As one of the most significant dimensions in crosscultural communication, directness and indirectness are claimed to have a strong connection with speech act performance in communication. That evokes many studies into the directness and indirectness in different aspects of reality communication. This study was conducted with the aims to provide a view in the use of directness and indirectness expressed through teachers’ oral feedback for their students in language classroom communication. The data were collected from three Anglicist teachers and three Vietnamese teachers by recording their oral feedback on students’ speaking performances. The collected data then are analyzed by qualitative methods. Based on the collected data, some results have been found out. Firstly, the extent of directness in the Anglicist teachers’ feedback and the Vietnamese teachers’ feedback is different. Though the use of strategies are somehow balanced, the Vietnamese teachers appear to be more indirect due to the frequent use of linguistic devices in their feedback. It also reveal that the number of strategies as well as the modifiers are the factors which contribute to the identification of degree of direness in teachers’ oral feedback. Secondly, the use as well as the choices of strategies and modifiers of the Anglicist teachers and the Vietnamese teachers are put in comparison to figure out the similarities and differences
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER DIRECTNESS AND INDIRECTNESS IN THE ANGLICIST AND THE VIETNAMESE TEACHERS’ ORAL FEEDBACK ON THEIR STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCES Supervisor: Lại Thị Thanh Vân (M.A.) Student: Phạm Thị Thu Thảo Course: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÍNH TRỰC TIẾP VÀ GIÁN TIẾP TRONG LỜI NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIÁO VIÊN NƯỚC NGOÀI VÀ GIÁO VIÊN VIỆT NAM ĐỐI VỚI PHẦN TRÌNH BÀY CỦA SINH VIÊN TRONG LUYỆN TẬP KĨ NĂNG NÓI TIẾNG ANH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Lại Thị Thanh Vân (M.A.) Sinh viên: Phạm Thị Thu Thảo Khóa: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ACCEPTANCE I here by state that, I: Phạm Thị Thu Thảo, QH2010.F.1.E2, being a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper Phạm Thị Thu Thảo May 2014 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish that there is a word which more than ―gratitude‖ to describe my feelings toward the people who have unconditionally supported and encouraged me to complete this paper First and foremost, I wish to express my deeply gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Lại Thị Thanh Vân, for her invaluable patience, wisdom, precious comments and great encouragement throughout this research Without her precious help, this paper would not have been completed I would like to thank sincerely all anonymous informant who agreed to participate in this research Without their acceptance, this study could not be conducted I would also like to acknowledge the authors of the references for their useful materials which have served as a foundation for the development of this research Last but not least, my heartfelt thanks go to my parents and my boyfriend without whose patient care, love, understanding, encouragement and support, I could never have got this far i ABSTRACT As one of the most significant dimensions in cross-cultural communication, directness and indirectness are claimed to have a strong connection with speech act performance in communication That evokes many studies into the directness and indirectness in different aspects of reality communication This study was conducted with the aims to provide a view in the use of directness and indirectness expressed through teachers’ oral feedback for their students in language classroom communication The data were collected from three Anglicist teachers and three Vietnamese teachers by recording their oral feedback on students’ speaking performances The collected data then are analyzed by qualitative methods Based on the collected data, some results have been found out Firstly, the extent of directness in the Anglicist teachers’ feedback and the Vietnamese teachers’ feedback is different Though the use of strategies are somehow balanced, the Vietnamese teachers appear to be more indirect due to the frequent use of linguistic devices in their feedback It also reveal that the number of strategies as well as the modifiers are the factors which contribute to the identification of degree of direness in teachers’ oral feedback Secondly, the use as well as the choices of strategies and modifiers of the Anglicist teachers and the Vietnamese teachers are put in comparison to figure out the similarities and differences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study 1.2 Aims of the study and research questions 1.3 Significance of the study 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Feedback 2.1.1 Definition of feedback 2.1.2 Classification 2.1.3 The importance role of feedback in language teaching and learning 2.2 Directness and indirectness 2.2.1 Definition 2.2.2 Directness and indirectness in culture 10 2.2.3 Directness