ASM Metals HandBook P7

INTERNATIONAL ® The Materials Information Company Publication Information and Contributors Heat Treating was published in 1991 as Volume 4 of the ASM Handbook. The Volume was prepared under the direction of the ASM Handbook Committee. Authors • Tohru Arai Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc. • Gordon M. Baker New Age Industries, Inc. • Charles E. Bates Southern Research Institute • Bruce A. Becherer Teledyne Vasco Corporation • Tom Bell University of Birmingham • Eugene L. Bird Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. • Bruce L. Bramfitt Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Robert L. Brennan E.F. Houghton & Company • Charlie R. Brooks University of Tennessee • Terrence D. Brown Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Domenic A. Canonico ABB Combustion Engineering Services • Earl A. Carlson Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Arthur Cohen Copper Development Association, Inc. • James M. Dahl Carpenter Technology Corporation • Daniel A. DeAntonio Carpenter Technology Corporation • A.J. DeArdo University of Pittsburgh • Douglas V. Doane Consulting Metallurgist • Jon L. Dossett Midland Metal Treating, Inc. • Joseph Douthett Armco Research and Technology • David Duhl Pratt & Whitney, a Division of United Technologies Corporation • Torsten Ericsson Linköping Institute of Technology • Howard A. Ferguson Metallurgical Consultant • James H. Filkowski Litton Precision Gear • Robert W. Foreman Consultant • B. Furchheim Sächsische Elektronenstrahl GmbH • C.I. Garcia University of Pittsburgh • M. Gergely Steel Advisory Center for Industrial Technologies, Hungary • Roger Gilbert IMI Titanium • Arthur D. Godding Heatbath Corporation • Dan Goodman Surface Combustion, Inc. • William L. Grube General Motors Research Laboratories • Richard B. Gundlach Climax Research Services • William B. Hampshire Tin Information Center • Steven Harper Arvin Industries • Peter A. Hassell Hassell Associates • J.R. Hensley Inco Alloys International, Inc. • Anil K. Hingwe Molloy Manufacturing Company • Mandar K. Hingwe Atmosphere Annealing, Inc. • Timothy Howson Wyman Gordon Company • Lyle R. Jenkins Ductile Iron Society • Paul Johnson National-Standard Company • John R. Keough Atmosphere Group, Inc. • John S. Kirkaldy McMaster University • Christopher M. Klaren John Deere, Waterloo Works • Conrad H. Knerr Metlab • T. Konkoly Technical University Budapest • Bela Kovacs Atmosphere Group, Inc. • George Krauss Colorado School of Mines • George Y. Lai Haynes International, Inc. • W. James Laird, Jr. The Metal Works Industrial Furnaces, Inc. • Steve Lampman ASM International • Gerard M. Ludtka Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. • James M. Manning Inco Alloys International, Inc. • Daniel W. McCurdy Marathon Monitors, Inc. • James Nelson Buehler Ltd. • James M. O'Brien O'Brien & Associates • Raymond Ostrowski Protection Controls, Inc. • E.J. Palmiere University of Pittsburgh • S. Panzer Forschungsgesellshaft für Elektronenstrahl-und Plasmatechnik mbH • Roger Pradhan Bethlehem Steel Corporation • T. Réti Bánki Donát Polytechnic, Hungary • Al Robertson Englehard Corporation • Kurt Rohrbach Carpenter Technology Corporation • Thomas C. Rose Alloy Hard Surfacing, Inc. • Nicholas V. Ross Ajax Magnethermic Corporation • Michael F. Rothman Haynes International, Inc. • John G. Rowe Union Carbide Industrial Gases Inc., Linde Division • Thomas Ruglic Hinderliter Heat Treating, Inc. • Karl B. Rundman Michigan Technological University • Larry Ryan Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Robert F. Sagon-King Can-Eng Ltd. • Jeremy St. Pierre C.I. Hayes, Inc. • Ole A. Sandven Trumpf Industrial Lasers, Inc. • S. Schiller Forschungsgesellshaft für Elektronenstrahl-und Plasmatechnik mbH • Michael Schmidt Carpenter Technology Corporation • C. Richard Shannon Teledyne Allvac • John A. Shields, Jr. Climax Specialty Metals • Anil Kumar Sinha Bohn Piston Division • Gaylord Smith Inco Alloys International, Inc. • John W. Smith Holcroft • S. Somogyi Steel Advisory Center for Industrial Technologies, Hungary • Archie Stevenson Magnesium Elektron, Inc. • C.A. Stickels Ford Motor Company • Albert S. Tenney III Leeds & Northrup, Unit of General Signal Corp. • Donald J. Tillack Inco Alloys International, Inc. • George E. Totten Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. • Steven Verhoff Surface Combustion, Inc. • Charles F. Walton Consultant • Herbert Webster Phoenix Heat Treating, Inc. • Michael W. Wisti Atmosphere Annealing, Inc. • Thomas J. Witheford Teledyne Vasco Corporation Reviewers and Contributors • Hubert I. Aaronson Carnegie Mellon University • Marcus W. Abney Fairfield Manufacturing Company, Inc. • Al Alagarsamy Grede