Assessment of microplastic pollution in dry and wet atmospheric fallouts in ho chi minh city, vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT - TRUONG TRAN NGUYEN SANG ĐÁNH GIÁ SỰ Ô NHIỄM VI HẠT NHỰA TRONG BỤI KHƠNG KHÍ KHƠ VÀ ƯỚT Ở THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH, VIỆT NAM ASSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTIC POLLUTION IN DRY AND WET ATMOSPHERIC FALLOUTS IN HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM Major: Environmental and Natural Resources Management Course’s ID: 8850101 MASTER THESIS Ho Chi Minh City, February, 2020 CƠNG TRÌNH ĐƯỢC HỒN THÀNH TẠI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA –ĐHQG –HCM Cán hướng dẫn khoa học : TS Kiều Lê Thủy Chung…………………… TS Emilie Strady…………………………… Cán chấm nhận xét : PGS.TS Lê Trình Cán chấm nhận xét : PGS.TS Đặng Vũ Bích Hạnh.………………… Luận văn thạc sĩ bảo vệ Trường Đại học Bách Khoa, ĐHQG Tp HCM ngày 06 tháng 01 năm 2020 Thành phần Hội đồng đánh giá luận văn thạc sĩ gồm: (Ghi rõ họ, tên, học hàm, học vị Hội đồng chấm bảo vệ luận văn thạc sĩ) PGS.TS Phùng Chí Sỹ (Chủ tịch Hội đồng) PGS.TS Lê Trình (Cán phản biện 1) PGS.TS Đặng Vũ Bích Hạnh (Cán phản biện 2) TS Trần Bích Châu (Uỷ viên) TS Lâm Văn Giang (Thư ký hội đồng) Xác nhận Chủ tịch Hội đồng đánh giá LV Trưởng Khoa quản lý chuyên ngành sau luận văn sửa chữa (nếu có) CHỦ TỊCH HỘI ĐỒNG TRƯỞNG KHOA MƠI TRƯỜNG VÀ TÀI NGUN PGS.TS PHÙNG CHÍ SỸ ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP.HCM TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM Độc lập - Tự - Hạnh phúc NHIỆM VỤ LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Họ tên học viên: Trương Trần Nguyễn Sang MSHV: 1870490 Ngày, tháng, năm sinh: 13/02/1995 Nơi sinh: Vĩnh Long Chuyên ngành: Quản lý Tài nguyên Môi trường Mã số : 8850101 I TÊN ĐỀ TÀI: Đánh giá ô nhiễm vi hạt nhựa bụi không khí khô ướt Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam (Assessment of microplastic pollution in dry and wet atmospheric fallouts in Ho Chi Minh city,Vietnam) II NHIỆM VỤ VÀ NỘI DUNG: - Nhận diện (i) có mặt vi nhựa (dạng sợi mảnh) bụi khơng khí khơ ướt TP.HCM (ii) đặc tính vật lý vi nhựa: hình dạng, kích thước, màu sắc - Khảo sát thay đổi mật độ vi nhựa tích lũy khơng khí TPHCM theo thời gian (1 năm khảo sát) khu vực thu mẫu khác (các yếu tố môi trường xung quanh) III NGÀY GIAO NHIỆM VỤ : 19/08/2019 IV NGÀY HOÀN THÀNH NHIỆM VỤ: 08/12/2019 V CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN (Ghi rõ học hàm, học vị, họ, tên): TS Kiều Lê Thủy Chung TS Emilie Strady Tp HCM, ngày CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN (Họ tên chữ ký) TS Kiều Lê Thủy Chung tháng năm 2019 CHỦ NHIỆM BỘ MÔN ĐÀO TẠO (Họ tên chữ ký) TS Emilie Strady TS Lâm Văn Giang TRƯỞNG KHOA MÔI TRƯỜNG VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN (Họ tên chữ ký) PGS.TS Võ Lê Phú ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my principal supervisor Dr KIEU LE THUY CHUNG and co-supervisor Dr EMILIE STRADY I would like to thank them for encouraging my research and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist Their advices on both research as well as on my career have been priceless Without their supervisions and constant help, this thesis would not have been possible I would also like to thank all academic staffs of the ASIAN CENTER FOR WATER RESEARCH (CARE) for their valuable advice, comments, suggestions as well as encouragements during my study My special thanks to Dr LE THI MINH TAM, the CARE laboratory manager, for her useful help and advice for my research Thanks to all my colleagues of CARE for their support and encouragement Finally, yet importantly, I