DT unknown 2020 construction 4 0 an innovation platform for the built environment

CONSTRUCTION 4.0 Modelled on the concept of Industry 4.0, the idea of Construction 4.0 is based on a confluence of trends and technologies that promise to reshape the way built environment assets are designed, constructed, and operated With the pervasive use of Building Information Modelling (BIM), lean principles, digital technologies, and offsite construction, the industry is at the cusp of this transformation The critical challenge is the fragmented state of teaching, research, and professional practice in the built environment sector This handbook aims to overcome this fragmentation by describing Construction 4.0 in the context of its current state, emerging trends and technologies, and the people and process issues that surround the coming transformation Construction 4.0 is a framework that is a confluence and convergence of the following broad themes discussed in this book: • • • Industrial production (prefabrication, 3D printing and assembly, offsite manufacture) Cyber-physical systems (actuators, sensors, IoT, robots, cobots, drones) Digital and computing technologies (BIM, video and laser scanning, AI and cloud computing, big data and data analytics, reality capture, Blockchain, simulation, augmented reality, data standards and interoperability, and vertical and horizontal integration) The aim of this handbook is to describe the Construction 4.0 framework and consequently highlight the resultant processes and practices that allow us to plan, design, deliver, and operate built environment assets more effectively and efficiently by focusing on the physical-to-digital transformation and then digital-to-physical transformation This book is essential reading for all built environment and AEC stakeholders who need to get to grips with the technological transformations currently shaping their industry, research, and teaching Anil Sawhney is Director of the Infrastructure Sector for the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and Visiting Professor of Project Management at Liverpool John Moores University Anil is a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy He has over 20 years’ academic and industry experience internationally and has over 200 academic publications Anil is the co-editor of the Construction Innovation journal and serves on the International Editorial Board of the Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems and Journal of Information Technology in Construction He has consulted for numerous organizations including the World Bank Mike Riley is Pro Vice Chancellor, Engineering and Technology and Professor of Building Surveying at Liverpool John Moores University He is Visiting Professor at the University of Malaya and at RICS School of Built Environment, Delhi, with over 25 years’ academic and industrial experience, and is joint author of numerous textbooks on Construction Technology and Sustainability as well as numerous academic papers Mike obtained his first degree from Salford University, followed by a Master of Science from Heriot-Watt University and PhD from Liverpool John Moores University He is a Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and Fellow of the Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia, Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, and Chartered Environmentalist Javier Irizarry P.E., PhD is an Associate Professor in the School of Building Construction at the Georgia Institute of Technology A pioneer of research on Unmanned Aerial System applications in the built environment, Javier is Director of the CONECTech Lab, which aims to establish the framework for developing next generation technology enhanced solutions for construction problems by incorporating the cognitive processes of the human component of construction operations He has over 20 years of academic and industry experience and has authored over 100 academic articles Javier’s research focuses on construction information technologies including virtual and augmented reality, HCI issues in mobile applications for AEC information access, reality capture technology, Situation Awareness driven information system design, and Unmanned Aerial Systems application in the AEC domain He holds a