and indirectness in language 11 2.2.4 Types of directness and indirectness 12 2.2.5 Motives for indirectness 13 2.2.6 The significance of directness and indirectness 14 2.2.7 Factors influencing the use of directness and indirectness 14 iii 2.2.8 Directness and indirectness in teachers’ oral feedback 15 2.3 Speaking performances 15 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 The research design 18 3.2 Informants 18 3.3 Research methods 19 3.4 Data collection 20 3.4.1 Data collection instrument 20 3.4.2 Data collection procedure 20 3.5 Data analysis 20 3.5.1 Data coding 20 3.5.2 Data analysis method 27 3.5.3 Data analysis procedure 27 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DICUSSION 28 4.1 Findings 28 4.2 Discussion 39 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 43 5.1 Summary of the major findings 43 5.2 Limitations 44 5.3 Implications 44 5.4 Suggestion for further study 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES 51 iv LISTS OF TABLES, FIGURES AND ABBREVIATIONS TABLES PAGE Table 1: Categorization of criticism strategies 23 Table 2: Categorization of modifiers 26 v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study ―Individuals with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds think differently‖ (Tohidian, I., & Mir Tabatabaie, 2010) In other words, Gayle (2002) also affirms the influence of social environment on human interaction behaviors These notions explain why people who come from different countries and speak different languages behave differently It also emphasizes the importance of understanding culture besides learning a language To be successful in communicating, especially in intercultural environment, it is necessary to deal with both language and culture It means that besides mastering the language, raising the awareness of cultural background is vital Therefore, it is advisable that English language learners understand the cultural backgrounds For English learners, the acknowledgement of cultures of English-speaking countries should be noticed As for communication, in some circumstances, people not always speak out what they really think, especially with negative things For example, if people does not find their friend’s joke interesting, they are more likely to say ―Hmm, it’s not bad‖ rather than ―It’s boring‖ As the human nature drives people to seek for harmony in the relationship with others, many people opt to respond in the first way unless they have another purpose, for instance to end up the relationship, or to embarrass that friend, etc People, generally, try different ways to mitigate their unpleasant words This is known as the adjustment in the degree of directness in verbal communication, in which the high degree of directness is often known as ―directness‖ and the low degree of directness is considered ―indirectness‖ ―Proper words in proper place at proper time to the right person will always make a successful communication‖ (Krauss and Chiu, 1998) The proper degree of directness is also one important factor which contributes to that success It could help to make the conversation go on smoothly, to avoid misunderstanding and cultural shock and to maintain harmony with others However, it is hardly to clarify what ―a proper degree‖ is The valuation of directness and indirectness in some cultures, especially between Western cultures and Asia cultures including Vietnam, is considerably disparate Because of this distinctive difference, directness is considered not only a cultural dimension but also a cultural identity According to Levine and Adelman (1982), ―In American English using, directness is one of the most essential parts‖ Meanwhile, it is believed that in Asian countries including Vietnam, indirectness (or the low degree of directness) is more valued (Curry, 2009) As a result, it can cause some certain problems in intercultural communication Therefore, understanding the degree of directness used in different languages is important to ensure the effectiveness of the conversation, as well as to avoid the impoliteness or rudeness, especially when giving feedback or personal opinions about particular problems or persons In L2 learning and teaching, giving feedback plays a very important role in classroom It is an important part of any learning process (Brawdy& Byra, 1994; Clariana & Koul, 2006) Tabatabaei & Banitalebi (2011) also agreed that feedback as a vital part in all learning contexts Through the feedback, teachers help students improve their performance, understand how they reach the desire output and learn more effectively However, in a language classroom, especially in Vietnam, intercultural problems in terms of cultural shock or misunderstanding may affect students’ conceivableness of the feedback That unsuccessful communication between teachers and students can lead to shock, disappointment and even anxiety which may have negative influences on students’ progress However, in language classroom, or to be more specific in the scope of this paper - English language classroom setting where the cross-cultural communication does happen between students and the Anglicist teachers (who