would like to send my special thanks to my family and all of my friends They were always supporting and encouraging me with their best wishes Master Thesis ABSTRACT Nowadays, the fate of plastic debris, especially microplastics (MiPs) (particles smaller than mm) in marine aquatic systems has become a major worldwide environmental issue due to harmful effects on marine organisms and human health through seafood or salt ingestion Last decades, the land-based origin of MiPs and the role of rivers and estuaries on their emissions to the ocean was considered Occurrence of MiPs in urban compartments, consisting of wastewater, surface water and atmospheric fallout was found in developed countries in recent studies However, in low income countries, characterized by high waste mismanagement, relative studies are still limited This study firstly addresses a preliminary assessment of microplastic (MiP) pollution in atmospheric fallout in Ho Chi Minh City MiP particles (fibers or fragments) was found in all samples collected from three sampling sites: S1- urban area (District 10), S2 - sub-urban area (Cu Chi district) and S3 - Phuoc Hiep landfill The analysis result showed that average concentrations of microplastics in the atmospheric fallout during one-year monitoring were 402 ± 209, 142 ± 64, and 551 ± 139 items.m-2.d-1 from sites S1, S2 and S3, respectively In terms of size range and color distribution, over 50 % of found fibers at all sampling sites was under 1,100µm in length, but difference on surface area of fragments was recorded Items in blue, made up over 95% of total MiPs was the dominant in comparison with ones in pink, transparent, violet, white and green Master Thesis TÓM TẮT LUẬN VĂN Thời gian gần đây, tích lũy khối lượng lớn rác thải nhựa đặc biệt vi nhựa (MiPs) (nhựa có kích thước nhỏ mm) môi trường nước trở thành vấn đề mơi trường lớn tồn Thế giới, gây nhiều tác động có hại sinh vật biển sức khỏe người thông qua chuỗi thức ăn tận dụng độ mặn nước biển làm muối ăn Trong thập kỷ qua, nguồn gốc MiPs lục địa vai trò sông cửa sông việc phát tán chúng đại dương xem xét chứng minh nghiên cứu Sự xuất MiPs thành phần đô thị, bao gồm nước thải, nước mặt bụi khí tìm thấy nước phát triển nghiên cứu gần Tuy nhiên, nước phát triển, xem nguồn phát sinh khối lượng lớn rác thải nhựa môi trường, nghiên cứu tương tự chưa tiến hành sâu rộng Nghiên cứu lần tiến hành đánh giá sơ nhiễm MiPs bụi khơng khí khơ ướt thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Trong 72 mẫu thu thập ba vị trí: S1- khu vực nội thành (quận 10), S2 - khu vực ngoại thành (huyện Củ Chi) S3- bãi rác Phước Hiệp năm nghiên cứu, vi nhựa (dạng sợi mảnh) tìm thấy Kết phân tích cho thấy mật độ trung bình vi nhựa có bụi khơng khí 402 ± 209, 142 ± 64 551 ± 139 vi nhựa m-2.ngay-1 vị trí S1, S2 S3 Về hình dạng kích thước vi nhựa, kết nghiên cứu ghi nhận 50% vi nhựa tìm thấy dạng sợi có chiều dài 1.100 µm Trong vi nhựa dạng sợi tìm thấy tất 72 mẫu, vi nhựa dạng mảnh tìm thấy số mẫu có diện tích bề mặt thay đổi khác từ 10,000 µm2 đến 80,000 µm2 Về mau sắc, vi nhựa có màu xanh lam chiếm 95%, vi nhựa có màu hồng, suốt, tím, trắng xanh lục tìm thấy với phần trăm khơng đáng kể phân bố khác mẫu quan sát Master Thesis CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I, Truong Tran Nguyen Sang, declare that this thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the thesis evaluation, in the Faculty of Environment and Natural resources at the University of Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City This thesis is wholly my own work unless otherwise references or acknowledged In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution This research is supported and funded by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM, under grant number To-MTTN-2018-11 Signature Date: February, 10th, 2020 Master Thesis CATEGORY CATEGORY…………… i LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF ACRONYMS vi CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Necessity of the research 1.2 Research objective 1.3 Study area 1.4 Research content 1.5 Methodology and research Techniques 1.5.1 Methodology 1.5.2 Research Techniques 1.6 Scientific and practical value of the research CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Situation of plastic pollution in the world and Vietnam 2.2 Overview on microplastic pollution 10 2.2.1 Definition and properties of Microplastic 10 2.2.2 Sources of microplastics generation into the environment 11 2.2.3 MiPs Formation and factors affecting to the abundance of atmospheric 14 2.2.4 The harmful effects of MiPs pollution on the environment, organisms and humans 16 2.2.5 General research situation on Microplastic pollution in the world and Vietnam 19 2.3 Chapter Summary 24 CHAPTER MATERIALS AND METHODS 26 3.1 Study area 26 3.2 Sampling and pre-treatment 27 3.3 Visual observation and FTIR analysis 30 3.4 Data analysis 31 3.5 Chapter summary 32 CHAPTER -THE OCCURANCE OF MICROPLASTIC IN DRY AND WET ATMOSPHERIC FALLOUTS OF HO CHI MINH CITY 33 4.1 The occurrence of microplastic in atmospheric fallout of Ho Chi Minh City…… 33 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page i Master Thesis 4.1.1 Number of microplastics found in the sampling sites 33 4.1.2 Shape of microplastics found at the three sampling sites 34 4.2 Concentrations of MiPs at the three sampling sites 38 4.2.1 Site 1: urban area (District 10) 38 4.2.2 Site 2: sub-urban area (Cu Chi district) 40 4.2.3 Site – Phuoc Hiep landfill 41 4.3 Spatial variation of microplastic concentration in atmospheric fallout 43 4.4 Temporal variation of microplastic concentration 45 4.5 Chapter summary 48 CHAPTER - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPLASTIC IN ATMOSPHERIC FALLOUTS IN HO CHI MINH CITY 50 5.1 Size of fibers and fragments measured at the sampling sites 50 5.1.1 In District 10 50 5.1.2 In Cu Chi district 51 5.1.3 In Phuoc Hiep landfill 52 5.2 Color distribution of fibers and fragments found at three sampling sites 54 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 64 REFERENCES… 67 APPENDIX…… A1 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page ii Master Thesis LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 The increase of global plastic production, measured in tones per year, from 1950 through to 2015 (Gayer et al., 2017)………………………………………… Figure 2.2 Estimated historic trends in global plastic disposal method (from 1980 to 2015) (Gayer et al., 2017)………………………………………………………… Figure 2.3 Route of plastic items enters the world’s oceans (Ritchie and Roser, 2018) ……………………………………………………………………………………….8 Figure 2.4 Global plastic input to the oceans by region, 2015 (Lebreton et al., 2017) ……………………………………………………………………………………….9 Figure 2.5 Size range of plastic debris in comparison with living materials (GESAMP, 2015)……………………………………………………………………………… 11 Figure 2.6 Formation and accumulation of microplastic particles …………………13 Figure 2.7 Potential MiPs sources and pathways (Liu et al., 2019) 14 Figure 2.8 Studies were defined according the number of individuals per groups of organisms (De et al., 2018)……………………………………………………… 16 Figure 3.1 Sampling sites with geographic distances ………………………………26 Figure 3.2 Sampling device for dry and wet atmospheric fallouts………………… 28 Figure 3.3 Protocol for extraction of MiPs fibers