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Đại diện cho chủ ngữ chỉ người, vật, đặc biệt trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (who, which vẫn có thê sử dụng được).. I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.[r]
(1)Mệnh đề quan hệ tiếng Anh 1 Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ
Mệnh đề (Clause) phần câu, bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc câu Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để giải thích rõ danh từ đứng trước
Xét ví dụ sau:
The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend
Trong câu phần viết chữ nghiêng gọi relative clause, đứng sau “the woman” dùng để xác định danh từ Nếu bỏ mệnh đề có câu hồn chỉnh:
The woman is my girlfriend
2 Các dạng mệnh đề Quan hệ
A Relative Pronouns - Đại từ quan hệ Đại từ
quan hệ Cách sử dụng Ví dụ
Who Làm chủ ngữ, đại diện người I told you about the
woman who lives next door
which
Làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ, đại diện đồ vật, động vật
Bổ sung cho câu đứng trước
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
He couldn’t read which surprised me
whose Chỉ sở hữu cho người vật Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom Đại diện cho tân ngữ người I was invited by the
(2)conference That
Đại diện cho chủ ngữ người, vật, đặc biệt mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (who, which có thê sử dụng được)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen
B Relative Clauses - Mệnh đề quan hệ
Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước
I Các đại từ quan hệ 1 WHO
- làm chủ từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ người … N (person) + WHO + V + O
2 WHOM
- làm túc từ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ người
… N (person) + WHOM + S + V
3 WHICH
- làm chủ từ túc từ mệnh đề quan hệ - thay cho danh từ vật
….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O ….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
4 THAT
- thay cho vị trí who, whom, which mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định
(3)- danh từ trước bao gôm người vật
- sau đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ số lượng: no one,
nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none
Ex:He was the most interesting person that I have ever met It was the first time that I heard of it
These books are all that my sister left me
She talked about the people and places that she had visited
* Các trường hợp không dùng that:
- mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định - sau giới từ
5 WHOSE
Dùng để sở hữu cho danh từ người vật, thường thay cho từ: her, his, their, hình thức ‘s
… N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V …
II Các trạng từ quan hệ
1 WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ tiếng Anh lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason
… N (reason) + WHY + S + V …
Ex: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason → I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school
2 WHERE: thay từ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there ….N (place) + WHERE + S + V …
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed t that hotel → The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean
(4)(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day → Do you still remember the day when we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
I don’t know the time She will come back then → I don’t know the time when she will come back
III Các loại Mệnh đề quan hệ
Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses):là mệnh đề dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước Mệnh đề xác định mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa câu, khơng có câu khơng đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ không xác định khơng dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách với mệnh đề
Mệnh đề quan hệ khơng hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses):là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin người, vật việc xác định Mệnh đề không xác định mệnh đề khơng thiết phải có câu, khơng có câu đủ nghĩa Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful (Non-defining relative clause)
Note: để biết dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý điểm sau:
- Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ riêng
- Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their) - Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa la danh từ với this , that, these, those
IV Một số lưu ý mệnh đề quan hệ
(5)mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom which.)
Ex: Mr Brown is a nice teacher We studied with him last year → Mr Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher → Mr Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher
2 Có thể dùng which thay cho mệnh đề đứng trước.
Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party That makes me sad → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad
3 Ở vị trí túc từ, whom thay who.
Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party
4 Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , bỏ đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which.
Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend The book you lent me was very interesting
5 Các cụm từ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … dùng trước whom, which whose.
Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her
V Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ
1 Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm phân từ
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that rút gọn thành cụm phân từ (V-ing) khứ phân từ (V3/ed)
* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề chủ động rút thành cụm phân từ (V-ing)
a/ The man who is standing over there is my father → The man standing over there is my father
b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors → The couple living next door to me are professors
(6)a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important → The instructions given on the front page are very important
b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting → The book bought by my mother is interesting
2 Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu
Mệnh đề quan hệ rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) trước đại từ quan hệ có cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặchình thức so sánh bậc Ví dụ
a/ John was the last person that got the news → John was the last person to get the news
b/ He was the best player that we admire → He was the best player to be admired
c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way → He was the second man to be killed in this way
Bài tập
I Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:
