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After reading this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is motivation? How do human needs influence motivation? How does perceived equity influence motivation? How does expectancy influence motivation? How do goals and goal setting influence motivation?
Chapter Motivation Theories Achievement requires effort Chapter Study Questions What is motivation? How human needs influence motivation? How does perceived equity influence motivation? How does expectancy influence motivation? How goals and goal setting influence motivation? Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & What is Motivation? Motivation • Forces within the individual forces that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person’s effort expended at work Direction - an individual’s choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives Level - the amount of effort a person puts forth Persistence - the length of time a person sticks with a given action Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & What is Motivation? Types of motivation theories • Content theories Focus on individual needs – that is, physiological or psychological deficiencies that individuals feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate • Process theories Focus on how cognitive processes as thoughts and decisions within the minds of people influence their behavior Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs Influence Motivation? Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory • Identifies five levels of individual needs • Assumes that some needs are more important than others and must be satisfied before the other needs can serve as motivators Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Figure 5.1: Higher-order and lower-order needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs Influence Motivation? Alderfer’s ERG Theory of Motivation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs Influence Motivation? Acquired needs theory • Need for achievement (nAch) The desire to something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks • Need for affiliation (nAff) The desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others • Need for power (nPower) The desire to control others, to influence their behavior, or to be responsible for others Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs Influence Motivation? TwoFactor Theory • Identifies two different factors as primary causes of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction • Also known as the motivatorhygiene theory Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs Influence Motivation? Hygiene factors • Sources of job dissatisfaction found in the job context or work setting • Job dissatisfaction occurs when hygiene factors are poor • Improving the hygiene factors only decreases job dissatisfaction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Individual Outcomes Individual Efforts Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & = Others’ Outcomes Others’ Efforts 5-15 How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Equity theory prediction: • Felt Negative inequity Individual feels he/she has received relatively less than others in proportion to work inputs • Felt Positive inequity Individual feels he/she has received relatively more than others have Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Equity restoration behaviors • Reduce work inputs • Change the outcomes received • Leave the situation • Change the comparison points • Psychologically distort things • Try to change the efforts of the comparison person Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Organizational Justice How fair and equitable people view the practices of their workplace Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Procedural justice - degree to which the rules and procedures specified by policies are properly followed Distributive justice - degree to which all people are treated the same under a policy, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, age or any other demographic characteristic Interactional justice - degree to which the people affected by a decision are treated with dignity and respect Commutative Justice – degree to which exchanges and transactions among parties is considered free and fair Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does expectancy influence motivation? A person’s motivation is a multiplicative function of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence (M = E x I x V) Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How does expectancy influence motivation? Expectancy • effort will yield acceptable performance Instrumentality • performance will be rewarded Valence • value of the rewards is highly positive Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Figure 5.3 Key terms and managerial expectations of Vroom’s expectancy theory Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 5- How does expectancy influence motivation? Motivational implications of expectancy theory • Motivation is sharply reduced when, expectancy, instrumentality, or valence approach zero or are negative • Motivation is high when expectancy and instrumentality are high and valence is strongly positive Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Goals and Goal Setting Influence Motivation? Goal setting • The process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Goals and Goal Setting Influence Motivation? Difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are less difficult ones Specific goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than vague or very general ones Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Goals and Goal Setting Influence Motivation? Task feedback is likely to motivate people toward higher performance by encouraging the setting of higher performance goals Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Goals and Goal Setting Influence Motivation? Goals are most likely to lead to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of selfefficacy required to accomplish them Goals are most likely to motivate people toward higher performance when they are accepted by the individual, and there is commitment to them Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Goals and Goal Setting Influence Motivation? Management by Objectives (MBO) • Process of joint goal setting between a supervisor and a subordinate Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Figure 5.4: How the management by objectives process works Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & ... expended at work Direction - an individual’s choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives Level - the amount of effort a person puts forth Persistence - the length of time a person... the other needs can serve as motivators Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Figure 5.1: Higher-order and lower-order needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & How Human Needs... and satisfaction in Herzberg’s twofactor theory Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 5- Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & 5-1 3 How does Perceived Equity Influence Motivation? Equity Theory Any perceived