mostly come from United States, United Kingdom and Autralia), there are high chances that cultural problems happens, but very little studies, have been done Meanwhile, with many Vietnamese students in ULIS and other universities, their limited chance of exposure with intercultural communication may lead to misunderstanding, shock, Zhang, F., & You, H (2009) Motives of indirectness in daily communication - an asian perspective Asian Culture and History, 1(2), 99-102 Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/839754116?accountid=39811 50 APPENDICES APPENDIX Transcript of the Anglicist teachers’ oral feedback The Anglicist teacher - So Quynh Anh, you did have some great gestures I only talk about the gestures, that’s all You have great gestures for your speech, you got all the first, second, third You did have a lot of gestures, so sometimes your hands were here, it was ok, because when you have a gesture, it is the specific one One thing about gestures that you have to think about is closeness What can you with your hands? This is close, but this is knit together And about 40%, you missed a chance to like this, but in general, your gestures were clear and specific, not too many but not too few So on the scale from to 10, I am going to give you an 8.5 on gestures Good job - Ok, Mr Luan, it is clear that you are very well-prepared with the slides and your speech as well I can say the visual aids are great You speech has all three parts, you smiled at the beginning That was a good start You have good eye contact, good posture You stand confidently However, your gestures was small, they need to be bigger and stronger You should speaker louder, there are some parts I cannot hear you very well And you should practice for better pronunciation You miss the final consonant, like ―Facebook‖ or ―advice‖ Over, you should practice more on your voice reflection and on pronunciation, but today, we practice gestures and postures, so what you did was good - Oh, Duy, you are not well-prepared today, no visual aids, right? You did a good job Your introduction was ok, but you didn’t mention the purpose About gestures, you have good hand gesture, you have a home position, but sometimes you touch your face You should work on your eye-contact, because sometimes I feel as you just looked at me You would want your voice brighter and clearer But anyway, 51 your ideas are very good, and I know that you made great effort, you did it That was brave Next time, speak louder and have notes or pictures to help you remember, ok Good job - Mr Nghia, you have excellent preparation, that was very good You have very good beginning, good ideas Your ideas contact is good, you look around the class when you speak Your gestures and postures are good, you are in well-control of your hands, but it could be stronger if you have less notes, there are a lot of notes in your hands, and it can be distracting, ok You need to work on your grammar and pronunciation, for example, ―times‖, ―steps‖, ―soap‖ or ―to summarize‖ not ―to summary‖, ok, it is ―in summary‖ and ―to summarize‖ And one more thing you can improve is the voice reflection, remember, yes, very good Anyway, great job - So, the speakers rest, but when you rest, think about what can you improve? I think, although I was …., just watching one person, I think your gestures were too small How can you have bigger gestures, may be your gestures just here, at home position, think about how can you have bigger gestures next time - Ah, did you stand confidently (reading from the rubric), yes You ….(28:55) back and forth a little bit, which is not so confident You did not have enough of gestures Your hands were here You did one, two and three, that was good So you need to have more use of hands, use more gestures for your speech You were very fluent, you have good ideas I want to hear about the third example, so I am going to say even though For the two first reasons, you have very specific examples for them So, that was really good Let’s think about the speech, I think you have obviously factors and you have a good performance And next times, gestures, ok Good job! - Mr Nam, even though you didn’t prepare, you have a quick mind, you have three good reasons It is ashamed that couldn’t hear the first and the second ones very well, but I can hear you stating examples about skipping lunch and invite anyone you want … So your supporting examples were very specific I think your third 52 example was a little confused You were taking about making choices However, I wasn’t quite clear about what you are saying You have an excellent introduction, so as we more and more element of speech, you have a good reasons Over, you would want your voice to be brighter, you will want to speak louder and clear There are some pronunciation and grammar mistakes The most important, you have very few gestures…no gestures… Next time, haha, can you still use your hands? Yes, next times, please - In the beginning, you have ten and about a minute, so that was quite good You have more at the beginning and less at the end (referring about gesture) When you said the first reason, you said, you did, but