Performance evaluation of the lien son irrigation system, north vietnam

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE LIEN SON IRRIGATION SYSTEM, NORTH VIETNAM by Nguyen Van Tinh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Examination Committee: Prof A Das Gupta (Chairman) Dr Mukand S Babel (Co-chairman) Dr Roberto Clemente Dr Mohammed Mainuddin Nationality: Vietnamese Previous Degree: Bachelor of Engineering Hanoi Water Resources University, Vietnam Scholarship Donor: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/DANIDA, Vietnam Asian Institute of Technology School of Civil Engineering Thailand August, 2004 ABSTRACT Irrigation performance indicators, which comprise engineering and economic indicators, allow an assessment on performance of irrigation systems Indicators can be use to compare the system to other systems Within the system, they can compared from year to year to indicate relative performance or trend Dozens of irrigation performance indicators have been proposed over the years But they still receive relatively little use, and that use is mostly by researchers rather than managers According to Nelson (2002), each irrigation community needs to select a group of key indicators, that are applied often enough to establish and appropriate range of values interpretation IWMI provided a guideline with a set of 25 indicators, which consist of groups: service delivery performance, productivity efficiency, financial and environmental performance This guideline is base to determine performance indicators for irrigation and drainage systems in the world The Lien Son irrigation system located within the Red River Delta of Vietnam is chosen as study area Based on available data of the study area, performance indicators will be determined, analysed and compared Then some recommendations can be provided to improve irrigation performance for the study area ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my extreme gratitude to Prof A Das Gupta, my advisor and Dr Mukand S Babel, my Co-advisor, for their guidance and invaluable suggestion throughout my work Gratitude is also extended to the committee members, Dr Roberto Clemente for his comments and suggestion during the completion of this work Deep appreciation is also to the MARD/DANIDA in Vietnam for providing me with the scholarship to study at AIT I also wish to express my appreciation to leaders, managers, lecturers of Hanoi Water Resources University for supporting me throughout my study at AIT Sincere thanks present to AIT for providing facilities throughout my study I also would like to thank to all members of the Vinh Phuc Agriculture Department and the Lien Son Irrigation Management Company, who helped me enthusiastically during my data collection To entire WEM faculty and staff, thank you very much for your support To all classmate in WEM, thank you for your friendship To all friends in Vietnamese Student Association, thanks for everything Finally, I want to express my especial thank to my family, especially to my beloved parents, my lovely wife and son for their love, moral support during my study TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter Title Abstract Acknowledgement Table of contents List of tables List of figures List of Abbreviation and Symbols Page i ii iii iv v vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem identification .1 1.2 Need for study 1.3 Objectives and scope of study T T T T T CHAPTER II DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 2.1 Location and area 2.2 Climate and hydrology 2.3 Topography and soil 2.4 Land use 2.5 Crop cultivation 2.6 Irrigation system and facilities 2.7 Present operation and management T T T T T T T T T T T T CHAPTER III LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER IV MEDOTHOLOGY 14 4.1 Benchmarking in the Irrigation and Drainage sector 14 Data collection and analysis 14 4.2 Data collection 14 4.2.2 Data processing 16 T T T T T T T T T T T T CHAPTER V ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .21 5.1 Service delivery performance indicators 21 5.1.1 Reference evapotranspiration 21 5.1.2 Irrigated area under different crops 22 5.1.3 Irrigation requirement 24 5.1.4 Water supply .26 5.1.5 Over all efficiency 27 5.1.6 Annual irrigation water delivery per unit irrigated area…………… 27 5.2 Productive efficiency indicators 28 5.2.1 Gross annual agricultural production 28 5.2.2 Total annual agricultural production 30 5.3 Finalcial performance indicators 32 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 5.3.1 Total number of personnel 32 5.3.2 Irrigated area per person unit .32 5.3.3 Total costs 