Editorial Rob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher Seamus Mullarkey, Associate Publisher Laura Braswell, Senior Editor Selena Coppock, Editor Heather Brady, Editor Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, Publisher Nicole Benhabib, Publishing Manager Ellen L Reed, Production Manager Alison Stoltzfus, Associate Managing Editor The Princeton Review, Inc 111 Speen Street, Suite 550 Framingham, MA 01701 E-mail: editorialsupport@review.com The Princeton Review is not affiliated with Princeton University Copyright © 2011 by The Princeton Review, Inc Cover design © 2011 Random House, Inc Cover art © 2011 Wavebreak Media Ltd/Alamy All rights reserved Published in the United States by Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto eISBN: 978-0-307-94440-5 ISSN: 1092-0080 Editor: Kristen O’Toole Production Editor: Michael Breslosky 2012 Edition v3.1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks go to the sta of The Princeton Review Also, I would like to dedicate this book to my parents who instilled in me a love for science Thanks also to Andrew Taggart for his work on this edition of the book CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION What Is the AP Biology Exam? Who Writes the AP Biology Exam? The Princeton Review Approach How Much Biology Do You Need to Know? The Structure of the Test Using The Princeton Review Approach to Crack the System Let’s Get Cracking! THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Elements The Essential Elements of Life Subatomic Particles Compounds Water: The Versatile Molecule The Acid Test Organic Molecules The Heterotroph Hypothesis Key Words Chapter Quiz CELLS Living Things What Are the Different Types of Cells? Key Words Chapter Quiz CELLULAR ENERGETICS Bioenergetics Enzymes Types of Reactions Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Aerobic Respiration Chemiosmosis Anaerobic Respiration Key Words Chapter Quiz PHOTOSYNTHESIS The Anatomy of a Leaf A Closer Look at Photosynthesis Key Words Chapter Quiz MOLECULAR GENETICS DNA: The Blueprint of Life The Molecular Structure of DNA Why DNA Is Important DNA Replication RNA Protein Synthesis Mutations Recombinant DNA Biotechnology Key Words Chapter Quiz CELL REPRODUCTION Cell Division The Cell Cycle Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes Haploids Versus Diploids An Overview of Meiosis A Closer Look at Meiosis Key Words Chapter Quiz HEREDITY Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics Mendelian Genetics Beyond Mendelian Genetics Sex-Linked Traits Key Words Chapter Quiz DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS Taxonomy How Classification Works I Kingdom Archaebacteria II Kingdom Eubacteria III Kingdom Protista IV Kingdom Fungi V Kingdom Plantae VI Kingdom Animalia Viruses Key Words Chapter Quiz 10 PLANTS Plant Classification Life Cycle of Plants Plant Growth Special Structures in Plants Tropical Tropisms Key Words Chapter 10 Quiz 11 ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION I The Digestive System Key Words Digestive System Quiz II The Respiratory System Key Words Respiratory System Quiz III The Circulatory System Key Words Circulatory System Quiz IV The Lymphatic and Immune System Key Words Lymphatic and Immune System Quiz V The Excretory System Key Words Excretory System Quiz VI The Nervous System Key Words Nervous System Quiz VII The Musculoskeletal System Key Words Musculoskeletal System Quiz VIII The Endocrine System Key Words Endocrine System Quiz IX The Reproductive System and Embryonic Development Key Words Key Words Reproductive System and Embryonic Development Quiz 12 EVOLUTION Natural Selection Genetic Variability Causes of Evolution Species Population Genetics Key Words Chapter 12 Quiz 13 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY Behavior Instincts Ecology Population Ecology Human Impact on the Environment Key Words thermoregulation thigmotropism threshold throat, 11.1, 11.2 thylakoids, 5.1, 5.2 thymine, 6.1, 6.2 thymus thyroid, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyroxine, 11.1, 11.2 tight junctions tissue complexity topoisomerases, 6.1, 6.2 trace elements trachea tracheae tracheids tracheophytes, 10.1, 10.2 traits transcription transcription factors transduction transfer RNA (tRNA) transformation transformation process of DNA translation translocation, 6.1, 7.1 transmembrane proteins transport proteins transposons tree rings trial-and-error learning tricuspid triploblastic tRNA, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 tropical rain forests tropism trypsin, 11.1, 11.2 tubers tundra umbilical cord unsaturated upper epidermis uracil, 6.1, 6.2 urea ureters urethra, 11.1, 11.2 Urey, Harold uric acid urine, 11.1, 11.2 uterine walls uterus vacuoles, 3.1, 3.2 vagina vas deferens vascular bundles vascular cambium vasopressin, 11.1, 11.2 vegetative propagation veins, 11.1, 11.2 vertebrates vessel elements villi viruses Vitamin K voice box, 11.1, 11.2 water, 2.1, 3.1, 11.1 white blood cells windpipe xylem yolk sac Zoomastigina zygotes, 7.1, 10.1, 11.1 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ABOUT THE AUTHOR Kim Magloire received a degree in Biology and Science in Human A airs from Princeton University She received her Master’s degree in Epidemiology from Columbia University and is completing her doctorate in Epidemiology In her many years of teaching, Kim has prepared hundreds of students for the AP Biology Exam as well as for the SAT, MCAT, GMAT, LSAT, GRE, and other science SAT Subject Tests Kim is the founder of SciTech, an educational company dedicated to helping students achieve academic excellence in science, math, and technology Founded in 1996, SciTech o ers a number of programs that help students make the “science and math connection.” She has received numerous awards for her innovative educational programs in New York City, including the 1999 National “Community Leader of the Year” award from The Quaker Oats Company She resides in New York City with her husband and daughter Click