then when you said the second reason and the third reason, it was a very easy place to put a gesture in but you didn’t it So overall, you would say your gestures are ok, but they can be bigger, and a little more specific You did this one a lot, this is good, but if you want to more powerful, when you make your gestures, pay attention to what you are saying So, on the scale from to 10, I will give you - I know, how can we help you? Think about it, ok? (in response to a peercomment: ―she has too few gestures‖) The Anglicist teacher - Ms Lanh, your ideas are good and you can present smoothly You are very good at the start, you were relaxing, and you should keep that to the end your speech? What happened to you, girl? You were nervous I see that you have a very confident stance, very strong voice However, you need to improve your eyecontact, ok, and practice more, and prepare more at home, ok You read from the note too much So next times, prepare and practice more, that’s will help your eyecontact and your confidence Anyway, your speech is interesting, thank you - So Thuy, you did a good job You are very well-prepared, that’s excellent You show very good understanding of each step Your hand gestures are very strong, and it help your speech a lot What you need to improve on is your voice, the 53 intonation and fluency Sometimes you ―ah‖, ―uhm‖ But that’s ok, very good speech - Oh great, excellent, you have a strong comparison Good job, you have good gestures, and I have to say you are the best one I have heard today, so congratulation One thing you can improve on is while you are speaking, you are quite fluent?, but you have a lot of ―ah‖, ―uhm‖, so practice speaking more often, so that you cannot have any of those in your speech, but impressive, good job - You have a clear speech Thoa Very good gestures, confident postures, and eyes contact is ok, too You go through each step with clear explanation, however, it was rather short, you should try to make it longer I see that you are very well-prepared, but you was nervous, right? So next time, take a deep breath, speaker louder, ok Anyway, you are just too nervous, practice more at home, you can improve it, so don’t worry I appreciate your effort today Thank you The Anglicist teacher - Thank you, Linh You did a good job today with the speech, well-prepared You have good reasons for your speech and you have good examples, but one example for each idea is enough, others will be unnecessary, ok You can manage your gestures well and speak fluently, but you speak a bit fast, may be because you was nervous, so you would want to slowdown And as I mentioned before, you should be relax, maybe you should try to take a deep breath, or keep something lucky by your sides, it may works Good job - Well, your ideas were well organized, your beginning was not very good, but you are more confident at the end That was good You stand confidently, and have good hand gestures, you also move back and forth Things that you need to improve are your intonation, it sound a little sleepy And your pronunciation, with the final consonant, like ―miss‖, ―changes‖ One more thing is that you should have a friend change the slides for you, you move quite a lot between the center position and the computer, it was a little bit distracting, you know Anyway, good job, boy 54 APPENDIX Transcript of the Vietnamese teachers’ oral feedback The Vietnamese teacher Ok, I think most of the comments have covered the points In general, you think you’ve done a very good job You’ve done an excellent job in the Q&A section, ok You showed that in answering questions and addressing problems And your ideas are clear, ok, quite clear, ok You have a very good cooperation between two members The thing you need to work on in terms of the whole presentation is arguments, ok, because sometimes some arguments are not very, uhm, quite persuasive, all right? In terms of individuals, for example like, I, I agreed with most of the comments, still I want to address that both of you need to speak louder, ok You need to speaker louder so that, you know, because you are presenters, and that’s why, you know that if you want to capture audiences’ attention, you need to raise your voice, you have to raise the volume With Quynh, ok, you have a very good starting with interacting with audience by asking a question, you did it great About you fluency, you looked at the paper quite a lot, so make sure that you know the words and practice enough time before your presentation For Trang, you are very fluent, ok, it is excellent, you were very relaxing and it is ok I think it is ok to be relax, especially when you are doing a very important presentation in front of a lot of people I think it is a good point, ok Something you need to work on a little bit is about the control, you should have more control with your hands, what are you holding in your hands? (haha) Ok, more control of hands, ok, and pay attention to the ending sounds, sometimes, because of the high speed, sometimes you missed some ending sounds like, for example, it should be ―sex education‖ (emphasize on the ending sound) And also sometimes you