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MJJC LUC trang Mo- dàu Ô nhiém moi tru(5Tig sii dung hda chat bào vê thuc vât Su câp thiét cùa van dé phân tich du lutyng va nghién cifu ton luong cùa HCBVTV moi truông 1 ChuoTig I Tong quan câc van dé nghién ciiu I Tong quan vè hda chat bào vê thuc vât (HCBVTV) 1.1 Su phât triên cùa viêc su dung HCBVTV 1.2 Nhûng nghién ciiu vè su phân hùy, ton luu cùa HCBVTV moi trut^g 1.2 Tông quan vé câc phuong phâp phân tich lupng vet HCBVTV moi truông 1.2.1 Chuân bi mau 1.2.2 Chiét suât 1.2.2.1 Mau dat , tram tich 1.2.2.2 Mau nud'c 1.2.3 Câc phuong phâp xâc dinh 1.2.3.1 Sâc kf Ic^ mông (TLC) 1.2.3.2 Phuong phâp sâc k^ (GC) 1.2.3.3 Phuong phâp sac k^ long hiêu suât cao (HPLC) 3 10 11 12 12 15 19 20 21 24 Dat van dộ cựa luõn an I Doi tuỗmg mue dich, tinh câp thiét cùa luân an II Diém md^i va giâ tri thuc tien cùa luân an 29 29 29 Chuong IL Nghién ciiu câc phuong phâp tâch va làm giàu lugng vêt mot so HCBVTV nuée, II.l Toi uu hda câc q trỵnh trỵnh chiét long-long dé phân tich lupng vet câc HCBVTV nuc^c IL 1.1 Dat vân dé IL 1.2 Phân thuc nghiêm II 1.2.1 Hda chat dung eu 33 33 33 35 35 n 1.2.2 Tien hành thuc nghiêm II.1.3 Két quà va thào luân IL 1.4 Két luân IL2 Phuong phâp chiét pha rân dé phân tich luong vet HCBVTV nud^c 11.2.1 Hda chat, dung eu 11.2.2 Tien hành thuc nghiêm n.2.2.1 Chuân bi dung dich chuàn II.2.2.2 Xây dung duông chuân n.2.2.3 Tien hành chiét II.2.2.4 Khào sât câc yéu to ành huông IL2.2.5 Két quà dieu tra khào sât mot so mau nud-c bè mat ô* câc dia phuong IL2.2.6 Két luân 11.3 Phuong phâp tien cpt 11.4 So sânh giiỵa câc phuong phâp chiet long- long (CLL) chiét pha rân (CPR) va tien cpt (TC) Chuong III Xâc dinh ton lupng cùa Metyl Parathion dat canh tâc nuc^c ta III.l Gic^i thiêu thuoc trû sâu Metyl Parathion 111.2 Xây dung phuong phâp phân tich Metyl Parathion bâng sâc k^ long hiêu suât cao pha m.2.1 Khào sât iù ngoai IIL2.2.1 Hda chat dung eu III.2.2.2 Chuân bi dung dich chuân IIL2.2.3 Xây dung duông chuân 111.2.2.4 Phân tich mau va dânh giâ sai so 111.3 Xõy dung phuong phõp phõn tich du luỗmg Metyl Parathion dat III.3.1 Phuong phâp sac ky long hiêu suât cao m.3.1.1 Hda chat dung eu, mây mdc m.3.1.2 Xû ly mau in.3.L3 Chiét suât IIL3.L4 Làm sach 111.3.1.5 Phân tich 35 40 41 44 44 44 44 45 46 47 50 51 54 54 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 65 65 65 66 66 67 68 m.3.1.6 Két quà va thào luân IIL3.1.7 Két luân III.3.2 Phuong phâp tràc quang III.3.2.1 Hda chat, dung eu in.3.2.2 Chuàn bi bàn mông IIL3.3.3 Chuân bi duông chuân 111.3.3.4 Chiét suât va làm sach 111.3.3.5 Tâch p-Nitrophenol va Methyl Paradiion in.3.3.6 Phân Uch ni.3.3.7 Két luân 111.4 Xâc dinh sô phân bo Octanol-Nut^c (logP) cùa Metyl Parathion 111.5 Nghién cifu su hâp phu Metyl Parathion dat canh tâc nui^c ta 111.5.1 Hda chat, dung eu, mây m(5c thi nghiêm 111.5.2 