B.S in Civil Engineering from the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, a Masters in Engineering Management from the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, and a PhD in Civil Engineering from Purdue University Javier is also a registered Professional Engineer as well as a FAA Licensed Drone Pilot CONSTRUCTION 4.0 An Innovation Platform for the Built Environment Edited by Anil Sawhney, Mike Riley and Javier Irizarry First published 2020 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Anil Sawhney, Mike Riley and Javier Irizarry; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Anil Sawhney, Mike Riley and Javier Irizarry to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book Typeset in Times New Roman ISBN: 978-0-367-02730-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-39810-0 (ebk) by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK CONTENTS Acknowledgementsxiii Forewordxv Notes on contributors xvii List of figures xxviii List of tables xxxvi Part I Introduction and overview of Construction 4.0, CPS, Digital Ecosystem, and innovation Construction 4.0: Introduction and overview Anil Sawhney, Mike Riley, and Javier Irizarry 1.1 Aims 1.2 Introduction to Construction 4.0 1.3 Current state of the construction sector 1.4 Overview of Industry 4.0 1.5 Construction 4.0 framework 1.6 Benefits of Construction 4.0 1.7 Challenges to implementation of Construction 4.0 1.8 Structure of the handbook 1.9 Conclusion 1.10 Summary References v 3 13 15 16 17 19 19 19 Contents Introduction to cyber-physical systems in the built environment Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, Xinghua Gao, and Dennis R Shelden 2.1 Aims 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Cyber-physical systems and Construction 4.0 2.4 What does success look like? 2.5 CPS for Smart Built Environment 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Summary References Digital ecosystems in the construction industry— current state and future trends Anil Sawhney and Ibrahim S Odeh 3.1 Aims 3.2 Introduction to digital ecosystems 3.3 Current state of digital technologies in construction 3.4 Overview of ecosystems and platforms 3.5 Digital ecosystems in construction 3.6 Emerging trends and future directions—platforms and ecosystems 3.7 Conclusion 3.8 Summary References Innovation in the construction project delivery networks in Construction 4.0 Ken Stowe, Olivier Lépinoy, and Atul Khanzode 4.1 Aims 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Context 4.4 Opportunity for Construction 4.0 (the promise) 4.5 Ramifications of Construction 4.0 4.6 Challenges and considerations 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Summary References vi 23 23 23 24 25 30 37 38 39 42 42 42 46 47 54 58 60 60 60 62 62 62 64 71 76 81 84 87 87 Contents Part II Core components of Construction 4.0 89 Potential of cyber-physical systems in architecture and construction Lauren Vasey and Achim Menges 5.1 Aims 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Towards cyber-physical construction 5.4 Context: challenges and opportunities for cyber-physical systems within architectural production 5.5 New possibilities enabled in architecture by cyber-physical systems 5.6 Conclusion 5.7 Summary References 91 Applications of cyber-physical systems in construction Abiola A Akanmu and Chimay J Anumba 6.1 Aims 6.2 Introduction 6.3 Drivers for cyber-physical systems in construction 6.4 Requirements for CPCS in construction 6.5 Cyber-physical construction systems 6.6 Case studies 6.7 Challenges and barriers 6.8 Conclusion 6.9 Summary References 91 91 92 93 96 107 109 109 113 113 113 114 115 117 120 126 128 128 128 A review of mixed-reality applications in Construction 4.0 Aseel Hussien, Atif Waraich, and Daniel Paes 7.1 Aims 7.2 Introduction 7.3 Conclusion 7.4 Summary References 131 Overview of optoelectronic technology in Construction 4.0 Erika A Pärn 8.1 Aims 142 vii 131 131 139 139 140 142 Contents 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Fundamentals of laser scan devices 8.4 Modes of delivery and specifications 8.5 Applications in construction 8.6 Translating as-built progress 8.7 Conclusion 8.8 Summary References The potential for additive manufacturing to transform the construction industry