have ―uhm‖, ―ah‖ In general, congratulation on you presentation, hopefully you can a better job next year In general, I think it is a brilliant presentation This is brilliant because you have archived two things that is most important to me in a presentation, persuasive 55 presentation The first one is the arguments, arguments are very strong I believed that this presentation has one of the strongest arguments in general And the second thing is that, after your presentation, there are so many questions, it show that your topic are interested, you excited them, you evoke in them the enthusiasm to ask questions, ok Those are the two most important things in a persuasive presentation, and you have done it perfectly And personally, I want to thank you for this presentation (laughing), while I am listening to your presentation, I was like ―yes, yeah, yes‖ So it is just something personal, ok In terms of individuals, I think Lan is too fluent, you are very persuasive, you are very strong and I believe that you are one the most outstanding presenter in our class Ok, so you have many strong points, all right You should be proud of yourself And I prefer that, in the Q&A section, you should stay calmer in terms of addressing questions And also, I expect more equal division between two members, in terms of Q&A For Hanh, I see a lot of your effort, from the last semester to this semester, I feel that you made a lot of effort, and that is great Just a little bit nervous, right? Ok, you can work on it in the next semester In general, I think it is a very persuasive presentation I think you did a great job today, ok, you did a great job The first thing is fluency, it is quite good For example, Nga, you speak quite fluently, and that was very impressive And Dieu Linh, I know that Dieu Linh have tried, ok, you have tried a lot, in preparing for this, and I really appreciate it The thing is about the topic is, it is quite, it is a little bit, ok, it is a little bit difficult for us to understand, because it includes quite a few new vocabulary, and also because the definition, it takes time to adopt the definition, to understand what GM food means, and so it is a little bit difficult for us And that’s why there were not a lot of questions, ok In terms of individual, ok, for example, Dieu Linh has a very good start by asking question And it’s very good, because you want to provide background information, right? And that’s great And for Dieu Linh, ok, you should try to improve the ending sounds For example, ―introduce‖, or ―such as‖, ―fish‖ Ok, so pay attention to the ending sounds, ok For Nga, you are very good presenter, you did great Voice is very clear, volume is appropriate, pronunciation is precise, and that’s 56 excellent You can even be better if you use more hand-gestures, and look more on the left side Ok So in general, I think you did a great job, in terms of this difficult topic, so congratulation And now I want to give comments on comments So ok, again, I want to remind that you are critical, that’s great, but it seems like you forgot to mention the good points while your friends’ presentation actually has many good points And also remember, again, ok, I talked to you already that there are some comments which can be harsh, ok, and can be injurious, can be dangerous and can hurt your friends For example, I realize that you use quite a lot of ―very‖ like ―it is very distracting‖, ―you are very nervous‖, it is too serious, or ―there are too many words‖, they are very sharp words, and remember your friends are standing there, we must give them compliments if they have good points Don’t hurt your friends, ok, we want them to learn from the mistakes, we don’t want to hurt them Ok, it is just a reminder, because I have taught you already Ok, thank you I think this is a great presentation You did great I like the topic And I like the way you handle the topic, and it can be even better if you have some stronger arguments Sometimes, the argument are not very strong I will comment individually for Mai, ok, you lead a very fun game, in terms of fast food My question is if you talk about fast food, there are other types of fast food, if you consider it fast food, for example in Vietnam we have ―com binh dan‖, is it gonna be fast food? Is it healthy? With saturated fat… That’s my concern when I think about fast food, think about it, ok I was very impressed with the fluency, that was excellent with Mai, and it can even better if you have the accuracy as well So you have the fluency, now you need to have accuracy So, sometimes you need to take times to pronounce each word carefully, ok, for example, like ―fast‖, ―fast food‖ Just slowdown, ok And ―because‖, ―which‖, etc Because sometimes you speak very fast that words are swallowed, ending sounds are swallowed, ok And I appreciate that you have try your best in increasing the volume, but sometimes, you still need to raise your voice a little bit more But it is alright, it is good already and you are very close to that ―better‖, you just need to say a little bit louder, ok For 57 Huong, you have very good pronunciation You have appropriate volume and you