from atmospheric fallout samples …………………………………………………………………………………… 30 Figure 3.4 Stereomicroscopic S6D integrated with a MC170 camera…………… 30 Figure 4.1 Abundance of micropastic particle found per sample at three sampling sites (from 15th June, 2018 to 25th May, 2019)…………………………………… 34 Figure 4.2 Percentage of total microplastic fibers and fragments found in all samples at sampling sites………………………………………………………………… 37 Figure 4.3 Percentage of total microplastic fibers and fragments found in all samples of each sampling site……………………………………………………………… 37 Figure 4.4 Concentration of microplastic fibers and fragments found in District 10 40 Figure 4.5 Concentration of microplastic fibers and fragments at Cu Chi district… 41 Figure 4.6 Concentration of microplastic fibers and fragments at Phuoc Hiep landfill …………………………………………………………………………………… 42 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page iii Master Thesis Figure A2 Filters stored in petri dishes a) b) c) Figure A3 Diagram of the experiment a) samples was stored in bottles – b) filters – c) MiPs (fibers ans fragments) observed under stereoscope Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page Master Thesis Figure A4 Other MiPs observed under the stereoscope Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A5 Master Thesis Table A5 Summarized data for fragments found in site – District 10 Fragment Area (square micrometer) Color (%) Sampling duration (days) Count Rainfall (L) Concentration (items/d/m2) 1000 10000 10000 20000 20000 30000 30000 40000 40000 50000 50000 60000 60000 70000 70000 80000 > 80000 Blue Transparent Pink green White 14/01/2019 12 61.1 1 0 0 25/01/2019 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 14/02/2019 11 56.0 0 1 0 25/02/2019 13.6 1 0 0 0 0 15/03/2019 15.3 1 0 0 0 25/03/2019 3 0,1 20.4 0 1 0 0 0 16/04/2019 0,1 30.6 0 1 0 1 26/04/2018 61.1 0 0 0 0 14/05/2019 10.2 0 0 0 0 0 24/05/2018 1,22 13.6 0 0 0 0 0 14/06/2018 0,36 15.3 0 0 0 0 25/06/2018 13.6 0 0 0 0 0 16/07/2018 0,38 35.7 2 0 1 1 26/07/2018 1,7 27.2 0 0 0 0 16/08/2018 11 1,1 56.0 0 0 1 27/08/2018 0,6 27.2 0 0 0 0 13/09/2018 0,22 5.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 24/09/2018 3 3.06 20.4 0 1 0 0 0 0 15/10/2018 0.96 10.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Time Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A6 Master Thesis Fragment Area (square micrometer) Color (%) Sampling duration (days) Count Rainfall (L) Concentration (items/d/m2) 1000 10000 10000 20000 20000 30000 30000 40000 40000 50000 50000 60000 60000 70000 70000 80000 > 80000 Blue Transparent Pink green White 25/10/2018 3 4,56 20.4 0 0 0 0 0 15/11/2018 0,29 10.2 0 0 0 0 0 29/11/2018 0,1 13.6 0 0 0 1 0 13/12/2018 1,19 10.2 0 0 0 1 0 24/12/2018 54.3 0 0 0 1 105 100 4.02 3.82857 27 25.7 30 28.6 7.6 12 11.4 7.6 1.9 2.9 1.9 13 12.4 73 69.5 7.6 3.8 2.9 17 16.2 25.7 54.3 61.9 73.3 80.9 82.8 85.7 87.6 100.0 70.0 8.0 4.0 3.0 16.0 Time Sum Percentage Cumulative percentage Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A7 Master Thesis Table A6 Summarized data for fibers found in site – district 10 Fibers Length (micrometer) Color Sampling duration (days) Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,300 1,500 1,500 1,700 1,700 1,900 > 1,900 Blue Transparent Pink Green Violet White 14/01/2019 123 626.4 24 23 22 15 12 5 78 11 13 13 25/01/2019 51 346.3 16 20 1 38 14/02/2019 116 590.8 33 27 24 10 2 53 45 10 25/02/2019 126 855.6 32 29 24 11 80 16 14 14 15/03/2019 184 937.1 42 47 34 13 10 12 5 12 121 22 13 26 25/03/2019 26 176.6 1 0 16 16/04/2019 80 407.4 24 16 14 1 41 20 13 26/04/2018 68 461.8 12 24 11 15 1 1 33 16 12 14/05/2019 37 188.4 9 4 22 24/05/2018 