Seyed Hamidreza Ghaffar, Jorge Corker, and Paul Mullett 9.1 Aims 9.2 Introduction 9.3 Additive manufacturing processes 9.4 Printable raw materials for construction 9.5 Practical and commercial challenges and opportunities for 3D printing construction 9.6 Future areas of research and development 9.7 Conclusion 9.8 Summary References 10 Digital fabrication in the construction sector Keith Kaseman and Konrad Graser 10.1 Aims 10.2 Introduction 10.3 Digital fabrication in architecture and construction 10.4 State of research in digital fabrication 10.5 Research demonstrator case study: DFAB HOUSE (ETH, 2017–2019) 10.6 Practice case study: SHoP architects 10.7 Conclusion 10.8 Summary References 142 144 144 146 147 150 151 151 155 155 155 157 159 164 180 182 183 183 188 188 188 189 194 195 200 204 205 205 11 Using BIM for multi-trade prefabrication in construction 209 Mehrdad Arashpour and Ron Wakefield 11.1 Aims 209 11.2 Introduction – prefabrication as a core component of Construction 4.0 209 viii Contents 11.3 Background – applications of BIM for multi-trade prefabrication 11.4 Decision making on BIM for multi-trade prefabrication 11.5 Conclusion 11.6 Summary References 210 212 217 218 218 12 Data standards and data exchange for Construction 4.0 Dennis R Shelden, Pieter Pauwels, Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, and Shu Tang 12.1 Aims 12.2 Introduction 12.3 Elements of a data standard 12.4 Industry Foundation Classes: overview, application, and limitation 12.5 Uses and applications 12.6 Evolutions of building data standards 12.7 Conclusion 12.8 Summary References 222 13 Visual and virtual progress monitoring in Construction 4.0 Jacob J Lin and Mani Golparvar-Fard 13.1 Aims 13.2 Computer vision for monitoring construction – an overview 13.3 Review on the current state-of-the-art for computer vision applications in the industry and research 13.4 Conclusions 13.5 Summary References 240 14 Unmanned Aerial System applications in construction Masoud Gheisari, Dayana Bastos Costa, and Javier Irizarry 14.1 Aims 14.2 Introduction 14.3 Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) 14.4 UAS applications 14.5 UAS implementation challenges 14.6 Conclusion 14.7 Summary References 264 ix 222 222 223 224 229 230 237 237 238 240 240 244 257 259 259 264 264 265 274 283 284 284 285 Eyuphan Koc et al Choi Granade, H., Creyts, J., Derkach, A., Farese, P., Nyquist, S., and Ostrowski, K (2009) Unlocking Energy Efficiency in the U.S Economy McKinsey Global Energy and Materials Available at: www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/epng/pdfs/unlocking%20energy%20 efficiency/us_energy_efficiency_exc_summary.ashx Dallasega, P., Rauch, E., and Linder, C (2018) “Industry 4.0 as an Enabler of Proximity for 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Innovation in Project-based Industries.” Innovations: Project Management Research, 83–99 Taylor, M., Wamuziri, S., and Smith, I (2009) “Automated Construction in Japan.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Civil Engineering, 156(1), 34–41 Teece, D J (1996) “Firm Organization, Industrial Structure, and Technological Innovation.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 31(2), 193–224 Weinreich, A (2017) “Predicting Our Future Episode 6: The Tesla of Homebuilding.” Stitcher, stitcher com/podcast/predicting-our-future/e/49745756?autoplay=true (June 5, 2019) 476 Acronyms 3D 3DCP 4D 4IR ABS ADC AEC AEC/FM AECO AECO-FM AI AIM AIST ALS AM ANAC ANATEL ANSI API AR ASCE ASTM AUVSI AWP BAAM BACnet BAS BCA BCF Three Dimensional 3D Concrete Printing Four Dimensional Fourth Industrial Revolution Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Analog-to-Digital Converters/Automated Data Collection Architecture, Engineering & Construction Architectural, Engineering, Construction, and Facilities Management Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations   Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Operations and Facility Management Artificial Intelligence Asset Information Model National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Airborne Laser Scanning Additive Manufacturing Agência Nacional de Aviaỗóo Civil (National Agency for Civil Aviation) Agờncia Nacional de Telecomunicaỗừes (National Agency of