have gestures, posture You can work a little bit more on hand gestures, because sometimes I feel that you seems don’t know what to with your hands So practice more in front of the mirror, ok, how to use your hands, so you will be more in control of your hands So that is about the presentation You have done a great job in general I think that this presentation somehow defines the term ―persuasive presentation‖ because I am very satisfied with the arguments, they are very convincing, very strong Sometimes, one or some of them are not very as strong as others, but in general, they are very strong You have very careful preparation, in terms of the slides and the content And for individuals, for example, Duong, you are quite fluent and you are a forceful presenter which is great, because it is persuasive And it can be even better if you can increase the fluency toward the end of your part Sometimes, you stutter a little bit And you should also exact more control over hands And with the numbers, you need to cite the sources in every number Like, if you said 30000 prostitutes in Vietnam, where is the source All right, so you need to add the source after that So basically, that’s it For Phuong, I think you prepare for this presentation You are very fluent and strong, and have appropriate speed So that’s great Control a little more with your hands, ok Most of the time, you were like this, and sometimes like this, it is not very clear For Trung, you have very great pronunciation, you have strong voice, very clear voice Just pay attention to the gestures a little bit, postures your friends have mentioned already, but gestures, sometimes you play with the stick, just sometimes only, but don’t that, ok And Trung, it is even better if you can increase the speed, sometimes you slowdown, but I recommend that you should increase it so that you will become more fluent You are a very strong presenter and you have a very accuracy, just push the fluency, you gonna be fine I think that’s it It’s great, so congratulation The Vietnamese teacher 58 I think that, today, I want to say that I am impressed with your discussion, because you make it really heated, very warm We are all warm up About the manner, both of the groups are a little bit aggressive, right? However, I think it is good for discussion because we feel that both of groups are really enthusiastic and interested in the topic and you really go for it, fight for it, fight for what you think, and that’s great I really like the thing that one group can prepare the evidence for what you say, for example, the statistic or some figures of the tax holders, some people or some department of government, right, authorities, right? And so they can prepare the law extraction That is the very obvious evidence And also you can use some structures in here like ―let me make my point‖, something like that That’s good way And it’s necessary in an argument that you can use some structures like that to express your opinion Firstly, in terms of speaking skill, as I have emphasized many times before that no matter what you say, if you want to make people listen to that, appreciate that, the first thing is that you should have good speaking skill What is that? What are the skills that you need? Firstly, pronunciation, I can see that many of you mispronounce many words and it even is repeated Some sounds like ―judge‖ or ―issue‖ or ―license‖ Some of you did not have the good word stress Secondly, fluency, like, uhm, you say something which are really important but then you have a lot of pauses in your speaking, then people, the audience will question your speaking skill before they care about what you say So against, you need to improve your fluency How? You have to speak, practice your speaking Recently, I have read a lot of articles on how to practice speaking for students and they also share the ideas and their experiences that, not just from students but from some of very famous teachers, they say that for speaking, you need to practice, you should have more time for practicing more than the time you use for studying Studying, it’s necessary, you learn the new words, new structures, terminologies then you learn how to speak this or that, but then you have to practice it to make it your skill And as far as I observe, I see that most of you just come to the class, and then come back home and then speaking Vietnamese, right? Why don’t you change that schedule? Like when you see some of your friends here, out 59 of class, you can speak English, why not? Right? I try to tell you so so many times about this, and I can see the results The result really reflect the process Like I can see some of you being more fluent, I know that you speak more than other friends And you know that if you want a big different, you have to work differently now, right? Change yourself right now? No more time Practice more Grammar, horrible Horrible grammar, how can you just come to this point and say ―they does‖, ―he do‖ Ok, accuracy sometimes stand after fluency in speaking but when it is just random, it is ok, grammatical mistakes, but when it is frequent, it is quite unacceptable, right? You