31 210.5 1 20 14/06/2018 64 325.9 17 12 41 7 25/06/2018 61 414.2 14 13 2 49 16/07/2018 57 290.3 22 11 3 41 26/07/2018 62 421.0 0 4 31 37 12 10 16/08/2018 56 285.2 10 10 3 36 27/08/2018 73 495.7 13 18 10 2 10 43 12 13/09/2018 51 259.7 16 2 34 24/09/2018 42 285.2 14 10 2 32 Time Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A8 Master Thesis Fibers Length (micrometer) Color Sampling duration (days) Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1,100 1,100 1,300 1,300 1,500 1,500 1,700 1,700 1,900 > 1,900 Blue Transparent Pink Green Violet White 15/10/2018 50 254.6 9 4 33 11 25/10/2018 49 332.7 13 11 7 28 7 15/11/2018 32 163.0 3 23 2 29/11/2018 26 176.6 3 2 13 4 13/12/2018 62 315.8 16 10 10 44 24/12/2018 92 624.7 10 23 25 11 58 11 15 97 388 328 248 151 102 66 52 55 132 1014 182 172 46 196 Time Sum 1619 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A9 Master Thesis Table A7 Summarized data for fragments found in site – Cu Chi district Time Sampling duration (days) Rainfall (L) Concentration (items/d/m2) 14/01/2019 5.1 25/01/2019 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 14/02/2019 10.2 0 0 1 0 1 0 25/02/2019 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15/03/2019 5.1 0 0 0 0 0 25/03/2019 0.38 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16/04/2019 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26/04/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14/05/2019 1.38 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24/05/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14/06/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25/06/2018 3 20.4 0 1 0 1 0 16/07/2018 1 5.1 0 0 0 0 0 26/07/2018 10 67.9 1 0 0 0 16/08/2018 1.78 10.2 0 0 0 1 0 27/08/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13/09/2018 2.46 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24/09/2018 2.35 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang 20000 30000 Color 1000 10000 Count 10000 20000 Fragment Area (square micrometer) 30000 40000 50000 60000 40000 50000 60000 70000 0 70000 80000 80000 > Blue Transparent Pink Green white 0 0 Page A10 Master Thesis Time Sampling duration (days) Fragment Area (square micrometer) Rainfall (L) Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 1000 10000 10000 20000 20000 30000 30000 40000 40000 50000 50000 60000 60000 70000 70000 80000 > 80000 Blue Transparent Pink Green white 15/10/2018 5.1 0 0 0 0 0 25/10/2018 3.17 20.4 0 0 0 0 15/11/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29/11/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13/12/2018 0.45 10.2 0 0 0 0 0 24/12/2018 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 29 100 7.5 0.0 0.0 10.3 10.3 13.8 24.1 13.8 37.9 13.8 51.7 17.2 69.0 0.0 69.0 0.0 69.0 31.0 100.0 11 11.0 37.9 4.0 13.8 1.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 13 13.0 44.8 Sum Percentage Cumulative percentage Table A8 Summarized data for fibers found in site – Cu Chi district Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A11 Master Thesis Time Sampling duration (days) Fibers Length (micrometer) Rainfall (L) Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1100 1100 1300 1300 1500 1500 1700 1700 1900 > 1900 Blue Transparent Pink Green violet white 14/01/2019 34 173.2 5 2 19 25/01/2019 11 74.7 3 1 0 1 14/02/2019 21 107.0 5 2 10 4 25/02/2019 15 101.9 2 1 1 15/03/2019 27 137.5 2 16 4 25/03/2019 0.38 29 196.9 2 15 16/04/2019 62 315.8 13 11 12 5 3 35 10 26/04/2018 34 230.9 1 24 14/05/2019 1.38 19 96.8 4 2 1 2 10 24/05/2018 20 135.8 2 2 1 11 14/06/2018 10 50.9 2 1 2 25/06/2018 54.3 1 0 1 1 16/07/2018 34 173.2 2 19 26/07/2018 17 115.4 3 10 3 16/08/2018 1.78 