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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES DUONG THUY LINH CULTURAL CHANGES IN MARIAGE AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS OF SAN DIU PEOPLE IN PHU BINH DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE MASTER THESIS Major: VIETNAMESE STUDIES Hanoi – 2012 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY,HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES DUONG THUY LINH CULTURAL CHANGES IN MARIAGE AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS OF SAN DIU PEOPLE IN PHU BINH DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Master thesis, major: VIETNAMESE STUDIES Code: 60 31 60 Supervisors: Duong Thuy Linh Associate.Prof.Dr Hoang Luong Hanoi - 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing this issue Background information on this issue Purposes, objects and scope of the research 11 3.1 Purposes of the research 11 3.2 Objects and scopes of the research 11 Theoretical bases and research methods 12 Contribution of the thesis 13 Layout of the thesis 13 CONTENTS 14 Chapter 1: GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF PHU BINH DISTRICT – THAI NGUYEN PRIVINCE AND THE SAN DIU ETHNIC GROUP 14 1.1 Geographic location and natural conditions 14 1.1.1 Geographic location 14 1.1.2 Natural conditions 15 1.2 Social and economic situation 17 1.3 San Diu People in Phu Binh District - Thai Nguyen Province 21 1.3.1 The people’s name, historical origin and population 21 1.3.2 Social organization 25 1.3.3 Livelihood culture 28 1.3.4 Material culture 29 1.3.5 Spiritual culture 32 Sub - conclusion for chapter 35 Chapter 2: TRADITION AND CHANGE IN MARRIAGE CUSTOMS OF SAN DIU PEOPLE IN PHU BINH DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE 36 2.1 The concept of marriage 36 2.2.The ritual of marriage 44 2.3 Changes in marriage customs 65 Sub- conclusion of Chapter 75 Chapter 3: TRADITION AND CHANGE IN FUNERAL CUSTOMS OF SAN DIU PEOPLE IN PHU BINH DISTRICT, THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE 77 3.1 The concept of human agency, worldview 77 3.2 The ritual of the funeral 80 3.3 Changes in funeral customs 93 Sub - conclusion of chapter 97 Chapter 4: CULTURAL VALUES IN MARRIAGE AND FUNERAL CUSTOMS OF SAN DIU PEOPLE IN PHU BINH DISTRICT 98 THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE 98 4.1 The cultural value of traditional marriage customs 98 4.2 The cultural value of traditional funeral customs 102 4.3 Some causes of changes and solution to preserve and promote the values of marriage and funeral customs of the San Diu people in Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen 107 4.3.1 Causes of changes 107 4.3.2 A number of suggestions and proposals to preserve and promote the values of marriage and funeral customs of the San Diu people in Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen 111 Sub-conclusion of Chapter 118 CONCLUSION 119 REFERENCES 123 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Population Phu Binh district divided by ethnicity, gender, and urban and rural areas Table 1.2: Population of the San Diu in Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen province Table 4.1: Comparison of changes in the role of grandparents each wedding in San Diu - Phu Binh Thai Nguyen Table 4.2: The comparison table shows the changes over the years in the wedding the San Diu - Phu Binh Thai Nguyen Table 4.3: The comparison table shows the change in the person's wedding San Diu - Phu Binh - Thai Nguyen by age Table 4.4: The table shows a principle than inner hair San Diu some hooks of the distance that you put - Phu Binh Thai Nguyen Table 4.5: Comparison table shows the change in the marriage customs of the San Diu - Phu Binh Thai Nguyen in the Media and now Table 4.6: Comparison table shows the change in the funeral customs of the San Diu - Phu Binh Thai Nguyen in traditional and today INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing this issue Vietnamese culture is the culture of “diversity in unity " It is the convergence of cultural values of the 54 ethnic groups living in the territory of Vietnam During their history and development, each group has created typical traditional cultural values for themselves Each ethnic