33 5.3.4 Maintenance Budget Ratio 36 5.3.5 Personnel Cost Ratio 37 5.3.6 Cost of irrigated area unit 37 5.3.7 Total water fee collection 38 5.3.8 Water fee collected per irrigated area unit 40 5.3.9 Ratio of water fee collection per 40 T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 42 6.1 Conclusions 42 6.2 Recommendations 42 REFERENCES .44 Appendix I Climate Data 46 Appendix II Crop Data 49 Appendix III Cropwat output 55 Appendix IV Currency exchange rate 78 LIST OS TABLES Table Title Page Table 2.1.: Area distribution on elevation .5 Table 2.2 Number of cooperatives Table 2.3 Percentage of Production yield as water fee Table 2.4 Total budget received by LIMC from Vinh Phuc PPC Table 4.1: Data and information for evaluating indicators .14 Table 4-2: Data processing 16 Table 5.1: Average monthly value of climatic parameters 22 Table 5.2.: Total rainfall 23 Table 5.3: Reference Evapotranspiration 24 Table 5-4: Irrigated area under different crops 24 Table 5-5 : Effective Rainfall 25 Table 5-6: Irrigation water requirement 26 Table 5-7: Water volume derived to the system through Lien Son diversion and Bach Hac pumping station 27 Table 5.8: Over all efficiency (OAE) 28 Table 5.9: Annual irrigation water delivery per unit irrigated area 29 Table 5.10: Total crop Area, Productivity and Yield 30 Table 5.11: Total annual agriculture production .32 Table 5.12: Number of personnel .33 Table 5.13: Irrigated area per person unit .33 Table 5.14: Total costs 35 Table: 5.15: The Maintenance Budget Ratio .37 Table 5.16.: The Personnel Cost Ratio 38 Table 5.17: Ratio of total cost per irrigated area 39 Table 5.18: Water fee collection 40 Table 5.19 : Water fee collected per irrigated area unit .41 Table 5.20.: Ratio of water fee collection per total cost .41 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page Figure 2.1 Map of the study area Figure 5.2: Crop calendar .25 LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ∆ = slope vapour pressure γ = psycrometric constant A = Area ACIAR = Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Ai = Area cropped by crop i CROPWAT = Crop water requirement Dp = Deep percolation (ea-ed) = Vapor pressure deficit FAO = Food and Agriculture Oganization ET = Evapotranspitation Eto = Reference crop evapatranspitation G = Soil heat flux ICID = International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage IPTRID = The International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage IWMI = International Water Management Institute MOM = Maintenance, operation and management Pe = Effective rainfall Pmon = Monthly rainfall PPC = Provincial People Committee Rn = Net radiation at crop surface RRD = Red River Delta Rs = Radiation Tmax = Maximum temperature Tmin = Minimum temperature U2 = Wind speed at 2m height Yi = Yield of crop i WB = World Bank CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem identification With increasing population and demand for food, sustainable production increase from irrigated agriculture must be achieved With limited freshwater and land resources, and increasing competition for these resources, irrigated agriculture worldwide must improve its utilization of these resources Few would disagree with these statements, yet we not have a way of determining the present state of affairs with respect to irrigated agriculture The question—how is irrigated agriculture performing with limited water and land resources?—has not been satisfactorily answered This is because we have not been able to compare irrigated land and water use to learn how irrigation systems are performing relative to each other and what the appropriate targets for achievement are With about 80 millions inhabitants and 331,700 square kilometers total area, of which one third only is covered by plains, the irrigated agriculture in Vietnam has become one of the major sectors in the national economy and food security strategy Irrigation water management thus has enormous economics implications for this country While the structural infrastructure for irrigation- comprising of reservoirs, canal networks, drainage works and delivery systems-is created at a huge financial investment, a commensurate effort is also essential on developing scientific water management policies Development in systems science, operation research and mathematical modeling for decision making under uncertainty have been usefully exploited for water resources management in many technologically advanced countries Applications of such mathematical techniques in irrigation water management in developing country – at both macro as well as micro level – will lead to