Foundries, Inc. • B.L. Averbach Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Robert Bakish Bakish Materials Corporation • Randall F. Barron Louisiana Tech University • Fred J. Bartkowski Marshall W. Nelson & Associates, Inc. • Charles E. Bates Southern Research Institute • Edward C. Bayer Holcroft-TPS • Bruce A. Becherer Teledyne Vasco • David A. Belforte Belforte Associates • W.J. Bernard, Jr. Surface Combustion, Inc. • Dennis Bernier Kester Solder • Peter Bielik Eppert Oil Company • Earnest Bishop Park Chemical Company • Richard J. Blewett Hard Core Heat Treating Inc. • John R. Blutt Laser Industries Inc. • Alan H. Braun Fansteel-Wellman Dynamics • Jack W. Bray Reynolds Metals Company • Jim Brookes Braun Engineering • Terrence D. Brown Lindberg Heat Treating Company • H. Burrier The Timken Company • J.F. Butler LTV Steel Technology Center • Dean Caerner PPG • Joseph M. Capus Technical Consultant • Robert G. Carlson G.E. Aircraft Engines • Roger Carlson Lindberg Corporation • Jan L. Caruso Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. • Barrie Cayless Alcan Rolled Products Company • Gerald Chantres Commonwealth Industries • Roy Chestner Barber Coleman Company • Bob Christ Deere & Company Technical Center • Douglas H. Clingner Fairfield Manufacturing Company, Inc. • James G. Conybear ABAR Ipsen Industries • Michael Crews Burns Cold Forge • T. Cullen Potomic Electric Power • William J. Davison Baltimore Specialty Steels Corporation • R. Decker University Science Partners, Inc. • Laurence S. Delose Texcel, Inc. • Sanjeev S. Deshpande Atmosphere Annealing Inc. • Bill Detrick Funk Manufacturing Company • George Dimou Englehard Canada Limited • R. Dirscherl Nooter Corporation • D. Doane Technical Consultant • John Dodd Dodd & Associates • David Donegan Rockwell International • J. Dossett Midland Metal Treating, Inc. • David Duarte Lindberg Heat Treat Company • James R. Easterday Kolene Corporation • Mahmoud Eboo Aluminum Laser Corporation • Peter Elliott Corrosion and Materials Consultancy • Dana Elza Coherent General • Loren Epler Dynamic Metal Treating Inc. • Roger J. Fabian Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Robert W. Foreman Technical Consultant • Gregory A. Fuller The Timken Company • Dean J. Gaertner PPG Industries • Amal Ganguli Cleveland Pneumatic Company • Edward C. Gayer Technical Consultant • Dave Gaylord Progressive Heat Treat • Dennis J. Giancola H.P. Technologies, Inc. • Doug Glenn Seco/Warwick Corporation • Arthur D. Godding Heatbath Corporation • Michael Gratti Barber Coleman Company • Indra Gupta Inland Steel Research Laboratories • Neil Hacker Ipsen Commercial Heat Treating • Lawrence J. Hagerty Union Carbide Industrial Gases Inc. • Richard E. Haimbaugh Induction Heat Treating Corporation • Steven S. Hansen Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Jack Hasson E.F. Houghton & Company • Richard L. Heestand Oak Ridge National Laboratory • J.R. Hensley Inco Alloys International Inc. • W.E. Heyer Technical Consultant • Anil Hingwe Molloy Manufacturing • Robert S. Hodder Latrobe Steel Company, Subsidiary of The Timken Company • Gerald G. Hoeft Caterpillar Inc. • J.M. Hoegfedt Honeywell Inc. • Curtis Holmes Commonwealth Industries • John D. Hubbard Hinderliter Heat Treating • Jack Hughes Detroit Flame Hardening • Christ J. Iatropulos Kieh Company • Michael T. Ives Park Chemical Company • Edward Jamieson Lindberg Heat Treating • Larry Jarvis Tenaxol Inc. • Joseph Jasper Armco, Inc. • Raoul L. Jeanmenne Caterpillar Inc., Construction and Mining Products Division • Lyle R. Jenkins Ductile Iron Society • Paul E. Johnson National-Standard • Michael C. Kasprzyk Inex Inc. • Norman O. Kater Ladish Company • Norman O. Kates Lindberg Corporation • John Kay CAN-ENG • Leon E. Keene Metal Treating Inc. • Roger H. Keeran Metal-Labs, Inc. • Gary Keil Caterpillar Inc. • James Kelley Rolled Alloys • John M. Kelso Benedict-Miller Inc. • W. Keough Atmosphere Furnace Company • Hugh S. Kim Mack Trucks, Inc. • Bela Kovacs Atmosphere Furnace Company • George Krauss Colorado School of Mines • Kenneth M. Krewson J.W. Rex Company • Dale LaCount Babcock & Wilcox Company • W. James Laird, Jr. Metal Works Industrial Furnaces • Ron Larson Chicago Magnesium Casting Corporation • Jack Laub Advanced Cast Products, Inc. • Graham Legge ABAR-IPSEN • Jeffrey Levine Applied Cryogenics, Inc. • Norman P. Lillybeck Deere & Company Technical Center • Gerald T. Looby Republic Engineered Steel, Inc. • John Lueders John Deere Waterloo Works • Robert Luetje Kolene Corporation • Colin Mackay Microelectronic Computer Technology Corporation • Thomas Mackey Texas Copper Corporation • David Malley Pratt & Whitney Company • James M. Manning Inco Alloys International, Inc. • Eric B. Manos Buehler International • David K. Matlock Colorado School of Mines • Gernant E. Maurer Special