Mau dat nghién ciiu in.5.3 Tien hành thi nghiêm nghién cifu hap phu va tinh toân in.5.3 Két quà va thào luân 111.5.3.1 Su hâp phu Metyl Parathion dat 111.5.3.2 Ành huông cùa ciing cùa nuc^c IIL6 Nshién cifu su di chuvên Metvl Parathion dat IIL6.1 Nghién ciiu su di chuven cùa Metvl Parathion bâng bàn mông 111.6.1.1 Phuong phâp nghién cifu 111.6.1.2 Két quà va thào luân III.6.2 Nghién cifu su di chuvên cùa Metvl Parathion côt dàt 111.6.2.1 Phuong phâp nghién ciiu 111.6.2.2 Két quà va thào luân IIL7 Nghién cifu su phân hùv Metvl Parathion dât Xâc djnh thùi gian bân phân hùv Ti/? III.8 Xâc dinh gian bân phân hùv quang hda IIL9 Két luân 69 72 73 73 74 74 74 76 77 79 Chuong IV Két luân Phu lue 100 104 Tài lieu diam khào 106 79 80 81 82 82 85 85 88 89 89 89 90 91 91 92 93 94 97 M d DAU O nhiém moi trading sii dung hda chat bào vê thuc vât Hda chat bào vê thuc vât (HCBVTV) duo-c su dung rông rai cr nuée vào dàu nhiïng nàm 1960 dé tiéu diet sâu bp, bào vê mùa màng va da mang lai hiêu quà kinh té to 1(^, gdp phàn tàng nàng suât, sàn luqmg nông nghiêp So luong, chùng loai HCBVTV ngày da dang, phong phù Da cd hon 100 loai thuoc duo-c dâng k^ su dung & nuée ta [3] Bên c^nh mat tich eue cùa thuoo BVTV tiêu diet sâu bp, baô vê sàn xuat , viêc lam dung thuoc BVTV se gày nhieu hau quà nghiêm nhu phâ vo* quàn thé sinh thâi trén dông ruông (thiên dich), tiêu diet tôm câ, xua duoi chim ch Tf le phân hùy HCBVTV dup'c dânh giâ qua dai lugng gian bân phàn hùy Ty2 (half-Ufe) nghỵa thơi gian càn thiét dé lugng thuoc da xû Il côn lai mot nda moi truông Giâ tri thô-i gian bân phân hùy phu thuoc vào bàn chat hda hpc cùa thuoc, cuông dp ânh sang, nhiêt dp, dp âm, tinh chat vât If cùa dât, nucJ^c, tap doàn vi sinh vât Thi^-i gian bân phân hùy T y ^^a 50 loai thuoc BVTV cËi duqre Farm Chemicals Handbook tâp hop iû câc tài lieu va câc công trinh nghién cifu cùa thé git^i [43] Nose [86] vk Mackay [71] da xây dung câc mơ hỵnh tôn hpc dé tinh tôn thc^i gian bân phân hùy Ti/2 cùa HCBVTV dât Ù nuée ta, thô'i gian bân hùy cùa Fenvalerate vk 2,4-D dât canh tâc da duac công bo [9,13] Kaufman [60], Miyamoto vk Mikami [74,75,76,77,78] da tien hknh nghién ciiu su phân hùy quang hda cùa Sumithion, Fevalerate va câc pyrethroids, xâc lâp ca ché va duc^g chuyên hda cùa câc loai thuoc moi tru(^g Su phân hùy hda hpc HCBVTV dât phu thuoc vào pH dât, dp âm, nhiêt dp, hàm lugng phân bon N,P,K [37,90,97] Bên canh su phân hùy hda hpc, su phân hùy vi sinh vât ddng vai trô chinh su phân hùy thuôc dât, nén duac nhièu nhà khoa hpc quan tâm [19,19,99,116,117] Ành huông cùa vi sinh vât tong so dén su phân hùy Disulfoton, Phorate, Monocrotophos, Dicrotophos, Cytrolan, Carbofuran da dug-c Pandey va Sahu khào sât [89,95] Sau 60 ngày, dât tiêt trùng, câc loai thuoc bi phân hùy 30-35%, côn dât tu nhiên (không bi tiêt trùng) ié\ 80-85% bi phân hùy Su phàn