significant economic benefits In most of the irrigation system in the North of Vietnam, water is increasingly becoming a scare resources due to the pressure from increasing water requirement In addition, due to change climate, the serious deforestation in the watershed, etc, water resources, especially in the dry season, is much more reduced comparing to the time when the system was designed In view of the foregoing discussion, an effective method in management of natural resources for irrigated agriculture on the sustainable basis is essential since the efficiencies of both water and land use are low, and fewer opportunities are there to increase irrigated areas by the development of new system By considering all the different criteria, a better management of the utilization of water resources is required to promote the water use efficiency In this study, the Lien Son Irrigation and Drainage System is chosen as study area 1.2 Need for study According to survey and assessment of the Ministry of Vietnamese Agriculture and Rural Development (Diem, 2000), many of the irrigation systems are performing with low efficiency, the operation cost is high, especially for pumped irrigation of the Red River Delta in the North area of Vietnam The major reasons causing low efficiency of irrigation systems are: a) many of them had been operated for years, but insufficiently rehabilitated; b) investment for irrigation systems had not been properly planned; and c) policies of institutional management had some problems, especially regulations of water fee collection In addition, in the irrigation systems of the Red River Delta, low efficiencies for water delivery and water use are major impediments to increasing crop productivity (ACIAR, 1999) The Lien Son Irrigation and Drainage System belongs to the Red River Delta of Vietnam The total area is 44439 It has been built since 1914 with water resources from Pho Day river at the Lien Son diversion The system started operation in 1917 with initial irrigation area of 17,000 In 1962,the Bach Hac pumping station with capacity of 11.2 m3/s was constructed, it take water from Red River for supplying water to system , and the irrigated area of system was expanded up to 23,000 In recent years, many rehabilitation projects for the Lien Son irrigation canal system have been implemented for improving delivery efficiency, reducing water percolation However, the question is what is reasons of low irrigation performance and how to improve it? For those reason, the study is essential to find out the appropriate management strategy which will overcome the existing problems of the Lien Son irrigation system 1.3 Objectives and scope of study The main objective of study is to analyze and evaluate irrigation performances of Lien Son system and based on these results provide recommendations for improving irrigation system management The Benchmarking Performance procedure recommended by IWMI is issued for analysis and evaluation of irrigation performance of Lienson Irrigation System with the scope of work as following: a) Collection data: Including data of hydrometeorology, crops, irrigation management costs, water fee, b) Estimating of data: Calculate crop water requirement, irrigation requirement, c) Calculating indicators: Including groups of indicators as service delivery performance, productive efficiency and financial performance d) Discuss of results: Based on results of indicators calculated, to discuss and give comment for them e) Recommendations : Based on above results for provide some recommendations on to improve irrigation performance for the study area 10 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Dec Stage Crop: Rice1_99 Transplanting date: 25 January Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day 6 36 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.90 0.96 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.04 0.92 0.81 mm/dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May 3 3 Nurs Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Total 0.11 0.11 0.66 1.63 2.00 1.93 2.11 2.29 2.46 2.86 3.26 3.51 3.28 3.06 0.2 0.2 1.1 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 11.0 5.5 - 1.2 0.9 12.8 9.6 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.1 4.9 3.4 0.0 0.2 1.6 5.7 9.0 11.3 8.6 9.3 8.8 12.4 12.2 13.4 23.0 14.6 274 290 183 748 130 1.26 0.92 12.62 9.12 4.10 3.80 3.76 4.35 4.58 4.83 5.04 4.72 2.56 0.00 7.5 9.2 126.2 100.4 41.0 38.0 30.1 43.5 45.8 53.2 50.4 47.2 25.6 0.0 618.1 CROPWAT 7.0 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Dec Stage Crop: Rice2-99 Transplanting date: 12 June Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day 5 49 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.90 0.99 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 0.99 0.84 LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day mm/dec May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep 3 3 Total Nurs Nurs Nu/La La/In In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Late Late 0.19 0.18 1.88 3.92 4.13 4.10 4.06 4.12 4.20 4.29 4.00 3.48 0.2 0.2 1.