group has their own cultural values; and through history these cultural values become their cultural identities, contributing to the multi-nuanced culture of Vietnam Cultural identity is one out of three criteria to determine the ethnic structure in Vietnam So, the existence of each group is attached with their cultural characters The loss of the cultural values of a nation will gradually lead to the disappearance of that nation Particularly, in the context of current integration, the issue of national cultures is paid more and more attention An urgent need is that to integrate does not mean to dissolve the culture We integrate with the international trends, but still reserve our traditional national values National values are our cultural characters Vietnam cultural characters are the cultural values of every ethnic group living on the territory of Vietnam, in particular the Kinh people and 53 ethnic minorities The research and studies on Vietnamese characters can not be separated from studying the cultural characters of each of the 54 peoples in Vietnam Our Party and Government also attach great importance to conserving and promoting cultural values of ethnic groups In 1991, in the "Platform for national construction in the period of transition to socialism" the Party has stated to respect for the interests of cultural traditions, languages, customs and beliefs of the peoples, and at the same time, to reserve and promote moral, ethic, aesthetic values and the cultural and artistic heritages of every people In the huge family of Vietnam’s ethnic groups, San Diu people, also known as Son Dzao people (Dzao people in the mountains), mainly live in the provinces of Quang Ninh, Hai Duong, Bac Giang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang , Yen Bai, etc Having immigrated to Vietnam and settled in Thai Nguyen for just about centuries, but they still reserve their available cultural values, together with other groups’ cultures they have absorbed simultaneously, to create their own tradition cultural characters It is affirmed that life cycle rites are the profound expression for ethnic culture characters, especially spiritual, psychological life and customs of each group Besides, these are exceptional cultures well reserved and hardly changed for a long time, because they themselves contain meaningful humane values, which is ground for prosperity of every group’s culture Every San Diu person, from birth till death, goes though their group’s life cycle rites, which helps building their cultural values Studying their life cycle rites is a must if we want to study their cultural values The major milestones in each person’s life are marked by following rituals: marriage, giving birth and funeral, which are the turning points of his (her) life They enable development inside each person in accordance with natural laws and under impact of social ones The issue of studying San Diu people’s cultures in general and the issue of explaining the changes in life cycle rites in particular remain unsolved Thinking of that we decided to choose to research on this issue “Cultural changes in marriage and funeral customs of San Diu people in Phu Binh District, Thai Nguyen Province” with which we aims to show significant changes in marriage and funeral customs of the local San Diu People, firstly to contribute to the study of cultural characters of ethnic minorities in Vietnam, and finally to make ground for the study of Vietnamese cultural characters We hope that this research upon completion will help understanding more of San Diu People’s culture, as well as cultures of all the ethnic groups in Vietnam; and basing on that to propose suitable policies about preserving and promoting cultural values of marriage and funeral customs, two of the life cycle rites of San Diu People in Phu Binh District, Thai Nguyen Province in particular and San Diu People all around the country in general Background information on this issue In the last few years, the trend to study and research on traditional ethnic cultures has become more and more popular Although the ethnic minorities only cover about 13% total population, each of them owns unique culture and customs, which creates the national diversified-but-unified culture, the