hùy hoâ hpc cùa 2,4-D sau tuàn chi chiém 10-15% côn hon 50% vi sinh vât phân hùy [13] De làm sang tô vai trô cùa vi sinh vât , nhieu tâc già da tien hành phân lâp va nhan thây mot so giong vi sinh vât cd khà nàng phân hùy thuoc BVTV nhu Bacillus sp va Pseudomonas sp [101], Arthrobacter sp [29,82], Pseudomonas diminuta [98], Bacillus subtilis, Flavobacterium sp [63], Pseudomonas Stutzeri [36] Arthrobacter sp vk Pseudomonas sp nhiỵng giong vi sinh vât chinh gây su phân hùy 2,4-D dàn dên su hỵnh thành câc catechol [29,41] Theo Li Tse Ou [66], Bacillus sp ddng vai trô chinh su phân hùy Metyl Parathion thành p- Nitrophenol (PNP), côn Pseudomonas sp tiép tue phân hùy PNP thành p- Aminophenol va cuoi CO2 Côn Louise M Nelson [69] nhân thây cà Bacillus sp va Arthrobacter dèu cd khà nàng phân hùy Parathion Tuy nhiên hoat tmh phân hùy cùa Bacillus va câc lồi Pseudomonas dơi phài cd moi truông thuân Ig-i nhu dich nam , gluco hoac su cd mat cùa steptomyces de giùp cho su tâng truông , côn Athrobacter cd thé sa dung cà Parathion hoac sàn phâm phân hùy nhu p- Nitrophenol làm nguon cacbon dé phât triên Vi vây dat tiêt trùng Bacillus, Parathion không bi phân hùy Trâi lai cay Arthrobacter, Parathion bi phân hùy nhanh chdng Theo tâc già cd thé su dung Arthrobacter sp dé khà dôc tinh moi truông bi ô nhiém lân hiỵu ca Ành hmg cùa hàm lugng nuc^c dât toi su phân hùy vi sinh cùa Metyl Parathion cQng da dug'c khào sât [65,67,68,96] Su phàn hùy cùa thuoc BVTV nuc^c phu thuôc vào pH, dp cifng, thành phan, mât dp huyen phù va su cd mat cùa tràm tich pH cd ành huông manh tc^i su phân hùy cùa câc lân hUu ca nhu Sumithion, Metyl Parathion [49,74] Su cd mat cùa câc huyén phù la liing nuc^c, chat dinh duông va nhiêt dp da làm tâng toc dp phân hùy 2,4-D [83,84,104], Altrazine [107],Topxaphen [113], Methoxychlor [105], Hexazinone[104] Su phân hùy quang hda cùa Sumithion [74], Fenvalerate[76], Altrazine [50,107], Bromobuside [110], Oxadiazon [52] moi truông nud-c da dug'c nghién cifu Jame W Eichelberger [39] da tien hành khào sât dpng hpc thùy phân cùa 28 loai thuoc tn^ dich hai nuée sông Tâc già nhân thây rang câc IV.7 Tû câc két quà nghién cûu Uén dây két hpp vôi dnh tôn \i thut Ûieo câc mơ hinh Mackay vé su phân bo nông dp giûa câc pha moi truông, uén quan diém cùa Ahronon, Metyl Parathion it cd khà nâng cd thè rùt nhân dinh rang gây ô nhiém nguon nuôc ngàm Tuy nhiên Metyl Parathion loai thuôc cd dp dpc cao, dơc vơi câ vỵ vây càn han che su dung Uên ruông lùa nuôc, chi nén su dung cho câc Uông can, công nghiêp dài ngày, cd tân rông, Uên vùng dât màu mô', dât thit (bi hap phu manh, phân hùy nhanh ) Là loai thuôc rè tien, hiêu Itrc cao, phô tâc dpng rông, nêù cd bien phâp su dung hpp d Mehyl Parathion vàn cd thê côn gdp phan hûu ich Uong sàn xuat nông nghiêp, bào ve Uông ô nuôc ta oOo- 103 Phu lue Bàng Câc giâ Ui phân bô student