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 0.3 0.3 3.4 6.8 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.2 4.5 0.7 2.3 16.9 29.2 37.7 47.9 54.8 57.3 51.3 51.2 41.3 14.1 389 261 651 405 CROPWAT 7.0 64 0.10 0.14 1.74 3.86 3.36 2.31 1.58 2.39 2.07 2.18 2.76 2.94 0.3 1.6 17.4 38.6 33.6 23.1 15.8 26.3 20.7 21.8 30.4 26.4 256.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve Deve Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.51 0.68 0.86 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.79 0.51 0.34 Crop: SOYBEAN1_99 Planting date: 30 January ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.75 0.73 0.74 0.99 1.42 1.96 2.52 2.88 3.23 3.42 3.60 3.74 3.06 1.96 1.29 1.5 7.3 7.4 7.9 14.2 19.6 27.7 28.8 32.3 34.2 36.0 37.4 33.7 19.6 3.9 1.2 9.0 11.3 10.8 9.3 8.8 11.3 12.2 13.4 23.0 36.6 46.8 42.6 34.5 9.2 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 1.07 1.50 1.66 1.89 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 10.7 16.5 16.6 18.9 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 311.5 279.9 Total 79.1 CROPWAT 7.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.60 0.80 0.93 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.82 0.53 0.34 Crop: SOYBEAN2_99 Planting date: 20 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 1.51 1.50 1.71 2.26 3.05 3.62 3.81 3.84 3.94 4.01 3.14 1.80 1.02 1.5 15.0 17.1 22.6 33.5 36.2 38.1 42.3 39.4 40.1 31.4 18.0 2.0 3.1 37.7 47.9 54.8 52.1 51.3 51.2 37.6 15.6 0.1 15.7 42.4 11.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 2.38 4.00 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 23.8 40.0 15.7 0.0 0.0 337.0 421.0 Total CROPWAT 7.0 20/02/04 65 84.1 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.54 0.63 0.75 0.85 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.81 0.63 0.42 0.30 Crop: Maize1_99 Planting date: 28 January ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.94 0.91 0.88 1.04 1.33 1.70 2.24 2.70 3.03 3.20 3.07 2.51 1.65 1.16 3.8 9.1 8.8 8.3 13.3 17.0 24.7 27.0 30.3 32.0 30.7 25.1 18.2 1.2 2.3 9.0 11.3 10.8 9.3 8.8 11.3 12.2 13.4 23.0 36.6 46.8 42.6 3.4 0.36 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.82 1.22 1.47 1.68 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 4.0 8.2 13.4 14.7 16.8 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 249.4 240.8 Total 67.7 CROPWAT 7.0 02/03/04 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: VINHYEN Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.62 0.74 0.85 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.80 0.58 0.38 Crop: Maize2_99 Planting date: 15 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 1.89 1.88 2.00 2.33 2.84 3.31 3.56 3.60 3.69 3.35 2.21 1.28 11.3 18.8 20.0 23.3 31.2 33.1 35.6 39.6 36.9 33.5 22.1 8.9 18.4 37.7 47.9 54.8 52.1 51.3 51.2 37.6 15.6 0.1 15.7 29.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 2.13 3.34 0.64 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 21.3 33.4 6.4 0.0 314.5 411.9 Total CROPWAT 7.0 66 63.1 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Dec Stage Crop: rice1_2000 Transplanting date: 20 January Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day 13 59 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.91 1.01 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 0.99 0.84 mm/dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr 3 3 Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Total 0.13 0.22 1.15 2.07 2.00 1.93 2.10 2.27 2.45 2.84 3.22 3.34 3.02 0.2 0.4 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.1 1.0 1.4 1.8 16.6 - 1.8 2.4 19.5 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.8 6.1 5.5 4.