progressive and well reserved culture of Vietnam The San Diu ethnic group in Vietnam is also an interesting issue which has been attracting many ethnologists and writers There has been many deep researches done on their culture published into books or writing on magazines The book Nguoi San Diu o Viet Nam written by Ma Khanh Bang, published in 1983, is an overview picture of life of San Diu people in Vietnam The author has researched and presented a general overview of the San Diu people: the name, foundation and development history, as well as the social organization, material and spiritual cultures, and their tradition customs which make up their own cultural values He concludes that San Diu group is a minority who continuously absorbs other groups’ cultures, but still keeps in mind that they are a people Writer Diep Trung Binh, in Phong Tuc va Nghi Le Chu Ky Doi Nguoi cua Nguoi San Diu o Viet Nam (2005), describes in details most customs of San Diu People during their life cycle from birth to death Besides, he also shows his opinions about their cultural values and changes in these values shown in their life cycle rites In Tri Thuc Dan Gian Chu Ky Doi Nguoi San Diu o Viet Nam, published by National Culture Press in 2011, Diep Trung Binh also mentions cultural values of the San Diu people through their folk knowledge in giving birth, raising children, growing up, marriage and funeral He also collects, studies and translates San Diu people’s folk songs in their everyday life and corresponding singing in weddings All is published in the book Dan Ca San Diu by National Culture Press in 1987 The book “Cac Dan Toc It Nguoi o Viet Nam (Cac Tinh Phia Bac)”also gives a general overview of the San Diu people in Vietnam The authors briefly describe history of the people and the living cultures, including material cultures in their houses, costumes, food, and spiritual cultures in their rituals like marriage and funeral, etc “Dan Toc San Diu o Bac Giang”, written by Ngo Van Tru and Nguyen Xuan Can (main editor), by National Culture Press, Hanoi, 2003, is a full picture of San Diu people in Bac Giang, presenting in details from history, name, living territory, etc., to traditional economic activities, food, traditional costumes, rituals and customs related to life cycle The author Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, in his book “Van Hoa Truyen Thong San Diu o Tuyen Quang”, published in 2011, also gives the most general overview of the history of this people, as well as their residence and cultural identities in Tuyen Quang Province These above mentioned researches provide a useful theoretical ground and comparative object for me to objectively study the cultural changes of the San Diu minority in Phu Binh through their customs of marriage and funeral Dr Nguyen Thi Que Loan has deeply studied the eating habits of the people, and reflected the result in her doctorial thesis “Tap Quan An Uong cua Nguoi San Diu o Thai Nguyen” This thesis discusses in details about the traditional sources of their foods, their traditional methods of preparing foods and drinks, as well as changes of these customs when the people exchange and learn from other groups Related to the above issue, Dr Nguyen Thi Que Loan also wrote a post on the Ethnology Magazine, “Bien Doi Trong Tap Quan An Uong cua Nguoi San Diu Tinh Thai Nguyen” Researcher Le Minh Chinh had a study on San Diu People in Thai Nguyen majoring in medical aspect called “Thuc Trang Thieu Mau o Phu Nu San Diu Trong Thoi Ky Mang Thai tai Huyen Dong Hy Tinh Thai Nguyen va Hieu Qua cua Bien Phap Can Thiep” Dam Thi Uyen and Nguyen Thi Hai wrote “Tin Nguong Cu Tru Cua Nguoi San Diu o Thai Nguyen” on the Nation and Times Magazine, number 89, 2006 The post mentioned their social organization and spiritual views in their residing customs Also on the Nation and Times Magazine, number 87, 2006 there was a post by Nguyen Thi Mai, titled “Le Hoi Cau Mua cua Nguoi San Diu”, showing us about the people’s spiritual viewpoints in season and weather The ethnologist Chu Thai Son wrote the book “Dan Toc San Diu”, published by Kim Dong Press in 2011, to supply for the programme “Books supplied by the States for the children in remote or mountainous area” It briefly introduce