are major in English, you will become interpreter, and you know what, a job of being an interpreter is a very demanding job, in a conference, many people can speak English very well, many, many of them And when they have a native speaker, and they are professional, why they have to hire an interpreter who has a lot of basic grammatical mistakes That is quite insulting with them, right? Being serious Ok, I think that this is may be that you are not aware of your mistakes How to make you aware of your mistakes? What should you do? Yeah, record yourself Next time, choose a topic, and speak freely Record it and listen again to see how horrible it is, ok? (laugh) And you have to be more aware of these mistakes, ok, because they are too basic and they are repeated Like ―can’t performance‖, it is, like, so wrong, may be when you are listening now, you think it silly, but it was your speaking, it was what you said Non-verbal language, most of you have very good non-verbal language, but sometimes when you speak, for example, don’t be like this, ok, some non-verbal language don’t show that you are serious in speaking or you are confidence or professional Don’t use such close gesture like this or use hands to hold your jaw when you speak, because when your jaw are being held like that, you cannot speak well, and your audience will judge your professionalism In term of debating skill, firstly, you need to make point by point, right At first, Duy has a lot of points, so Dieu Linh did narrow down it and it is good Remember, you need to make point by point, ok So the others can refuse point by point too, ok The next thing is about being offtrack However, Dieu Linh did a good job by trying to remind them what they 60 agreed at first And the next thing is terminologies, even though that you discuss about law and artists, sometimes I really wonder that what the word choices to you So the audience will doubt about your knowledge in terms of terminology in this area So to prepare for a debate, you need to look for of all the relevant vocabulary to show that you really have some expertise in the issue that you are discussing, ok Another thing is that, sometimes I can see that you made effort in giving an example However, what is the problems with giving an example? A specific example only People will question it, it just an individual case So you have to conclude that ―that is a case‖, but it can represent other cases, you understand? Don’t just give out like, this is the case of Ba Tung, and that’s all You know, after you give out a very specific example, you should know how to make it more generalized, how to make it like from the majority, you know So conclude it Those are my basic comments In general, I think that it was a very heated debate, a lot of ideas were contributed There are weak points and good points, but I hope that for the next round, the contribution will be more equal among the members, because it just focuses on some speakers only, others, you should speak more, because first, teacher will mark your speaking through that, so try to increase the time that you involve in a discussion, ok Thank you Those are all my comments for you So, it is quite long, huh? I think that Ngoc Anh, Tra, My were quite good about your speaking skill Diep was also good About this side, Ngoc Anh and Tra and Dung Your speaking skill are quite good too, but it doesn’t mean that others are not good, ok, but some of the others still made mistake in your grammar, pronunciation So that about your speaking skill I don’t think that I have to comment much on that I just want to focus on the way you argue and the evidences About argument, you, your side mentioned of economic benefits, right, and this side mentioned of human trafficking, I think it is strong counter arguments to destroy the first ideas I know that you have a lot of ideas, but how you choose a good counter arguments? I think Ngoc Anh has made a good choice, she went straight to the point That was very persuasive Continue with the next idea 61 about health, one group gave the idea of health check for prostitute and the other group you bring up the idea of condom I think it is irrelevant here Some of arguments are very strong It shows that you are well-prepared about the material And then both of the group mention about the frequency of the health check I think it is off-track Why did you mention about weekly and monthly so much? What is the point to argue about it? It is good to mention of the health check but you shouldn’t talk about monthly or weekly, but focus on the health check only, you should spend time elaborate, discussing more on the health check, the purpose, the benefits, etc instead of saying how many times And after that I cannot understand why Linh introduced about the gap …? (Students clarify) Ok, thank you Talking about the job, your group, you consider that prostitute is an easy job, don’t say that easy ok, it is not an easy job at all, I think I can earn money easier than them (laughing) So I mean that we are looking our personally perspective to talk about it, so it is unreliable, you understand? Because it is subjective