Telecommunication) American National Standards Institute Application Programming Interface Augmented Reality American Society of Civil Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International Advanced Work Packaging Big Area Additive Manufacturing Building Automation and Control networks Building Automation System Building Construction Authority BIM Collaboration Format 477 Acronyms BCVTB BEMS BEP BIM BLE BMS BOD BOT BSI BSRIA C&D C4.0 CAA UK CAD CAM CAVE CC CDE CI CIM CIOB CMES CMMS CNC CNN CO COBie COBOD CPCS CPM CPPS CPS CRF CSC CSCMM CSV DAO DCP DDoS DED DfMA DfS DfSK DfSL DGAC DIKW DMS Building Controls Virtual Test Bed Building Energy Management Systems BIM Execution Plan Building Information Modeling Bluetooth Low Energy Building Management System Building on Demand Building Topology Ontology British Standards Institution Building Services Research and Information Association Construction and Demolition Construction 4.0 Civil Aviation Authority-United Kingdom Computer-Aided Design Computer-Aided Manufacturing Cave Automatic Virtual Environment Cloud Computing/Contour Crafting Common Data Environment Cincinnati Incorporated Crane Information Models Chartered Institute of Building Construction Methodology and Erection Sequence Computerized Maintenance Management System Computer Numerically Controlled Convolutional Neural Network Carbon Monoxide Construction Operations Building Information Exchange Construction Building on Demand Cyber-Physical Construction Systems Critical Path Method Cyber-Physical Production Systems Cyber-Physical Systems Conditional Random Fields Construction Supply Chain Construction Supply Chain Maturity Model Comma-Separated Values Decentralized Autonomous Organization Digital Construction Platform Distributed Denial of Service Directed Energy Deposition Design for Manufacture and Assembly Design for Safety Design for Safety Knowledge Design for Safety Language Direccion General de Aeronautica Civil (General Direction for Civil Aviation) Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom Document Management System 478 Acronyms DMVR DNS DoS DWG EASA EER EIR EKF EKF EPC ER ERP ES EU EVM FAA FBR FDD FDM FM GA gbXML GCP GDP GDPR GIS GMAW GNSS GPS HF HMD HMI HPR HRC HTML HVAC I4.0 IAAC IAARC ICP ICS ICT IDM IEC IFC IFD IFR IMU Dense Multi-View 3D Reconstruction Domain Name Server Denial-of-Service AutoCAD Drawing Database file extension European Aviation Safety Agency Enhanced Entity – Relation Equipment Interchange Receipt Extended Kalman Filtering Extended Kalman Filtering Electronic Product Code Exchange Requirement Enterprise Resource Planning Embedded Systems European Union Earned Value Methodology Federal Aviation Administration Fast Brick Robotics Fault Detection and Diagnosis Fused Deposition Modelling Facilities Management Genetic Algorithm Green Building XML Ground Control Points Gross Domestic Product General Data Protection Regulation Geographic Information Systems Gas-Metal Arc Welding Global Navigation Satellite System Global Positioning Systems High Frequency Head Mounted Display Human and Machine Interaction Humanoid Robot Prototype Human-Robot Collaboration Hyper Text Markup Language Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Industry 4.0 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction Iterative Closest Point Industrial Control System Information and Communication Technology Information Delivery Manual International Electrotechnical Commission Industry Foundation Classes International Framework for Dictionaries International Federation of Robotics Internal/Inertial Measurement Unit 479 Acronyms IoP IoS IoT IP IPD ISA ISARC ISO IT ITU JSON k-NN KPI LADAR LAR LCCA LCMM LF LiDAR LOD LOS LPDS LPS LSTM M&E M2M MAR MCSC MDN MEP MI5 MI6 MIS ML MLS MmTSP MNM MR MTOW MTP mTSP MVD MVS NAS NCCR NIBS NIST NP Internet of People Internet of Services Internet of Things Internet Protocol Integrated Project Delivery International Society of Automation International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction International Organization for Standardization Information Technology International Telecommunication Union JavaScript Object Notation k-Nearest Neighbors Key Performance Indicator Laser Distance and Ranging Living Augmented Reality Life-cycle Cost Analysis