30 152.8 3 20 4 27/08/2018 10 67.9 2 1 13/09/2018 2.46 51 259.7 10 3 33 11 24/09/2018 2.35 31 210.5 4 4 18 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A12 Master Thesis Fibers Time Sampling duration (days) Length (micrometer) Rainfall (L) Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1100 1100 1300 1300 1500 1500 1700 1700 1900 > 1900 Blue Transparent Pink Green violet white 15/10/2018 21 107.0 3 2 1 14 3 25/10/2018 3.17 21 142.6 1 12 3 15/11/2018 16 81.5 2 1 29/11/2018 14 95.1 2 1 1 13/12/2018 0.45 30 152.8 7 1 1 18 24/12/2018 19 129.0 2 1 584 100 140.1 10 1.7 1.7 109 18.7 20.4 98 16.8 37.2 99 17.0 54.1 69 11.8 65.9 53 9.1 75.0 38 6.5 81.5 33 5.7 87.2 25 4.3 91.4 50 8.6 100.0 340 58.2 58.2 33 5.7 5.7 82 14.0 14.0 10 1.7 1.7 116 19.9 19.9 0.5 0.5 Sum Percentage Cumulative percentage Table A9 Summarized data for fragments found at site – Phuoc Hiep landfill Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A13 Master Thesis Fragment Area (square micrometer) Sampling duration (days) Rainfall (L) 14/01/2019 25/01/2019 Time Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 1000 10000 10000 20000 20000 30000 30000 40000 40000 50000 50000 60000 60000 70000 70000 80000 > 80000 Blue Transparent Pink Green/ violet white 10.2 0 0 1 0 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 14/02/2019 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25/02/2019 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 15/03/2019 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25/03/2019 0.65 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16/04/2019 10.2 0 0 0 0 0 26/04/2018 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 14/05/2019 0.12 25 127.3 13 11 0 0 0 21 0 24/05/2018 0.16 37 251.3 27 0 0 13 24 0 14/06/2018 0.4 10.2 0 0 1 0 0 0 25/06/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16/07/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26/07/2018 0.5 6.8 0 0 0 0 0 16/08/2018 2.12 20.4 0 0 0 1 27/08/2018 27.2 0 0 0 1 13/09/2018 2.85 5.1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A14 Master Thesis Fragment Area (square micrometer) Sampling duration (days) Rainfall (L) 24/09/2018 15/10/2018 Time Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 1000 10000 10000 20000 20000 30000 30000 40000 40000 50000 50000 60000 60000 70000 70000 80000 > 80000 Blue Transparent Pink Green/ violet white 2.04 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.98 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25/10/2018 2.37 27.2 0 1 0 0 2 0 15/11/2018 0.72 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29/11/2018 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13/12/2018 0.2 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24/12/2018 27 183.3 14 2 0 0 19 0 112 100 29.1 54 48.2 21 18.8 8.0 7.1 3.6 2.7 0.9 0.9 11 9.8 68 60.7 39 34.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 48.2 67.0 75.0 82.1 85.7 88.4 89.3 90.2 100.0 60.7 34.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Sum Percentage Cumulative percentage Table A10 Summarized data for fibers found at site – Phuoc Hiep landfill Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A15 Master Thesis Fibers Length (micrometer) Sampling duration (days) Rainfall (L) 14/01/2019 25/01/2019 Time Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1100 1100 1300 1300 1500 1500 1700 1700 1900 > 1900 Blue Transparent Pink Green violet white 165 840.3 65 30 15 15 15 10 10 100 40 20 85 577.2 35 20 0 0 20 45 30 5 14/02/2019 110 560.2 40 10 20 20 5 0 90 15 25/02/2019 100 679.1 35 20 10 5 10 5 55 10 15 20 15/03/2019 145 738.5 50 30 25 25 10 0 110 25 10 0 25/03/2019 0.65 120 814.9 28 18 28 10 5 70 22 