Metals Corporation • Terry Mayo Reed Tool Company • Dale E. McCoy Lite Metals Company • Jocelyne O. McGeever Liquid Air Corporation • Katie Megerle Naval Air Engineering Center • Quentin D. Mehrkam Ajax Electric Company • Pares Mehta Eaton, Truck Components Headquarters • Anthony G. Meszaros Whittaker Park Chemical Company • J. Meyer SKF Industries • Glen Moore Burges-Norton Company • Peter J. Moroz Armco, Inc. • Raymond Mosser Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. • Patrick J. Murzyn Union Carbide Industrial Gases, Inc. • Frank B. Nair GTE Products Corporation • Dan Neiber IPSEN Commercial Heat Treating • Robert L. Niemi Ladish Company, Inc. • Bob Noel Ladish Company, Inc. • James O'Brien O'Brien and Associates • John T. O'Reilly The Doe Run Company • Wayne F. Parker W.F. Parker & Associates • James L. Parks ME International • Burton R. Payne, Jr. Payne Chemical Corporation • Leander F. Pease III Powder-Tech Associates, Inc. • Ralph Poor Surface Combustion Inc. • David Prengamen RSR Corporation • Walter Prest Aeco-Warwick Corporation • Peter E. Price Industrial Materials Technology, Inc. • Tom Prucha Technical Consultant • Beu Rassieur Paulo Products Company • Brian Reed Park Thermal • William T. Reynolds, Jr. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University • Ron Rhoads Dana Corporation • Rick Riccardi North American Manufacturing • Jack Rorick Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Thomas Ruglic Hinderliter Heat Treating, Inc. • Karl B. Rundman Michigan Technology University • Larry B. Ryan Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Joseph J. Rysek Lubrizol Corporation • Robert F. Sagon-King CAN-ENG • R. Sawtell Alcoa International • David Scarrott Scarrott Metallurgical • Charles J. Scholl Wyman Gordon Company • Danny E. Scott Hughes Tool Company • Eugene D. Seaton Alcoa Forging Division • Gerald Seim Sacoma International, Inc. • Soren Segerberg The Swedish Institute of Production Engineering Research, IVF • Richard H. Shapiro Arrow Gear Company • Gary L. Sharp Advanced Heat Treat Corporation • Michael M. Shea General Motors Research Laboratories • Charles Shield Ford Motor Company • Stephen J. Sikirica Gas Research Institute • Paul J. Sikorsky The Trane Company • Thomas Simons Dana Corporation • Darrell F. Smith, Jr. Inco Alloys International, Inc. • W. Smith University of Florida • Richard A. Sommer Ajax Magnethermic Corporation (Retired) • G. Sorell G. Sorell Consulting Services • Peter D. Southwick Inland Steel Flat Products Company • Talivaldis Spalvins NASA-Lewis Research Center • Warren M. Spear Nickel Development Institute • Keith Stewart Lindberg Heat Treating Company • Charles A. Stickels Ford Motor Company • Peter R. Strutt University of Connecticut • James M. Sullivan Honeywell Inc., Industrial Heat Equipment Markets • Joseph W. Tackett Haynes International Inc. • Imao Tamura The Research Institute for Applied Sciences • M.H. Thomas LTV Steels Corporation • Steven Thompson Colorado School of Mines • Donald J. Tillack Inco Alloys International Inc. • George A. Timmons Retired • George Totten Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Company, Inc. • Julius Turk Paulo Products Company • Kris Vaithinathan Engelhard Corporation • Steve H. Verhoff Surface Combustion Inc. • Peter Vernia General Motors Research Laboratories • Dennis T. Vukovich Eaton Corporation • Dennis M. Wagen W-B Combustion, Inc. • G. Walter J.I. Case • W. Weins University of Nebraska • William L. Wentland Sundstrand Aerospace • Charles V. White GMI, Engineering Management Institute • Glenn K. White E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. • Don Whittaker Electric Furnace Company • Thomas J. Withefordd Teledyne Vasco • John R. Whyte, Jr. Procedyne Corporation • Timothy I. Wilde Anarad, Inc. • Richard K. Wilson Inco Alloys International • Gary J. Wiskow Falk Corporation • Michael W. Wisti Atmosphere Annealing, Inc. • Curtiss J. Wolf AGA Gas, Inc. • Thomas Wood Cytemp • Anthony W. Worcester The Doe Run Company • Philip L. Young, Jr. Union Carbide Industrial Gases, Inc. • John R. Young Alpha Steel Treating Company Foreword Heat-treating technology has long been an area of deep interest and concern to ASM members. In fact, the origin of the Society can be traced back to 1913 when the Steel Treaters Club was launched in Detroit. This group joined with the American Steel Treaters Society to form the American Society for Steel Treating in 1920. It was the latter organization that issued the first bound Handbook in 1928, a volume that would serve as the prototype for future generations of the ASM Handbook. During the ensuing six decades, many changes have taken place--both in terms of the positioning of the Society and the technology base it serves. In 1933 a name change to the American