San Diu minority group in Vietnam in aspects of history, working and living habits, traditional customs, mental life and present living conditions The above mentioned works reflect a long history of studying San Diu people’s culture in Vietnam in general and in each area in detailed However, 10 ethnic cultural values but also contributes to the promotion of those values in the current context of global integration in all aspects CONCLUSION Phu Binh is the most southern district of the midland province of Thai Nguyen That geographical location together with available natural conditions has made Phu Binh district a favorable residence to attract quite many ethnic minorities Along with more than eight other ethnic groups living in the district, the San Diu ethnic minority in Phu Binh has affirmed their cultural characteristics with their cultural activities, arts, customs and practices, concepts of life and spirit, etc Life-cycle rituals are a sustainable environment to preserve their ethnic traditional cultural values Among the rituals associated with the life cycle, the two marriage and funeral customs of the San Diu people in Phu Binh - Thai Nguyen deeply express cultural values of spirit, ethics and beauty arts, etc., of the people In the current trend of integration, along with the enhanced contact and expanded exchanges between the San Diu and other ethnic groups co-living in the area, new cultures and modern trends have had certain effects on their lifestyle, way of thinking and daily activities In the wedding, no strict rules on family relations or prohibiting the couple come together because the subject matter "mon dang ho doi" Social change, thinking of the people also changed, more open in marry, the marriage is voluntary, is built on the basis of love, not by factors "luc menh, Moi" The ritual was simple a lot, not as heavy as "thach cuoi", steps from "dam hoi" to formal wedding no longer have lasted nearly a year according to conditions and circumstances of each family The bad customs cumbersome, complex in funeral as put funeral coffin in the house for a long time, waiting for selected be good 119 time to be buried, "co tang" costly there has been a obvious changes according to a new cultural lifestyle However, besides the changes in the positive direction, negative changes is the risk of losing the traditional cultural values of ethnic groups The acquisition of new cultural trends, learn the culture of the Vietnamese and other ethnic communities in the region led to the new cultural expression in the practice of the two customs In the wedding, the bride and groom not wearing traditional dress replaced by wedding dresses, comple as Western style Vibrant music, modern replaced tunes "Soong co" flowing with love of country, praising the human emotions The gradual change will lead to the erosion of national consciousness and is the root cause leading to the gradual loss of traditional cultural values The rituals as "an hoi, dan cuoi" has not to carry chicken, pig, betel, tea, confectionery and white silver to the bride family replaced by a cash depending on the agreement between the two families Even the offering in "an hoi" now are made available at the wedding rental services shop This may be the convenience of a new lifestyle, not cumbersome, fussy in preparing the offering, people to carry offering but actually losing the traditional values of the important rituals, represents the cultural characteristics of ethnic as "sang bac, ganh ga" Marriage of San Diu almost only have main ceremonies: dam ngo, an hoi and weddings Some rituals show cultural traditional and localized ethnic culture gradually removed as "khai hoa tuu", parents for dowry is buffaloes, double silver ring when to get married, the ceremony carry basin of water to wash their hands for "quan lang, Moi" Culture "envelope" in the wedding of the San Diu ethnic also be considered important The marriage is not merely a great pleasure of family, clan, village today but also is the diplomatic relations, the wedding meal " pay debt" Still know this is the influence of modern lifestyles but simplicity to loss of cohesion among members of the general cultural activities must discussed By humans is 120 not only subjects cultural but also