here to download a PDF of the Answer Form Click here to download a PDF of the Answer Form Share your Princeton Review success story with us! Email PrincetonReviewGuides@RandomHouse.com with your name, story, and the title of the book that helped you crack a test or pick the perfect school By submitting your story, you agree to grant to Princeton Review a perpetual, nonexclusive, royalty-free, worldwide license to use your name and story, in whole or in part, in all media whether now known or hereinafter devised, on and in connection with Princeton Review’s publications and in the advertising and promotion thereof Navigate the admissions process with guidance from the experts Get the scores you need: 11 Practice Tests for the SAT and PSAT, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42837-1 • $22.99/$25.99 Can ACT or SAT? 978-0-375-42924-8 • $15.99/$19.99 Can The Anxious Test-Taker’s Guide to Cracking Any Test 978-0-375-42935-4 • $14.99/$18.99 Can College Essays that Made a Difference, 4th Edition 978-0-375-42785-5 • $13.99/$15.99 Can Cracking the ACT, 2011 Edition 978-0-375-42789-5 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the ACT with DVD, 2011 Edition 978-0-375-42799-2 • $31.99/$36.99 Can Cracking the SAT, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42829-6 • $21.99/$24.99 Can Cracking the SAT with DVD, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42830-2 • $34.99/$40.99 Can Crash Course for the SAT, 4th Edition 978-0-375-42831-9 • $9.99/$10.99 Can Math Workout for the SAT, 3rd Edition 978-0-375-42833-3 • $16.99/$18.99 Can Reading and Writing Workout for the SAT, 2nd Edition 978-0-375-42832-6 • $16.99/$18.99 Can Essential ACT (Flashcards) 978-0-375-42806-7 • $17.99/$19.99 Can Essential SAT Vocabulary (Flashcards) 978-0-375-42964-4 • $16.99/$21.99 Can Find and fund the best school for you: The Best 376 Colleges, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42839-5 • $22.99/$25.99 Can Best Northeastern Colleges, 2011 Edition 978-0-375-42992-7 • $16.99/$18.99 Can The Complete Book of Colleges, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42739-8 • $26.99/$31.00 Can Paying for College Without Going Broke, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42741-1 • $20.00/$23.00 Can Boost your score on the SAT Subject Tests: Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42810-4 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT Chemistry Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42814-2 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT French Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42815-9 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT Literature Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42811-1 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT Math & Subject Tests, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42812-8 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT Physics Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42813-5 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT Spanish Subject Test, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42817-3 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the SAT U.S & World History Tests, 2011–2012 Edition 978-0-375-42816-6 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Ace the APs: Cracking the AP Biology Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42725-1 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP Calculus AB & BC Exams, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42720-6 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the AP Chemistry Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42721-3 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP Economics Macro & Micro Exams, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42726-8 • $18.00/$20.00 Can Cracking the AP English Language & Composition Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42727-5 • $18.00/$20.00 Can Cracking the AP English Literature & Composition Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42728-2 • $18.00/$20.00 Can Cracking the AP Environmental Science Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42729-9 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42722-0 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP U.S History Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42723-7 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP World History Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42724-4 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP Human Geography Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42730-5 • $18.00/$20.00 Can Cracking the AP Physics B Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42731-2 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP Physics C Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42732-9 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Cracking the AP Psychology Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42733-6 • $18.00/$20.00 Can Cracking the AP Spanish Exam with Audio CD, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42734-3 • $24.99/$27.99 Can Cracking the AP Statistics Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42735-0 • $19.99/$22.99 Can Cracking the AP U.S Government & Politics Exam, 2012 Edition 978-0-375-42736-7 • $18.99/$20.99 Can Available everywhere books are sold and at PrincetonReviewBooks.com ... this edition of the book CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION What Is the AP Biology Exam? Who Writes the AP Biology Exam? The Princeton Review Approach... EXPLANATIONS TO THE CHAPTER QUIZZES 17 THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST Section I Section II 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 19 THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE... WRITES THE AP BIOLOGY EXAM? The AP Biology Exam is written by ETS, the Educational Testing Service These are the same folks who bring you all your standardized tests, from the PSAT and the SAT to the