Society for Metals completed the transition from an organization concerned primarily with heat treating to one that served the interests of the entire metals industry. Finally in 1987, the technical scope of the Society was further broadened to include the processing, properties, and applications of all engineering/structural materials, and thus ASM International was born. Despite these momentous changes, one fact has remained unchanged--ASM's recognition of heat treating as one of the foundations of the metals sciences and its unflagging commitment to this ever-changing technology. The publication of Volume 4 of the ASM Handbook is the most recent and significant example of the sustained leadership of the Society in addressing the needs of the heat treat community. The present volume reflects the continuing research and effort that have led to a deeper understanding of the response of ferrous and nonferrous alloys to thermal treatments. For in the 10 years since publication of its 9th Edition predecessor, significant developments have taken place in quenching and hardenability studies, computer modelling of heat-treating operations, plasma-assisted case hardening methods, and improved quality control through advanced instrumentation and/or the application of statistical process control. These are but a few of the important topics that will undoubtedly contribute toward making the Heat Treating Handbook a timeless contribution to the literature. Successful completion of such a formidable project, however, is dependent on the collective effort of a vast pool of knowledgeable and dedicated professionals. For their significant roles in this project, we are truly indebted to the ASM Heat Treating Technical Division and its subcommittees, to the Handbook Committee, to the hundreds of individual authors and reviewers, and the Handbook Editorial Staff. For their valuable contributions, we extend our thanks and gratitude. • Stephen M. Copley President ASM International • Edward L. Langer Managing Director ASM International Preface In compiling this new volume on heat treating, the challenge was to produce a book that contained subject matter strongly oriented toward industrial practice but that did not omit discussions of the underlying metallurgical fundamentals. With previously published ASM Handbooks devoted to heat treating, the omission of material on fundamentals was justified by either space limitations and/or the availability of other ASM books that described the physical metallurgy associated with thermal treatments. For example, when the 8th Edition was published in 1964, only 306 pages were related to heat treating (this Volume was divided between heat-treating technology and surface cleaning and finishing). As such, readers were referred to the classic book Principles of Heat Treatment by M.A. Grossmann and E.C. Bain, which was also published in 1964 by ASM. A similar situation arose in 1981 when the expanded 9th Edition Heat Treating Handbook was published. In the year prior to this publication, a completely revised version of the Grossmann/Bain book was prepared by G. Krauss and subsequently published by ASM. The 1980s proved to be a dynamic period for heat-treating technology--a decade that witnessed the introduction of new alloys and processes as well as new "tools" for understanding the response of heat-treated materials. For example, new alloys under active development or brought to market during the 1980s that were not described in previous heat-treating Handbooks included duplex stainless steels, microalloyed (HSLA) steels, low-cobalt maraging steels, austempered ductile iron, directionally solidified and single-crystal superalloys, and aluminum-lithium alloys. Changes in processing include improvements in continuous annealing, induction heating, and surface hardening operations using lasers or electron beams, the commercial viability of plasma-assisted case-hardening processes, and advances in thermomechanical processing. But by far the most dramatic changes in heat-treat technology that have marked the past decade have been those involving newly developed tools for improving process characterization and process control. These include improved instrumentation for controlling furnace temperature, furnace atmosphere, and surface carbon content, the practical application of statistical process control (SPC), and the use of computer modelling for both the prediction of hardness profiles after quenching and the quantitative modelling of properties after tempering or case hardening. It is this latter category of computer modelling that necessitates the inclusion of material on the basic principles or fundamentals of heat treating. For example, there are several articles in this Volume that deal with computer-assisted prediction of