ûng vôi a= 0,10 (tj.Q^) va o^ 0,05 (tl-ct^) n tl-a 6,31 2,92 2,35 2,13 2,02 1,94 2,57 2,45 tl-a/2 12,70 4,30 3,18 2,78 10 11 12 13 1,81 1,80 1,78 2,23 2,20 2,18 19 20 1,73 14 15 1,89 1,86 1,83 2,36 2,31 2,26 16 17 18 1,76 1,75 1,75 1,74 1,73 2,16 2,14 2,13 2,12 2,11 2,10 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1,72 1,72 1,72 1,71 1,71 1,71 1,71 1,70 2,09 2,09 2,08 2,07 2,07 2,06 2,06 2,06 2,05 28 29 30 40 60 120 CO 1,70 1,70 1,70 1,68 1,67 1,66 1,64 2,05 2,04 2,02 2,00 1,98 1,96 2,05 1,77 104 Bàng Hê sơ thôt F va phân bơ nong dp Metyl Parathion Uong moi truông ] m s o TOÛAT F MUC TINH CIIAT CUA NHIET DO (C) KHOI LUONG PT(^^/mo] ) AF GUAT EiOl Fa DO TAN g/m3 DO TAN Mol/m HANG SO HENRY l-'a m:3/mol LOG HE GO PB OCTANOL-NUOC HE SO PB OCTANOL-NUOC liE BO PB HC FIUU CO-NUOC HE SO PB K.KMl-NUOC HE SO PB DAT-NUOC HE SO PB T-TTCU-NUOC LUONG MOL CUA liOP Cf-LAT HE SO F ( P a ) TONG ỵ ;0 SAN FIIA^I(VZ) METHYL PARATHION 25 263.2 1.293E-03 06' 2,27963526E-04 5.67196001 3.301 1999.86187 819.943369 2.2881702E-03 24-5983011 49.1966021 100 2.48018794E-05 4031952.52 TINH CHAT PHA VA TP NUOC K.KHl FHA: 7000000 6E+09 T.TlCH(m3) 1000 ỵ THONG (K^^/m3)1 1.8541325 0 i'D C'H-CO -04.176305898 11.50 Z(M/m3 ra)4.03417902E 1234141.28 2420507.41 VZ(M/Pa) 05 2.48018794E-05 2.4B0i8794EHE SO FCPa) 1.00055221E- 08 4.37271761E-06 N.D0(M/m3) 2.63345343E- 06 1.15089928E-03 N.D0(g/Di3) 2.22i548a4E- 03 1.15089928E-03 N.D0(ug/g) 30.6090233 60.0331328 S.L Mol 30.6090233 BO.0331328 S.L Z 105 DAT 45000 1500 02 4.33682555 195157.15 2.48018794E-05 1.07561424E-04 0283101669 018873444^ 4.84026409 ' 4.84026409 T.TICH 21000 1500 04 8.6736511 182146.673 2.48018794E 2.15122848K 0566203337 0377468891 4.51757982 4.51757982 TÀI LIEU THAM KHÀO Nguyên Trpng Bièu, Tû Vàn Mac, Thuôc Ûiû hûu ca, Nxb KHKT, Hà npi, 1978 Cor sô b^ thuyét sàc ki khi, chuong nh hpp tâc khoa hpc kỵ tht Viêt nam-Hà lan, Hà npi, 1988 Danh mue thuôc BVTV dupx: phép su dung, han ché su dung, câm su dung Uong nông nghiêp ô Viêt nam, QD sô 476 NN-BVTV/QD cùa Bô Nông nghiêp va công nghiêp thuc phàm, ngày 11/5/1994 Danh mue thuôc BVTV câm va han ché su dung UNEP de xuât, Tap chi bào vê thuc vât, SÔ 6, U.26, 1991 Nguyên Vàn Dat, Nguyên Quôc Tuàn, , Dé tài 66A-01-01, 1990 Dé tài SKV 01-914-02-87, Chûng nhân thiét bi phông kièm nghiêm Tràn Quang Hùng, Thuéc bào ve thuc vât, nxb Nông nghiêp, 1992 Tràn Vân Nhàn, Nguyên Thac Sun, Giâo nh Hda d, nxb DH & THCN, Hà npi, 1986 Pham Thi Phong, Nghién cûu su ton luu va khà nâng on quang cho Fenvalerate, Luan an phd tien sỵ, Hà npi, 1993 10 Tài Lieu huc^g dln phân uch thô nhuOng nông hda, Viên nông hda thô nhng, Hà npi, 1976 11 Ngun Quoc Tn, Bùi Sỵ Doanh, Tràn Quang Hùng, Phân Uch du lupng Metyl Parathion Uong dât, nc bàng sàc \ỵ long cao âp, Thơng bâo khoa hpc cùa câc truông Dai hpc, chuyên dé tài nguyên va moi truông, Hà npi, 1988 