Lean Construction Maturity Model Low Frequency Light Detection and Ranging Level of design/Linked (Open) Data Line of Sight Lean Project Delivery System Last Planner System™ Long Short-Term Memory Mechanical and Electrical Machine-to-Machine Mobile Augmented Reality Marine Corps Systems Command Mixture Density Network Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing UK’s Military Intelligence Service, Section UK’s Military Intelligence Service, Section Management Information System Machine Learning Mobile Laser Scanning Multi-depot Multiple Travelling Salesman Problem Marker Network Map Mixed Reality Maximum Take-off Weight Multi-trade Prefabrication Multiple Travelling Salesman Problem Model View Definition Multi-View Stereo National Airspace System Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research National Institute of Building Sciences National Institute of Standards and Technology Nondeterministic Polynomial 480 Acronyms O&M OPC ORNL OWL PAS PBF PC PDN PERT PLA PLM PMC PMI PPC PPE PSD PtD QR RANSAC RDF REST RFI RFID RGB RISI ROI ROS RPA RTLS SAM SCG SCM SD SDF SfM SHM SIFT SLAM SLM SLS SME SoC SRDBMS SSH STEP STR sUAS SVM Operations and Maintenance Ordinary Portland Cement Oak Ridge National Laboratory Web Ontology Language Publicly Available Specification Powder Bed Fusion Polycarbonate Project Delivery Network Program Evaluation and Review Technique Polylactic Acid Project Lifecycle Management Project Management Consultant Project Management Institute Percentage Plan Complete Personal Protective Equipment Property Set Definition Prevention through Design Quick Response RANdom SAmple Consensus Resource Description Framework Representational State Transfer Request for Information Radio Frequency Identification Red, Green, and Blue Repository of Industrial Security Incidents Return on Investment Robotic Operation System Remote Pilot Aircraft Real-time Location Sensing System Semi-Automated Mason Siam Cement Group Supply Chain Management System Dynamics Signed Distance Fields Structure-from-Motion Structural Health Monitoring Scale Invariant Feature Transforms Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Selective Laser Melting Selective Laser Sintering Small and Medium-sized Enterprise System on Chip Spatially Enhanced Relational Database Management System Secure Socket Shell Standard for the Exchange of Product Single-task Robot Small Unmanned Aerial System Support Vector Machine 481 Acronyms TC TCP/IP TLS TOF TSA TSP UA UAE UAS UAV UHF UHPFRC UK UML URI URL USA USC UV UWB VDC VLOS VR VRD VRP VSM VTOL WAAM WASP WBS WEF WIP WLAN WSN XML XSD Tower Crane Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Terrestrial Laser Scanning Time of Flight Transportation Safety Administration Travelling Salesman Problem Unmanned Aircraft United Arab Emirates Unmanned Aerial System Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ultra High Frequency Ultra-High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrete United Kingdom Unified Modeling Language Uniform Resource Identifier Uniform Resource Locator United States of America University of Southern California Ultraviolet Ultra-Wide Band Virtual Design and Construction Visual Line of Sight Virtual Reality Virtual Retinal Display Vehicle Routing Problem Value Stream Mapping Vertical Take-off and Landing Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing World’s Advanced Saving Project Work Breakdown Structure World Economic Forum Work in Progress Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Sensor Network Extensible Markup Language XML Schema Definition 482 Index 2.4 G 354, 354 360 Images/Videos/Camera 5, 241, 244, 245, 248, 254, 257 3D: environments 132, 230; geometry 29, 164, 179, 227, 235, 245, 248–249, 252, 269; materials 157–164, 176; modeling 148, 150, 245; printing 5, 13, 18, 25, 97, 155–156, 164–167, 172–173, 177–179, 192, 199, 204, 292, 307; robotics 159, 165, 167, 180–181, 189, 194, 198, 293; scanners 118, 143–144, 150, 211, 226, 269 access information 210 active tag and passive tag 122, 353 activity recognition 251, 255 adaptation 9, 70, 73, 78, 80, 82, 86, 144, 192, 327, 351, 443 additive manufacturing 14, 16, 18, 44, 106, 155–187, 189, 192, 198, 462–463 AEC/FM industry 245, 291, 301, 303, 326–328, 347 AECO 25, 131, 143–44, 