steel hardening and hardenability as a function of heat treatment parameters. In this regard, the primary measures of steel hardening are the end-quench hardenability curves (Jominy curves), isothermal transformation (IT) curves, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves. In order to understand how computer programs can be used to calculate such diagrams, some brief background information is provided in several key articles to emphasize how these diagrams make possible the selection of steel and the design of proper heat treatments. Principal Sections Volume 4 has been organized into eight major sections: • Heat Treating of Steel • Surface Hardening of Steel • Heat-Treating Equipment • Process and Quality Control Considerations • Heat Treating of Cast Irons • Heat Treating of Tool Steels • Heat Treating of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys • Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys A total of 71 articles are contained in these sections. Of these, 16 are new, 17 were completely rewritten, with the remaining articles revised and/or expanded. In addition, several important appendices supplement the Volume. These include a glossary of terms, a temper color chart for steels, and tabulated austenitizing temperatures for steels. A review of the content of the major sections is given below; highlighted are differences between the present volume and its 9th Edition predecessor. Table 1 summarizes the content of the principal sections. Table 1 Summary of contents of Volume 4, Heat Treating, of the ASM Handbook Section title Number of articles Pages Figures (a) Tables (b) References Heat Treating of Steel 16 253 355 123 430 Surface Hardening of Steel 18 203 305 69 324 Heat-Treating Equipment 6 62 83 17 43 Process and Quality Control Considerations 9 135 130 43 190 Heat Treating of Cast Irons 5 42 67 19 27 Heat Treating of Tool Steels 4 56 48 34 20 Heat Treating of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys 3 51 41 53 23 Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys 10 124 147 77 72 Total 71 926 1176 435 1129 (a) Total number of figure captions; most figures include more than one illustration. (b) Does not include in-text tables or tables that are part of figures Heat Treating of Steel. This section begins with two entirely new articles that introduce the reader to the physical metallurgy of heat-treated steels and newly developed methodologies for quantitatively predicting transformation hardening in steels. These companion papers set the stage for a series of articles that describe specific types of heat treatments. Of particular note is the definitive treatise on "Quenching of Steel" by Bates, Totten, and Brennan. Featuring some 95 figures and 23 tables, this 55 page article has been substantially revised and expanded from previous Editions. Other highlights include new articles on continuous annealing, cryogenic treatment of steel, and thermomechanical processing of microalloyed steel. The section concludes with completely rewritten articles on heat-treat procedures for ultrahigh strength steels, maraging steels, and powder metallurgy ferrous alloys. Surface Hardening of Steel. As explained in the introductory article to this section, emphasis has been placed on thermally driven, diffusion processes that induce solid-state transformation hardening. These processes include flame hardening, high-energy processes that utilize laser beams or electron beams, and conventional surface treatments such as carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. It is important to note the significant processing characteristics between the aforementioned processes and surface modification techniques 'such as ion implantation, PVD/CVD coatings, and surface melting/surface alloying processes that will be described in future volumes of this Handbook series. For example ion nitriding, which is described in this section, and nitrogen ion implantation are two distinctly different techniques for producing a case hardened surface layer. The implementation of each process, the characteristics of the case layers produced, the metallurgical strengthening mechanisms generated, and the economics and end use of each, are quite different. Ion nitriding is a thermally driven, equilibrium, diffusion process that produces a relatively deep (100 to 400 m), hardened, case layer. Nitrogen ion implantation is a non-thermal, non-equilibrium, physically driven, ballistic alloying process, which produces a relatively shallow (1 μm), extremely hard case layer. Ion nitriding is implemented at high temperatures in a glow discharge atmosphere, while nitrogen ion implantation is carried out at room temperature, at high vacuum, in a dedicated atomic particle accelerator. Case layer strengthening in ion nitrided surfaces is due primarily to formation of transition metal nitride precipitates, while strengthening in nitrogen ion implanted surfaces is due primarily to dislocation pinning. A summary of processing comparisons is given in Table 2. Table 2 Process characteristics comparison Process temperature Process Type Process time, h °C °F Process pressure, torr Case depth (a) , μm Hardness (a) , HRC Ion nitriding Thermal diffusion 10-30 500- 1100 900- 2000 0.2-5.0 400 62-67 Nitrogen ion Physical 1-6 <150 <300 10 -6 1 80-90 (a) Value for steel [...]