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 7.0 9.0 11.3 8.6 9.3 8.8 12.4 12.2 13.4 20.7 265 294 200 759 116 1.81 2.40 19.21 4.49 4.10 3.80 3.75 4.34 4.57 4.82 4.93 4.14 1.72 19.9 24.0 192.1 49.4 41.0 38.0 30.0 43.4 45.7 53.0 49.3 41.4 15.5 642.7 CROPWAT 7.0 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Dec Stage Crop: rice2_00 Transplanting date: June Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day 21 68 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.93 1.03 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.05 0.94 0.82 LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day mm/dec May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Total 3 3 Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.24 0.75 2.68 4.15 4.13 4.09 4.06 4.14 4.22 4.19 3.78 3.38 0.2 0.6 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.5 1.4 4.8 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 6.9 5.5 3.9 2.3 9.8 23.4 30.7 37.7 47.9 54.8 57.3 51.3 51.2 41.3 7.8 389 260 650 415 67 0.13 0.60 2.44 4.08 3.36 2.30 1.58 2.40 2.09 1.78 2.09 2.31 0.9 6.6 24.4 40.8 33.6 23.0 15.8 26.4 20.9 17.8 23.0 11.5 244.8 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve Deve Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.51 0.68 0.86 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.79 0.51 0.34 Crop: SOYBEAN1_00 Planting date: 30 January ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.75 0.73 0.74 0.99 1.42 1.96 2.52 2.88 3.23 3.42 3.60 3.74 3.06 1.96 1.29 1.5 7.3 7.4 7.9 14.2 19.6 27.7 28.8 32.3 34.2 36.0 37.4 33.7 19.6 3.9 1.2 9.0 11.3 10.8 9.3 8.8 11.3 12.2 13.4 23.0 36.6 46.8 42.6 34.5 9.2 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49 1.07 1.50 1.66 1.89 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 10.7 16.5 16.6 18.9 11.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 311.5 279.9 Total 79.1 CROPWAT 7.0 20/02/04 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.44 0.57 0.76 0.91 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.86 0.60 0.37 Crop: SOYBEAN2_00 Planting date: 22 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 1.50 1.64 2.12 2.91 3.55 3.81 3.84 3.94 4.01 3.26 2.02 1.11 13.5 16.4 21.2 32.0 35.5 38.1 42.3 39.4 40.1 32.6 20.2 4.5 33.9 47.9 54.8 52.1 51.3 51.2 37.6 15.6 0.1 15.7 42.4 23.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 2.38 4.00 1.69 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 23.8 40.0 16.9 0.0 0.0 335.5 425.9 Total 68 85.4 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.57 0.68 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.75 0.54 0.36 Crop: Maize1_00 Planting date: February ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.91 0.88 0.98 1.19 1.54 2.11 2.64 3.03 3.20 3.30 2.99 2.12 1.39 7.3 8.8 7.8 11.9 15.4 23.2 26.4 30.3 32.0 33.0 29.9 23.3 9.8 7.2 11.3 10.8 9.3 8.8 11.3 12.2 13.4 23.0 36.6 46.8 42.6 24.1 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.66 1.08 1.42 1.68 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.6 6.6 11.9 14.2 16.8 9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 259.2 257.4 Total 61.3 CROPWAT 7.0 29/05/04 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen ETo climate station: Vinh Yen Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.57 0.69 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.70 0.46 0.32 Crop: Maize2_00 Planting date: 20 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 1.89 1.88 1.90 2.12 2.62 3.14 3.50 3.60 3.69 3.60 2.67 1.56 0.96 1.9 18.8 19.0 21.2 28.8 31.4 35.0 39.6 36.9 36.0 26.7 15.6 1.9 3.1 37.7 47.9 54.8 52.1 51.3 51.2 37.6 15.6 0.1 15.7 42.4 11.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 2.13 3.59 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 21.3 35.9 11.0 0.0 0.0 312.8 421.0 Total CROPWAT 7.0 29/05/04 69 70.2 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Dec Stage Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May 3 3 Nurs Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Crop: Rice1_01 Transplanting date: 25 January Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day mm/dec 6 36 82 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.90 0.96 1.06 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.04 0.92 0.81 Total 0.11 0.11 0.65 1.62 2.04 2.02 2.18 2.35 2.50 2.70 2.89 2.96 2.97 2.94 0.2 0.2 1.1 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 1.6 0.3 1.0 0.6 11.0 5.5 - 1.2 0.9 12.8 9.6 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 5.5 4.5 3.3 0.2 0.4 2.3 6.3 5.5 5.1 11.6 28.4 38.5 36.1 23.2 18.2 23.4 11.5 262 290 183 736 211 1.23 0.90 12.53 9.07 4.49 4.51 3.37 2.50 1.66 2.71 3.57 3.69 2.21 0.39 7.4 9.0 125.3 99.8 44.9 45.1 27.0 25.0 16.6 29.8 35.7 36.9 22.1 1.6 526.2 CROPWAT 7.0 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Dec Stage Crop: Rice2-01 Transplanting date: 12 June Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day 5 49 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.90 0.99 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 0.99 0.84 LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day mm/dec May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep 3 3 Total Nurs Nurs Nu/La La/In In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Late Late 0.19 0.19 2.08 4.54 4.76 4.70 4.63 4.55 4.48 4.42 4.05 3.46 0.2 0.2 1.