object cultural Traditional cultural values can only survive and develop in the best way in the environment that produced it Currently, due to the cultural influence of Kinh ethnic, in the funeral have the appearance of "doan nhac hieu" to read name and on behalf of the family to thank who visited Due to the many life changes, offering is not "xoi", fruit that instead of cash This is a major change in funeral customs of the people of San Diu limit the complexity and share the economic burden to the funeral family But so, to visit the funeral is sometimes characterized as a "tra nghia" In general, the funeral rites less variable than the wedding ceremony Funerals of fellow San Diu or of any ethnic else is always a special cultural phenomenon related to the spiritual life of the people Moreover, funeral is expressed feelings of the children to their parents, the feelings of the living for the dead Therefore, funeral rites is still the most vivid expression of the cultural identity of ethnic groups and localized with other ethnic in the same area of residence Historical change, inevitably lead to cultural change The change in the life of the San Diu in Phu Binh expressed through marrige and funerals customs also deeply affected by the policies of the Party and State, especially the policy of building culture "advanced, with strong national identity" The task not only for the authorities but also for local people Self-consciousness of the local people is a motivation for the existence and development of these traditional cultural values right in the environment they live Besides, it cannot away with the essential attention of local authorities to give the right directions to the development of ethnic culture in the current context of cultural integration In the policies of the Party and the State, besides preserving traditional culture, need to have economic development policies to improve social life, educational level, to people's selfawareness, self-conscious about the value of traditional culture Until now, the unique cultural color of the San Diu in Phu Binh - Thai Nguyen in particular and of the San Diu in general is still an indispensable 121 piece in the painting of Vietnamese multiple-nuance culture The long period of co-living and exchanging, and the contact in all aspects have contributed to the more and more diversified and various cultural values of the San Diu people in Phu Binh - Thai Nguyen and affirm their ethnic cultural identity 122 REFERENCES Angghen (1972), The origin of family, private property regime and the State, Truth Publishing, Hanoi Bui Xuan My (2003), Family traditions in Vietnam, Culture and Information Publishing Bui Xuan My, Pham Minh Thao (2003), Vietnamese marriage customs, Culture and Information Publishing, Hanoi Diep Thanh Binh (1987), Folk songs of San Diu, Publisher of ethnic culture Diep Trung Binh (2005), Traditional Festivals of Hoa, San Diu ethnic in Viet Nam, Ethnic Cultural Publishing Diep Trung Binh (2005), Phong tuc va chu ky doi nguoi cua nguoi San Diu, of Culture and Information Publishing Diep Trung Binh (2011), Tri thuc dan gian chu ky doi nguoi nguoi San Diu in Vietnam, Ethnic Culture Publishing Dao Lien, Ha Son (2008), Learn about human marriage, Publishing Hanoi Dang Nghiem Van (2007), Van hoa Viet Nam da toc nguoi, Education Publishing, Hanoi 10 Do Thuy Binh (1994), Marriage and family of Tay, Nung ethnic in Viet Nam, Social Sciences Publishing, Hanoi 11 Hoang Nam (1998), Buoc dau tim hieu van hoa toc nguoi, van hoa Viet Nam, Ethnic Cultural Publishing 12 Khong Dien, Bui Minh Dao (2003), Dan toc hoc Viet Nam – the ky XX va nhung nam dau the ky XXI, Social Sciences Publishing, Hanoi 13 Le Minh (1994), Vietnamese cultural family situation, Labor Publishing, Hanoi 123 14 Le Si Giao (Editor, 2002), Dan toc hoc dai cuong, Education Publishing, Hanoi 15 Le Trung Vu (1999), Nghi le vong doi, Ethnic Cultural Publishing 16 Ma Khanh Bang (1983), San Diu in Viet Nam, Social Sciences Publishing, Hanoi 17 Nguyen Ngoc Thanh (2011), Traditional Culture of San Diu ethnic in Tuyen Quang, Social Sciences Publishing, Hanoi 18 Nguyen Thi Que Loan (2008), Changes in eating habits of San Diu in Thai Nguyen, Journal Ethnic Studies No.2 19 Ngo Van Tru and Nguyen Xuan Can (2003), San Diu ethnic in Bac Giang, Ethnic Cultural Publishing 20 Nguyen Van Huy (1997), Cultural picture of ethnic in Viet Nam, Education publisher 21 Nguyen Xuan Minh (2005), Pham Tat Quynh, Nguyen Van Thang, Vu Thanh Khoi, Ha Huy Hoang, History the Phu Binh (1930 - 2005), Phu Binh district party committee published 22 Phan Huu Dat (1999), Some ethnographic problems in Viet Nam, National University Publishing, Hanoi 23 Phan Huu Dat (1999), Ethnographic research in Viet Nam, National University Publishing, Hanoi 24 Phan Ke Binh (2008), Vietnam customs, Literature Publishing 25 Phan Ngoc (2002), Vietnamese cultural identity, Literature Publishing 26 Tong cuc thong ke, Cuc thong ke Thai Nguyen (2009): These synthetic results mainly from population and housing census 01/04/2009 Thai Nguyen province 27 Tran Ngoc Them (1997), Co so van hoa Viet Nam, Education Publishing, Hanoi 28 Tran Quoc Vuong (1997), Co so van hoa Viet Nam, Education Publishing, Hanoi 124 29 Trinh Truc Lam (1998), Geography Thai Nguyen province, the Department of Education and Training in Thai Nguyen province published 30 Truong Thin (2008), Nhung dieu can biet ve Hon le truyen thong, Ha Noi Publishing 31 Institute of Ethnology (1978), Other ethnic minorities in Vietnam (the North), Social Sciences Publishing, Hanoi 32 Final report patriotic emulation movement in ethnic minority Phu Binh district, implementation of resultsoriented people and 2020 33 Document Phu Binh district Propaganda Committee: Economic Outlook Phu Binh 34 Internet 125 APPENDIX APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW THE PERSON INFORMATION No Full name Age Diep Van Tien 92 Cau Cong,Tan Khanh Luc Van Phuc 82 Cau Mành, Ban Dat Hoang Van Tuan 82 Đa Bac, Ban Dat Nong Thi Sau 82 Cau Cong,Tan Khanh Tran Thi Ba 70 Ca, Tan Khanh Hoang Van Bay 70 Cau Manh, Ban Dat Luu Van Binh 67 Bo Tac, Ban Dat Lam Thi Moi 65 Bo Tac, Ban Dat Truong Thi Hoa 60 Cau Cong, Tan Khanh 10 Hoang Van Nguyen 58 Đong Bau, Tan Khanh 11 Diep Thi Chuc 58 Đa Bac, Ban Dat 12 Ta Thi Hong 53 Tre, Tan Khanh 13 Tran Đuc Song 51 Đong Quan, Ban Dat 14 Tong Thi Luu 51 Đong Bau, Tan Khanh 15 Luu Van Ngoc 45 Đong Quan, Ban Dat 16 Tran Thi Tu 43 Hoang Mai, Tan Khanh 17 Diep Van Thang 41 Cau Manh, Ban Dat 18 Luu Van Nam 36 Ca, Tan Khanh 19 Diep Thi Lan 18 Tre, Tan Khanh 20 To Thi Lieu 18 Đong Quan, Ban Dat 126 Address APPENDIX 2: IMAGES Silver jewelry - dowry mother daughter when married Beams silver, betel paring knife of women San Diu Clothes of San Diu women Memberships Soong co club Soong cô Soong cô Traditional wedding photos of the San Diu 127 (Source: Diep Trung Binh) Quan lang preparing gifts Quan lang preparing Khai hoa tuu Chang day Umbrella for the bride when step out of the house Singing Soong co Buffalo - the dowry 128 Wedding photos now of the San Diu in Phu Binh, Thai Nguyen An hoi: The change in wedding clothes of bride and groom, gift Representatives of the bride, the groom ho Recognition of legal The change in wedding clothes of bride and groom 129 Some pictures in funeral custom of San Diu in Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen The altar at the Luu Van Binh, Bo Tac, Ban Dat An, Lenh pai on altar The tools of shaman Am duong tool Book of shaman Shaman 130 The altar of the dead The altar of shaman Bowl of coal content souls of the dead Bat quyet Children, neighbors to share Chia cua 131 Tray of rice offerings to the dead Luong chinh, ong nuoc Vai com nguoi Bac cau Dua tang Nha tang 132 Lap nguc Hanh huong Tray of rice offerings to the dead Shaman works The altar of ancestors Peng cake – only use in funeral Money trees Tranh tho 133 ... gender, urban and rural area Ethnicity Total Total Total 134150 % Urban Rural Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 66259 67892 7394 3617 3777 126756 62642 64114 1.Kinh 124182 92.57 61208... age of man The San Diu wedding date based on month of birth of the daughter.For example, the bride was born in January not marry in April and May; bridewas born in March, May did not marry in... is normal Marriage is decided by the parents San Diu also continue “to marry new wife” Once married, home, long no children, the people that is so unfortunate price now new wife should marry
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