Fracture... implant or device that is electrically, magnetically, or mechanically activated such as pacemakers, cochlear implants, and certain types of intracranial aneurysm clips and orbital metallic foreign bodies... Infection Appendicitis Diverticulitis Perinephric Abscess Renal Abscess Trauma Liver Laceration Renal Laceration Splenic Laceration Miscellaneous Adrenal Adenoma Adrenal Metastases Aortic Aneurysm