12 Nguyên Quoc Tuân, Tràn Quang Hùng, Nguyên Xuân DQng, Xâc dinh Rotenon chiét tû rê Derris ô câc dia phuong khâc cùa Viêt nam bàng sàc ki long cao âp, Tap chi hda hpc, 27(4), 17-19, 1989 106 13 Ngun Quoc Tn, Pham BỴnh Qun, Ành hng cùa vi sinh vât dât dén su phân hùy 2,4-D Uong dât, Thông bâo khoa hpc cùa câc truông Dai hpc , chuyén dé khoa hpc moi truông, Hà nôi, 1993 14 Xâc dinh du lupng BHC Uong gao va dau tuong, TCVN 4718-89 15 Xâc dinh du lupng Metyl Parathion Uong didc va dau tuong, TCVN 4719-89 16 Xâc dinh du lupng Dimethoat Uong chè, TCVN 5161-90 17 Xâc dinh du lupng Metyl Paradiion Uong chè, TCVN 1591-90 18 Xâc dinh du lupng Lindan Uong chè, TCVN 5160-90 19 AgnihoUi N.P., The dégradation of Pesticides in soil (see: Pesticide Residues in the Environment in India, Bangalor, 343-353, 1978) 20 Ahronson N., Pure Applied ChemisUy, 59, 1419-1430, 1987 21 AJlebone J.E., Haminton R.J., Détermination of 2,4-D in Plant Tissue, J Chromatogr., 108, 188-193, 1975 22 AOAC Officiai Methods of Analysis, 99-100, Arlington, Virginia, 1984 23 Argauer R.J., Fluoresence and UV Absorbance of Pesticides and Naturally Occuring Chemicals in Agricultural Products after HPLC Séparation on a bonded-CN polar base, ACS Symp Serv., 136, 103126, 1980 24 Asharf S., Bartle K.D., CLifford N., Organophosphorous Pesticides in River and Drinking Water, Tentative Methods, HM Stationary Office, London, 1983 25 Baker P.G., Bottomley P., Détermination of Residues of Synthetic Pyrethoids in Fruis Vegetables by Gas-Liquid and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, The Analysis, 107(2), 206-212, 1982 107 26 Bcelo D., Occurence, Handling and Chromatographic Détermination of Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment, The Analysis, 116(7), 684- 689, 1991 27 Bergtedt L., Widmark G., Répétitive Scaning in Gas ChromatographyMass Specuometry, Chromatographia, 3, 59-63, 1970 28 Bollag J.M., Brigs G.G., Dawson J.E., Alexander M., Hydroxyladon of Chlorinatd Phénols, J Agr Food Chem., 16(5), 826-828, 1968 29 Bollag J.M., Brigs G.G., Dawson J.E., Alexander M., 2.4-D MettaboLism Enzymatic Dégradation of Chlorocatechol, J Agr Food Chem., 16(5), 829-835, 1968 30 Bowman M.C., Beroza M., J Ass Offi Agr Chem., 48, 943-948, 1965 31 Bozyk R., Qualitate KonUolle von Labormittaln Mach Mathematizohen Statistichen Methodan, Wasava, 1980 32 Cat-up Opération on Old Pesticides: an Intégration Reports N® 678801(X)2, National InsUtute of Public Health and Enviromental Protection, 1991 33 Changes in Methods: J Ass Off Anal Chem., 69(2), 253-254, 1986 34 Chau Alfred S.Y., Thomson K., Investigation of the Intergrity of Seven Herbicidal Acidin Water Sampels, J Assoc Off Anal Chem., 61(6), 1481-1484, 1978 35 Clau A.S.Y., Afghan B.K., Analysis of Pesticides in Water, CRC Press, 1982 36 Daceghton C.G., Hsieh D.P.H., Parathion Utilization