1 The men _ lives next-door are English The dictionary _ you gave me is very good
3 Do you know the girls _ are standing outside the church?
4 The police are looking for the thieve _ got into my house last night The chocolate _ you like comes from the United States
6 I have lost the necklace _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _ go to the airport run every half hour
9 I can’t find the key _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _ had many pictures 11 I don’t like the boy _ Sue is going out with
(7)14 This is the bank _ was robbed yesterday
15 He wore a mask _ made him look like Mickey Mouse
II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:
1 He arrived with a friend waited outside in the car The man mobile was ringing did not know what to The car the robbers escaped in was a BMW
4 The woman daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman works in the village is very old
6 The family car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy is wearing a red shirt looks very funny A bus is a big car carries lots of people
9 The volunteers, enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly 10 Children like music are often good at mathematics
11 The engineers designed the building received an award 12 The girl recited the poem is my niece
13 The townspeople, pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall
14 The Pacific Ocean, might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s largest ocean
15 The newspaper to we subscribe is delivered regularly
III Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns:
1 The first boy has just moved He knows the truth
……… ……… I don’t remember the man You said you met him at the canteen last week ……… ……… The only thing is how to go home It make me worried
……… ……… The most beautiful girl lives city I like her long hair very much
(8)5 He was Tom I met him at the bar yesterday
……… ……… The children often go swimming on Sundays They have much free time then ……… ………
……
7 They are looking for the man and his dog They have lost the way in the forest ……… ……… The tree has lovely flowers The tree stands near the gate of my house
……… ……… My wife wants you to come to dinner You were speaking to my wife
……… ……… 10 The last man has just returned from the farm I want to talk to him at once ……… ……… 11 The students will be awarded the present The students’ reports are very
valuable
……… ……… 12 The book was a lovely story I was reading it yesterday
……… ……… 13 The botanist will never forget the day He found a strange plant on that day ……… ……… 14 Someone is phoning you He looked for you three hours ago
……… ……… 15 The man works for my father’s company The man’s daughter is fond of dancing
……… ……… ……
ĐÁP ÁN
I Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:
1 The men _who _ lives next-door are English The dictionary _which _ you gave me is very good
(9)4 The police are looking for the thieve _who _ got into my house last night The chocolate _which _ you like comes from the United States
6 I have lost the necklace _which _ my mother gave me on my birthday A burglar is someone _that _ breaks into a house and steals things Buses _that _ go to the airport run every half hour
9 I can’t find the key _which _ opens this door 10 I gave you a book _which _ had many pictures 11 I don’t like the boy _who _ Sue is going out with
12 Did you see the beautiful dress _which _ she wore yesterday 13 The man _whom _ she is going to marry is very rich
14 This is the bank _which _ was robbed yesterday
15 He wore a mask _which _ made him look like Mickey Mouse
II Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:
1 He arrived with a friend _who _ waited outside in the car
2 The man _whose _ mobile was ringing did not know what to The car _which _ the robbers escaped in was a BMW
4 The woman _whose _ daughter was crying tried to calm her down The postman _who _ works in the village is very old
6 The family _whose _ car was stolen last week is the Smiths The cowboy _who _ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny A bus is a big car _which _ carries lots of people
9 The volunteers, _whose _ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly
10 Children _who _ like music are often good at mathematics 11 The engineers _who _ designed the building received an award 12 The girl _who _ recited the poem is my niece
13 The townspeople, _whose _ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall
(10)15 The newspaper to which _ we subscribe is delivered regularly
III Combine These Pairs Of Sentences Using Relative Pronouns:
1 The first boy who knows the truth has just moved
2 I don’t remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last week The only thing which make me worried is how to go home
4 The most beautiful girl, whose long hair I like very much, lives in this city The man whom I met at the bar yesterday was Tom
6 The children often go swimming on Sundays when they have much free time They’re looking for the man and his dog that have lost the way in the forest The tree which stands near the gate of my house has lovely flowers
9 My wife, whom you were speaking to, wants you to come to dinner 10 I want to talk to the last man who has just returned from the farm
11 The students whose report are very valuable will be awarded the present 12 The book which I was reading yesterday was a lovely story
13 The botanist will never forget the day when he found a strange plant 14 The person who looked for you three hours ago is phoning you
mệnh đề quan hệ tiếng Anh