... ASM International Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (for Print Volume) ASM Handbook (Revised vol 4) Metals Handbook Title proper has changed with v.4: ASM Handbook/ Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee Includes bibliographies and indexes Contents: v 4 Heat Treating 1 Metals- Handbooks, manuals, etc I ASM International Handbook Committee II Title: ASM. .. Structures, and Phase Diagrams, Vol 8, Metals Handbook, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1973 2 Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, Metals Handbook, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1961 3 G Krauss, Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels, in Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Vol 1, Metals Handbook, 10th ed., ASM International, 1990, p 126-139... time-temperature diagrams for embrittled steels, can be found in Volume 1 of ASM Handbook, formerly 10th Edition Metals Handbook (see Ref 27) References cited in this section 3 G Krauss, Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels, in Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Vol 1, Metals Handbook, 10th ed., ASM International, 1990, p 126-139 19 K.-E Thelning, Steel and Its... refractory metals and alloys is completely new to the Handbook series Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys The principles which govern heat treatment of nonferrous alloys are first described in this final section of the Handbook Differences between ferrous and nonferrous processing are highlighted Nine articles follow on heat treating of specific classes of nonferrous alloys Acknowledgments This Handbook. .. this Volume) The Fe-C Phase Diagram The basis for the understanding of the heat treatment of steels is the Fe-C phase diagram (Fig 1) Because it is well explained in earlier volumes of ASM Handbook, formerly Metals Handbook (Ref 1, 2, 3), and in many elementary textbooks, it will be treated very briefly here Figure 1 actually shows two diagrams; the stable iron-graphite diagram (dashed lines) and the... reviewers They represent many of the leading industries and educational institutions in this country and abroad The articles in this Handbook represent tremendous individual as well as committee efforts We are also grateful to the ASM Heat Treating Technical Division and the ASM Handbook Committee Their guidance during the critical planning stages of this project proved invaluable This has truly been a collective... various ways to characterize the hardenability of a steel Certain aspects of this will be discussed in the following article in the Section and has also been described in detail in previous ASM Handbooks, formerly Metals Handbooks (Ref 23) The CCT diagram can serve this purpose if one knows the cooling rate at the minimum depth The CCT diagrams constructed according to Atkins or Thelning presented above... steels with very high or very low hardenability, neither the Grossmann nor the Jominy methods are well suited and other methods are used These methods are well covered in Volume 1 of ASM Handbook, formerly 10th Edition of Metals Handbook (Ref 23) and in Ref 24 The rate of cooling at different distances from the quenched end is approximately independent of the steel used because the thermal conductivity and... Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels, in Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, Vol 1, Metals Handbook, 10th ed., ASM International, 1990, p 464-484 24 C.S Siebert, D.V Doane, and D.H Breen, The Hardenability of Steels, American Society for Metals, 1977 Principles of Tempering of Steels As pointed out earlier in this article, martensite is a very hard phase in steel... taken for any claims that may arise Nothing contained in the ASM Handbook shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in the ASM Handbook shall be construed as a defense against any alleged . Contents: v. 4. Heat Treating. 1. Metals- Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. ASM International. Handbook Committee. II. Title: ASM Handbook. TA459.M43 1990 620.1'6. Phase Diagrams, Vol 8, Metals Handbook, 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1973 2. Properties and Selection of Metals, Vol 1, Metals Handbook, 8th ed.,