After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is leadership? What is followership? What do we know about leader-follower relationships? What do we mean by leadership as a collective process?
Chapter 13 The Leadership Process Leadership springs from relationships Chapter 13 Study Questions What is leadership? What is followership? What we know about leader-follower relationships? What we mean by leadership as a collective process? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-2 What is leadership? Leadership • An influence process generated in and from combined acts of leading (influencing) and following (deferring) as social agents work together to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to it Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-3 Figure 13.1 The role of “willing followership” in leadership Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 13-4 What is leadership? Formal leadership Exerted by persons appointed (or elected) to positions of formal authority in organizations Informal leadership Exerted by persons who become influential because they have special skills that meet the of others Copyrightresource © 2014 Johnneeds Wiley & Sons, 13-5 What is leadership? Upward Leadership • Occurs when leaders within the organization influence those at higher levels in ways that create change Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-6 What is leadership? Leadership as Social Construction • Socially Constructed Leadership is constructed and produced in social and relational interactions among people acting in context Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-7 What is leadership? Leadership as Identity Construction • Identity Construction Process This process involves individuals negotiating identities as leaders and followers • Claiming refers to actions people take to assert their identity as a leader or follower • Granting refers to actions people take to bestow an identity of a leader or follower onto another person Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-8 Figure 13.2 DeRue and Ashford Leadership Identity Construction Process Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 13-9 What is leadership? Motivation to Lead • The extent to which individual choose to assume leadership training, roles and responsibilities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What is leadership? Implicit Leadership Theories • Our beliefs or understanding about the attributes associated with leaders and leadership Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What is followership? Followership ã Thecapacityorwillingnesstofollowaleader Copyright â 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What is followership? Romance of Leadership • Refers to the tendency to attribute organizational outcomes (both good and bad) to the acts and doing of leaders Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What is followership? Follower Role Orientation • Defined as the beliefs followers hold about the way they should engage and interact with leaders to meet the needs of the work unit Power Distance Orientations • The extent to which one accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally Constructive Follower Orientations • Reflects the belief that followers should act in ways that are helpful, useful and productive to leadership outcomes Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- Figure 13.3 Followership in context Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 13-15 In your experience… In your current or former job, did your manager behave the same way with each of the people he/she managed? • A=Yes, B=No If no, what was different about the relationships between the manager and each employee? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-16 What we know about leader-follower relationships? Leadership categorization theory • Implicit leadership theories preconceived notions about the attributes (e.g., traits and behaviors) associated with leaders They reflect the structure and content of “cognitive categories” used to distinguish leaders from nonleaders Attributes or leadership prototypes are mental images of the characteristics that make a “good” leader, that a “real” leader would possess Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we know about leaderfollower relationships? LeaderMember Exchange (LMX) Theory The study of manager-subordinate relationship quality Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we know about leaderfollower relationships? Social Exchange Theory • Describes how relationships initiate and develop through processes of exchange and reciprocity • Norm of reciprocity Says that when one party does something for another, that party is not indebted to the other until the obligation is repaid Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we know about leaderfollower relationships? Equivalence • Whether the amount given back is roughly the same as what was received Immediacy • How quickly the repayment is made Interest • The motive behind the exchange Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we know about leaderfollower relationships? IdiosyncrasyCredits ã Refertoourabilitytoviolatenormswithothersbasedon whetherwehaveenoughcreditstocovertheviolation Copyright â 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-21 What we mean by leadership as a collective process? Collective leadership • Represents view of leadership not as a property of individuals and their behaviors but as a social phenomenon constructed in interaction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we mean by leadership as a collective process? Distributed Leadership • Sees leadership as a group phenomenon that is distributed among individuals Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13- What we mean by leadership as a collective process? CoLeadership • Occurs when leadership is divided so that on one person has unilateral power to lead Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-24 What we mean by leadership as a collective process? Shared Leadership • Dynamic, interactive influence process among team members working to achieve goals Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 13-25 ... 1 3-2 What is leadership? Leadership • An influence process generated in and from combined acts of leading (influencing) and following (deferring) as social agents work together to understand... understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to it Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 1 3-3 Figure 13.1 The role of “willing followership” in leadership Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 1 3-4 ... roles and responsibilities Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, 1 3- What is leadership? Implicit Leadership Theories • Our beliefs or understanding about the attributes associated with leaders and