That’s not a good point for you Don’t look at the issue from your point of view, you have to look broader so that your arguments can be more persuasive Those are some of my comments Do you have any questions? So thank you Have a short break The Vietnamese teacher So I have some comments I will focus on two main parts, one is your preparation and the other is about your conduct In terms of the preparation, about the topic, in my opinion, it is an interesting topic, so I have expected a more interesting and involving presentation today The presentation provide fully related information, it is informative, but I agree with this group, I don’t know whether you share the same opinion with me or not, the lead-in question should be less bias You can see that there are one, two, three arguments The first and the second one are good since they are focus on the environment and the human health and strengthen your arguments with undeniable facts And there is a part about citizens’ life, actually you should better focus on two smaller important aspects, in the context of our society, Vietnam, there are two main reasons that make the use of 62 plastic bags is very prevailing in our society are because of the price and because of the convenience So they are two undeniable points in your counter arguments and I want you to focus more on that Now come to the conduct Your opening was very clear One good thing is that you mentioned supporting with statistic and examples, which is good One thing that you need to work on is about the division, it is not equal And, I appreciate Ngoc’s effort today, you appear very calm, and you could maintain your speech quite effectively That’s good However, you need to work on your manner, try to be more confident and stronger in your speech, ok And about the Q&A sections, it seems to me that some answer is not very convincing, you seem to give immediate response without much reasoning, you need to link your answer to the presentation and give reasons to it, ok There are some pronunciation mistakes, I know that it is hard to change you within a matter of a night, however, I still have to remind some people who is ―too fast too furious‖ You know who I am talking about, and somebody who need to work on the ending sounds, ok, two of you, the ending sounds, for examples, ―these‖, ―thank you‖ And grammatical mistakes, ―but however‖ I hope that you can be aware of that Anyway, I would grade this presentation as good Do you have any questions? So, thank you In my opinion, it is an interesting presentation, because it is close to us, related to us somehow In terms of preparation, it seems good The outline, I expect that the outline is a little bit more detailed This seems to be just the main things, I want you to elaborate on it Actually, what you performance here did make up for that However, I expected that your outline should be more detailed With your arguments, it is debatable, but it is interesting About the implementation, I think three of you are very good presenters I believe you are very strong presenters because all of you are very fluent, and you know you are very articulate, ―articulate‖ means that you can use language fluently and easily However, there are still some points you can improve The first thing is about the role play, it’s fun, I agree that it is very fun The thing is it is a little bit manipulated It means that you are trying to manipulate the audience in the way that you think it is right It is also possible that someone goes on Facebook, and you haven’t shown that in your skit, 63 right? You know what I mean, so that’s why it’s a little bit manipulated If you want to introduce a problem, you need to keep it neutral, and then ask question from the audience, elicit questions and answers from the audience, for example, ―what you think about this problem?‖, and from that, you lead-in to your presentation, that will help you more neutral, ok And I want to talk about arguments again I think it is the thing that not only you but also the first year students need to improve, arguments, ok I think your arguments aren’t strong enough, because I have many of questions about it, and you see, your classmates have a lot of questions as well So probably there is something which is not right there, so I want you to think about it But we are just first year students, right, we have another year to work on the arguments So don’t be worry You did a good job today Thank you 64 ... TIẾNG ANH KHĨA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP TÍNH TRỰC TIẾP VÀ GIÁN TIẾP TRONG LỜI NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIÁO VIÊN NƯỚC NGOÀI VÀ GIÁO VIÊN VIỆT NAM ĐỐI VỚI PHẦN TRÌNH BÀY CỦA SINH VIÊN TRONG LUYỆN TẬP KĨ NĂNG NÓI TIẾNG... ĐỐI VỚI PHẦN TRÌNH BÀY CỦA SINH VIÊN TRONG LUYỆN TẬP KĨ NĂNG NÓI TIẾNG ANH Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Lại Thị Thanh Vân (M.A.) Sinh viên: Phạm Thị Thu Thảo Khóa: QH2010.F1.E2 HÀ NỘI - 2014 ACCEPTANCE... sleepy” - The Vietnamese teacher 1: “About you fluency, you looked at the paper quite a lot…” - The Vietnamese teacher 2: “Some of you did not have the good word stress” - The Vietnamese teacher