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 - 0.3 0.3 3.6 7.4 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 6.2 4.5 0.5 2.2 24.5 55.4 55.4 50.5 48.5 54.9 53.7 55.7 53.8 36.2 425 261 687 491 CROPWAT 7.0 26/02/04 70 0.18 0.17 1.17 1.85 2.22 2.65 2.78 3.01 2.11 1.85 1.78 0.45 0.5 1.8 11.7 18.5 22.2 26.5 27.8 33.1 21.1 18.5 19.5 4.1 205.5 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.60 0.79 0.92 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.62 0.40 Crop: SOYBEAN1_01 Planting date: February ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 0.74 0.74 0.91 1.30 1.82 2.29 2.55 2.73 3.09 3.46 3.83 3.51 2.62 1.73 5.9 7.4 7.3 13.0 18.2 25.2 25.5 27.3 30.9 34.6 38.3 38.6 26.2 12.1 4.4 5.1 14.5 28.4 38.5 32.8 23.2 18.2 23.4 28.9 32.5 39.9 50.1 40.8 0.19 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.91 0.76 0.57 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 310.4 380.7 Total IrReq mm/dec 1.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 9.1 7.6 5.7 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 34.2 CROPWAT 7.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.41 0.51 0.70 0.87 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.91 0.69 0.42 Crop: SOYBEAN2_01 Planting date: 15 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 1.75 1.77 2.20 2.97 3.67 3.97 3.92 3.89 3.91 3.71 2.57 1.37 10.5 17.7 22.0 29.7 40.4 39.7 39.2 42.7 39.1 37.1 25.7 9.6 35.0 55.4 50.5 48.5 49.9 53.7 55.7 48.9 40.2 33.9 31.8 21.7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.00 353.6 525.2 Total CROPWAT 7.0 71 IrReq mm/dec 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 3.2 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.61 0.72 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.83 0.67 0.46 0.32 Crop: Maize1_01 Planting date: 30 January ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 0.94 0.93 0.92 1.05 1.32 1.67 2.09 2.39 2.56 2.90 3.02 2.70 1.91 1.37 1.9 9.3 9.2 8.4 13.2 16.7 23.0 23.9 25.6 29.0 30.2 27.0 21.1 4.1 1.3 5.5 5.1 14.5 28.4 38.5 32.8 23.2 18.2 23.4 28.9 32.5 39.9 15.0 0.30 0.38 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.73 0.56 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 242.5 307.2 Total IrReq mm/dec 0.6 3.8 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 7.3 5.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.4 CROPWAT 7.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2001 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.57 0.69 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.70 0.46 0.32 Crop: Maize2_01 Planting date: 20 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 2.19 2.17 2.18 2.42 2.89 3.35 3.60 3.64 3.67 3.52 2.60 1.52 0.93 2.2 21.7 21.8 24.2 31.8 33.5 36.0 40.0 36.7 35.2 26.0 15.2 1.9 5.8 55.4 50.5 48.5 49.9 53.7 55.7 48.9 40.2 33.9 31.8 31.0 5.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 326.0 511.1 Total CROPWAT 7.0 72 IrReq mm/dec 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Dec Stage Crop: Rice1_02 Transplanting date: 20 January Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day 13 59 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.91 1.01 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.07 0.99 0.85 mm/dec Dec Jan Jan Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr 3 3 Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Total 0.13 0.22 1.15 2.07 2.00 1.93 2.11 2.28 2.46 2.86 3.24 3.36 3.04 0.2 0.4 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.1 1.0 1.4 1.8 16.6 - 1.8 2.4 19.5 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.5 4.0 1.1 1.1 3.3 5.6 4.4 3.5 3.7 5.7 6.4 9.4 8.1 8.7 19.3 266 294 200 760 80 1.72 2.33 19.14 4.60 4.56 4.58 4.53 4.72 4.81 5.08 5.35 4.62 1.89 19.0 23.3 191.4 50.6 45.6 45.8 36.3 47.2 48.1 55.9 53.5 46.2 17.0 679.8 CROPWAT 7.0 RICE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Dec Stage Crop: Rice2-02 Transplanting date: 10 June Area % Coef ETcrop Perc Kc mm/day 11 59 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0.90 0.91 1.01 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.06 0.96 0.83 LPrep RiceRq EffR IrReq IrReq mm/day mm/dec mm/day mm/dec May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep 3 3 Total Nurs Nu/La La/In Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.21 0.38 2.27 4.15 4.13 4.09 4.05 4.12 4.20 4.23 3.88 3.42 0.2 0.3 1.8 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 1.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 - 0.4 0.7 4.