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Editorial Rob Franek, Editor-in-Chief David Soto, Director of Content Development Stephen Koch, Student Survey Manager Deborah Weber, Director of Production Gabriel Berlin, Production Design Manager Selena Coppock, Managing Editor Aaron Riccio, Senior Editor Meave Shelton, Senior Editor Chris Chimera, Editor Sarah Litt, Editor Orion McBean, Editor Brian Saladino, Editor Eleanor Green, Editorial Assistant Penguin Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, VP, Publisher Alison Stoltzfus, Publishing Director Amanda Yee, Associate Managing Editor Ellen Reed, Production Manager Suzanne Lee, Designer The Princeton Review 110 East 42nd St, 7th Floor New York, NY 10017 E-mail: editorialsupport@review.com Copyright © 2019 by TPR Education IP Holdings, LLC All rights reserved Published in the United States by Penguin Random House LLC, New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Ltd., Toronto Terms of Service: The Princeton Review Online Companion Tools (“Student Tools”) for retail books are available for only the two most recent editions of that book Student Tools may be activated only once per eligible book purchased for a total of 24 months of access Activation of Student Tools more than once per book is in direct violation of these Terms of Service and may result in discontinuation of access to Student Tools Services Trade Paperback ISBN 9780525568179 Ebook ISBN 9780525568551 AP is a trademark registered and owned by the College Board, which is not affiliated with, and does not endorse, this product The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University The material in this book is up-to-date at the time of publication However, changes may have been instituted by the testing body in the test after this book was published If there are any important late-breaking developments, changes, or corrections to the materials in this book, we will post that information online in the Student Tools Register your book and check your Student Tools to see if there are any updates posted there Editor: Meave Shelton Production Artist: Gabriel Berlin Production Editors: Kathy G Carter and Liz Dacey Content Contributor: Nick Leonardi Cover art by Sasha Samardzija / Alamy Stock Photo Cover design by Suzanne Lee v5.4 a Acknowledgments The Princeton Review would like to give special thanks to Nick Leonardi for his hand in revising and updating this title to better prepare students for the AP Chemistry Exam Nick would like, in turn, to thank the AP Chemistry teacher community from the College Board forums, and his parents, who have contributed more to his success than anybody else This book’s editor would also like to thank Mr Paul Cohen, who served as a second set of expert eyes for the development of the Premium edition Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Get More (Free) Content Part I: Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score Preview Activity: Your Knowledge, Your Expectations Your Guide to Using This Book How to Begin Part II: Practice Test Practice Test 1: Answers and Explanations Part III: About the AP Chemistry Exam The Structure of the AP Chemistry Exam Overview of Content Topics How AP Exams Are Used Other Resources Designing Your Study Plan Part IV: Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Chemistry Exam How to Approach Multiple-Choice Questions How to Approach Free-Response Questions Part V: Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the Building Blocks of Matter The Periodic Table Moles Coulomb’s Law Photoelectron Spectroscopy Configuration Rules Predicting Ionic Charges Periodic Trends Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #2: Bonding and Phases Bonds Overview Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Structures Polarity Intermolecular Forces Vapor Pressure Solution Separation Kinetic Molecular Theory Maxwell-Boltzmann Diagrams Effusion The Ideal Gas Equation Dalton’s Law Deviations from Ideal Behavior Density Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #3: Chemical Reactions, Energy Changes, and Redox Reactions Types of Reactions Chemical Equations Gravimetric Analysis Enthalpy Energy Diagrams Catalysts and Energy Diagrams Oxidation States Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Galvanic Cells Electrolytic Cells Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations Rate Law Using Concentration and Time Collision Theory Beer’s Law Reaction Mechanisms Catalysts Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #5: Laws of Thermodynamics and Changes in Matter Heat and Temperature State Functions Enthalpy of Formation, ΔH°f Bond Energy Hess’s Law Enthalpy of Solution Thermodynamics of Phase Change Calorimetry Heating Curves Entropy Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy Change, ΔG ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS Voltage and Favorability Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Big Idea #6: Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Titrations, and Solubility The Equilibrium Constant, Keq Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in the Equilibrium Constant The Reaction Quotient, Q Solubility Acids and Bases Definitions pH Acid Strengths Neutralization Reactions Buffers Indicators Titration Chapter Questions Chapter Answers and Explanations Laboratory Overview Part VI: Practice Test Practice Test 2: Answers and Explanations Part VII: Additional Practice Tests Practice Test Practice Test 3: Answers and Explanations Practice Test Practice Test 4: Answers and Explanations Go to PrincetonReview.com/cracking and enter the following ISBN for your book: 9780525568551 Answer a few simple questions to set up an exclusive Princeton Review account (If you already have one, you can just log in.) 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Contact TPRStudentTech@review.com and provide: your full name email address used to register the book full book title and ISBN Operating system (Mac/PC) and browser (Firefox, Safari, etc.) Once you’ve registered, you can… Get our take on any recent or pending updates to the AP Chemistry Exam Access your 5th AP Chemistry practice test (there are right here in your book and online), plus an answer key and complete answers and explanations Take a full-length practice SAT and ACT Get valuable advice about the college application process, including tips for writing a great essay and where to apply for financial aid If you’re still choosing between colleges, use our searchable rankings of The Best 385 Colleges to find out more information about your dream school Access comprehensive study guides and a variety of printable resources, including: answer bubble sheets, the periodic table, and a list of equations to review Check to see if there have been any corrections or updates to this edition Look For These Icons Throughout The Book PROVEN TECHNIQUES APPLIED STRATEGIES MORE GREAT BOOKS ONLINE ARTICLES ONLINE PRACTICE TESTS ... About the AP Chemistry Exam The Structure of the AP Chemistry Exam Overview of Content Topics How AP Exams Are Used Other Resources Designing Your Study Plan Part IV: Test-Taking Strategies for the. .. the AP Chemistry Exam How to Approach Multiple-Choice Questions How to Approach Free-Response Questions Part V: Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the. .. updating this title to better prepare students for the AP Chemistry Exam Nick would like, in turn, to thank the AP Chemistry teacher community from the College Board forums, and his parents, who