by Bacterial Symbionts in a Chemostate, Appl Environ Microbiol 34, 175-184, 1977 108 37 Denis W.H., Chemical Dégradation of Pesticides, CIPAC Procceding, 1979 38 Devine J.M., Zweig G., J Ass Off Anal ChemisUy, 52, 187-192, 1969 39 Eichelberger J.W., Lichtenberg J.J., Persistence of Pesticides in River Water, Envir Sci and Technol., 5(6), 541-544, 1971 40 Eme K., Acta Chem Scand., 7, 1663-1666, 1963 41 Evans W.C., Smith B.S.W., Frenley H.N., Dvies J.I., Bacterial Metabolism of 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetate, Biochem J.,122, 543-551, 1971 42 Farm Chemicals Handbook, Académie Press, p El, 1992 43 Farm Chemicals Handbook, Académie Press, p.E8, 1990 44 Frei R.W., long G.J., Brinkman U.A.Th., The hunt for Traces by Liquid Chromatography, Analusis, 15(2), 59-68, 1987 45 Goelitz D.F., Larma W.L., US Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper, 1817-C, 1967 46 Goewie CE., Pwakman P.K., Frei R.W., Brinkman U.A.Th., Precolumn Technology in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determinationof Phenylurea Herbicides in Water in the Preesenf of their Anilines, J Chromatogr., 284, 73-86, 1984 47 Guan H Tan, Comparision of Solvent ExUaction and Solid Phase ExUaction for Deteminadon of Organochlorine Psticide Residues in Water, The Analysis, 117(6), 1129-1132, 1992 48 Guidelines on Producing Pesticide Residues Data from Supervised Trials, PAO, Rome, 1990 49 Gunther F.A., Residue Reviews, 60, Spriger-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 1976 109 50 Herman D., Kaushik N.K., Solomon K.R., Impact of AlUazin on Perifỵtor in Freshwater Enclousers and some Ecological Consquences, Can J Aquat Sci., 93, 1917-1925, 1986 51 Hoogendom E.A., Suategies in Method Development Détermination of Polar Pesticides for the with Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography, Drukkerij EUnkwijk BV, UUecht, 1993 52 Imanaka M., Hino S., Matsunaga K., Ishida T., Oxadiazon Residues in Surface Water and Curian Carps (Carassius Cuvieri) of Lake Kojima, J Pesticide Science, 10(1), 125-134, 1985 53 lUPAC Reports on Pesticides: Potential Contaminaion of Ground Water by Pesticides, lUPAC, 1987(see: Pure and Appl., 10, 14191446, 1987 54 Janda V., Steebeke K.D., Sandra P., Predicdon on the Condition for Fluid ExUaction of AUazin in Soil, The Analysis, 117(9), 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làm sach ddng vai trô quan trpng nhât [26,93] Mue tiêu cùa phân... moi rûa giài bien dôi tû 0,1 den vài ml tùy thuôc vào bàn chat tuong tâc gitïa chat hap phu va bi hap phu, vào matrix mlu Sau moi nhu vây, cpt dug'c rûa giài va làm sach dé su dung lai Phuong phâp... tich ô nhiém thuôc BVTV Uong moi truông 32 CHUONG II NGHIÊN C Ù U CÂC PHUONG PHÂP TÂCH VA LÀM GIÀU L U O N G VET HÔA CHAT BÀO VÊ THUC VÂT TRONG NUÔC II.l Toi uu hda câc quâ trinh trinh chiét