23 16/04/2019 101 514.4 33 18 20 3 63 15 10 10 26/04/2018 90 611.2 35 18 10 13 3 0 70 10 14/05/2019 0.12 154 784.3 98 30 5 10 100 11 20 23 24/05/2018 0.16 54 366.7 40 0 0 52 0 14/06/2018 0.4 98 499.1 20 15 15 5 20 60 8 17 25/06/2018 65 441.4 15 20 5 0 10 40 10 15 16/07/2018 90 458.4 10 15 20 15 20 5 0 60 0 25 26/07/2018 0.5 98 665.5 30 15 18 10 5 10 54 20 13 16/08/2018 2.12 120 611.2 15 50 15 5 10 15 60 20 10 15 10 27/08/2018 90 611.2 10 10 10 15 10 20 10 65 10 10 13/09/2018 2.85 85 432.9 15 25 15 10 5 0 10 50 15 10 Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A16 Master Thesis Fibers Length (micrometer) Sampling duration (days) Rainfall (L) 24/09/2018 15/10/2018 Time Color Count Concentration (items/d/m2) 100 300 300 500 500 700 700 900 900 1100 1100 1300 1300 1500 1500 1700 1700 1900 > 1900 Blue Transparent Pink Green violet white 2.04 67 455.0 20 23 3 48 13 0.98 77 392.2 20 10 3 15 55 25/10/2018 2.37 60 407.4 12 22 42 15/11/2018 0.72 111 565.3 37 33 14 10 4 0 82 19 29/11/2018 51 346.3 14 3 37 2 13/12/2018 0.2 111 565.3 69 19 10 2 81 23 0 24/12/2018 95 645.1 70 15 0 1 68 13 11 2342 100 566.0 375 16.0 587 25.1 439 18.7 271 11.6 172 7.3 120 5.1 118 5.0 56 2.4 37 1.6 167 7.1 1557 66.5 294 12.6 202 8.6 18 0.8 245 10.5 26 1.1 16.0 41.1 59.8 71.4 78.7 83.9 88.9 91.3 92.9 100.0 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 Sum Percentage Cumulative percentage Because of large number of raw data from analyzing physical characteristics of MiPs as length or surface area and color, this appendix can not show all of them In particular, measurement for these data was conducted manually using tools (segment, area) of LAS software, unique size (length of fiber and surface area of fragment) of each fiber or fragment observed from each filter with minimum size (larger than 100 µm) will be determined Therefore, measurement data for total 4,545 microplastic fiber and 400 microplastic fragment found in this study is extremely a lot and can not completely illustrated in this Appdendix Truong Tran Nguyen Sang Page A17 CURICULUM VITAE Personal details Full name: TRUONG TRAN NGUYEN SANG Date of birth: 13/02/1995 Place of birth: Vinh Long province Address: 199, Vo Tuan Duc street, Tam Binh town, Tam Binh district, Vinh Long Province Qualification No Academic Academic degree institution Major Years Thesis title University of Technology1 Engineer Application of two-stage Vietnam Environmental 9/2013- anaerobic digestion in national engineering 4/2018 pilot-scale for treatment of university, Ho organic solid waste Chi Minh City University of Technology- Environmental Vietnam and Natural national resources university, Ho Management Master Chi Minh City Assessment of 10/2018 microplastic pollution in until dry and wet atmospheric now fallouts in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Institution - Asian center for water research (CARE), University of Technology, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City - Position: Researcher - From: June, 2018 ... OCCURANCE OF MICROPLASTIC IN DRY AND WET ATMOSPHERIC FALLOUTS OF HO CHI MINH CITY 4.1 The occurrence of microplastic in atmospheric fallout of Ho Chi Minh City 4.1.1 Number of microplastics found in. .. khơng khí khơ ướt Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Việt Nam (Assessment of microplastic pollution in dry and wet atmospheric fallouts in Ho Chi Minh city ,Vietnam) II NHIỆM VỤ VÀ NỘI DUNG: - Nhận diện (i)... CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPLASTIC IN ATMOSPHERIC FALLOUTS IN HO CHI MINH CITY 50 5.1 Size of fibers and fragments measured at the sampling sites 50 5.1.1 In District 10 50 5.1.2 In Cu Chi