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.1 5.8 4.2 1.5 6.1 29.1 50.7 49.4 47.6 46.5 51.4 47.2 47.3 51.7 33.6 388 260 650 462 CROPWAT 7.0 73 0.09 0.22 1.22 2.08 2.18 2.33 2.40 2.87 2.49 2.35 1.56 0.00 0.5 2.4 12.2 20.8 21.8 23.3 24.0 31.6 24.9 23.5 17.1 0.0 202.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.57 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.88 0.67 0.42 Crop: SOYBEAN1_02 Planting date: February ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.73 0.70 0.84 1.19 1.70 2.38 2.88 3.23 3.42 3.60 3.79 3.42 2.56 1.59 4.4 7.0 6.7 11.9 17.0 26.1 28.8 32.3 34.2 36.0 37.9 37.6 25.6 14.3 2.7 3.5 4.6 5.7 6.4 8.5 8.1 8.7 21.5 38.4 51.3 50.8 49.4 45.6 0.28 0.36 0.27 0.62 1.06 1.60 2.07 2.36 1.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.7 3.6 2.2 6.2 10.6 17.6 20.7 23.6 12.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 320.0 305.2 Total 98.9 CROPWAT 7.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.40 0.40 0.46 0.60 0.80 0.93 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.82 0.53 0.34 Crop: SOYBEAN2_02 Planting date: 20 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 1.51 1.50 1.71 2.26 3.05 3.62 3.81 3.84 3.94 4.01 3.14 1.80 1.02 1.5 15.0 17.1 22.6 33.5 36.2 38.1 42.3 39.4 40.1 31.4 18.0 2.0 5.1 49.4 47.6 46.5 46.8 47.2 47.3 47.0 48.0 48.4 42.6 36.0 6.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 337.0 518.2 Total CROPWAT 7.0 74 IrReq mm/dec 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jan Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.61 0.72 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.83 0.67 0.46 0.32 Crop: Maize1_01 Planting date: 30 January ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day IrReq mm/dec 0.94 0.91 0.88 1.02 1.29 1.65 2.21 2.70 3.03 3.20 3.15 2.67 1.81 1.24 1.9 9.1 8.8 8.2 12.9 16.5 24.3 27.0 30.3 32.0 31.5 26.7 19.9 3.7 0.9 4.4 3.5 4.6 5.7 6.4 8.5 8.1 8.7 21.5 38.4 51.3 50.8 14.8 0.47 0.47 0.53 0.45 0.72 1.00 1.44 1.88 2.15 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.9 4.7 5.3 3.6 7.2 10.0 15.8 18.8 21.5 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 252.7 227.7 Total 98.5 CROPWAT 7.0 CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS Rain climate station: Vinh Yen_2002 ETo climate station: VInh Yen Month Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Dec Stage Coeff Kc 3 3 Init Init In/De Deve Deve De/Mi Mid Mid Mid Mi/Lt Late Late 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.62 0.74 0.85 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.80 0.58 0.38 Crop: Maize2_02 Planting date: 15 June ETcrop mm/day ETcrop mm/dec Eff.Rain mm/dec IrReq mm/day 1.89 1.88 2.00 2.33 2.84 3.31 3.56 3.60 3.69 3.35 2.21 1.28 11.3 18.8 20.0 23.3 31.2 33.1 35.6 39.6 36.9 33.5 22.1 8.9 30.4 49.4 47.6 46.5 46.8 47.2 47.3 47.0 48.0 48.4 42.6 25.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 314.5 526.5 Total CROPWAT 7.0 26/02/04 75 IrReq mm/dec 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data Rice1 Rice 20 35 25 20 30 10 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.00 200 3.0 0.70 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data Rice2 Rice 15 30 25 20 25 10 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.00 3.0 0.70 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data SOYBEAN1 20 30 60 25 0.40 1.15 0.50 0.30 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.90 0.40 0.80 1.00 0.40 0.45 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data SOYBEAN2 15 30 50 20 0.40 1.15 0.50 0.30 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.90 0.40 0.80 1.00 0.40 0.45 0.85 0.85 76 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data Maize1 25 35 35 30 0.50 1.20 0.60 0.40 1.20 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.40 0.40 1.30 0.50 2.00 CROPWAT 7.0 Crop data Maize2 20 35 35 25 0.50 1.20 0.60 0.30 1.20 0.50 0.50 0.80 0.40 0.40 1.30 0.50 2.00 1.25 1.25 77 APPENDIX IV Currency exchange rate Year USD/VND 1998 13,576 1999 14,235 2000 14,789 2001 15,211 2002 15,543 *Source: Vinhphuc province government Bank 78 ... overcome the existing problems of the Lien Son irrigation system 1.3 Objectives and scope of study The main objective of study is to analyze and evaluate irrigation performances of Lien Son system... high, especially for pumped irrigation of the Red River Delta in the North area of Vietnam The major reasons causing low efficiency of irrigation systems are: a) many of them had been operated for... to analyse the impact of the selection of irrigation gates on operational performance of the Sungai Muda Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia The method examines the discharge capacity of the water control