147, 150 aerial construction 274, 279 agility 63, 66, 71, 86, 188, 265, 372 airspace 265, 272 alerts 32, 66, 70, 72, 73–74, 76, 78–79, 86, 357, 383, 435, 437 algorithms 10, 29, 38, 69, 76, 92, 95, 101, 113, 120, 124–125, 147–148, 150, 175, 198, 243, 246–249, 253–254, 279, 310–312, 315–321, 336, 351, 399, 401, 405–406, 408, 411 algorithmic image processing 143 analytics 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23, 37, 49, 57, 69, 72, 77–82, 132, 240, 242–244, 249, 256, 257–258, 307, 351, 355, 367, 372, 378, 381–386, 393, 399, 437, 442, 462–463, 467 appearance-based progress monitoring 252 AprilTags 313, 314, 316 architecture, engineering & construction 18, 75, 91–97, 99, 104, 107–109, 179, 188–190, 192–195, 199–201, 204–205, 222–226, 229–231, 237, 245, 291, 301, 326–328, 347, 355, 384, 440, 460, 462–467, 469–470, 475; and owner-operated 442 artificial intelligence 13, 32, 307, 375, 447, 462–463 as-built 93, 97, 114, 115, 127, 128, 146, 147, 150, 151, 211, 218, 245, 253, 255, 356, 451; models 114–115, 117, 248; BIM 142, 147–148; state 211, 218 as-designed 211, 218; information 150; models 148; states 211, 218 as-planned design 117 asset 5, 14, 24, 47, 65, 69, 72, 74, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 150, 181, 255, 327, 357, 397, 407, 409, 412, 437, 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 451, 452, 453; information models (AIM) 443 augmented reality (AR) 23, 38–39, 131 automated progress monitoring 241, 254 automation 9, 11–13, 14, 16, 18, 25–28, 47, 55, 56, 57, 97, 101, 107, 113, 131, 142, 148, 150, 156–158, 174–176, 189–194, 231, 249, 279, 289, 290–295, 299, 301, 309, 322, 326, 350, 371, 386, 396, 402, 409, 412, 462, 465, 470, 472; in construction 18, 101–102, 192, 290, 291 autonomous 23–24, 92, 100–101, 104, 107–09, 146, 156, 165, 197, 265–268, 273, 275, 279, 293, 297–299, 308–309, 312–13, 314, 316–17, 320, 322, 347, 400, 410–413, 434, 435, 443, 462–463, 470 BEP 397, 398 bi-directional coordination 113, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 127, 128, 284 483 Index big data 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 65, 81, 86, 211, 264, 291, 322, 350–355, 367, 399, 455, 462, 465, 469 big visual data 240 BIM (Building Information Modeling) 475; Collaboration Format (BCF) 228; data 26, 76, 136, 147, 148, 225, 233, 237, 437, 452; implementation 69, 76, 209, 214, 215, 218 Black Hats 449 blockchain 6, 13, 14, 16, 18, 66, 222, 237, 307, 395–413, 441, 444, 455, 462 bluetooth 98, 212, 312, 313, 354 building 5, 18; automation system (BAS) 28; elements 25, 159, 163, 180, 210, 211, 218, 226, 292, 469; energy management systems (BEMS) 28; information modeling (See BIM) 5, 25, 47, 57, 70, 135, 210, 212, 223, 240, 249, 328, 437, 441, 475; inspection 286; management system (BMS) 29, 412; managers 127; monitoring 18, 27, 134, 139, 146–47, 151, 212, 217, 240, 253, 278–79, 356, 358, 361 built environment 3, 5, 14–18, 23, 26, 30–32, 38, 71, 115, 150, 204, 240, 269, 302, 308–310, 314, 328, 395, 399, 401, 408–412, 442–448, 450, 470 camera 134, 150, 190, 191, 200, 245, 247, 248, 254, 257, 268, 270, 297, 313, 315, 317, 319, 321, 356 capture 6, 13, 25, 38, 54, 55, 56, 64, 69, 72, 80, 114–116, 133, 143, 145, 146–150, 195, 211, 226, 241, 243, 244–250, 254–257, 265, 269, 330, 347, 356, 377, 378, 382, 388, 393, 438, 445, 474 carbon monoxide tunnel 359 case study 17, 80, 91, 101, 102, 120, 173, 183, 195, 199, 240, 242, 244, 255–259, 307, 316, 319, 321, 333, 337, 344, 350, 359, 367, 396, 421, 426, 434, 438–444 centralized information control system 294 circular economy 9, 399, 400, 409, 410, 412 Civil Engineering 106, 252, 290, 291, 293 civil infrastructure systems 116 cloud based collaboration 18, 370, 372, 375, 376, 387, 388, 389 cloud computing 5, 6, 9, 13, 69, 95, 291, 328, 350, 355, 367, 375, 376, 396, 450, 462, 463, 465 collaboration framework 374, 380 collaborative project management 54, 370, 372, 379, 380, 381, 384, 386, 389, 390 collaborative virtual environments 123, 137, 139 common data environment (CDE) 13, 14, 43, 58, 59, 70, 71, 77, 83, 387, 441, 443, 445 communication 16, 18, 19, 23, 27, 38, 96, 100, 113, 116, 119, 127, 131, 136, 139, 202, 212, 228, 237, 242, 258, 268–271, 276, 317, 350–355, 358–360, 361, 362, 367, 374, 382, 397, 406, 427, 437, 445; inter-device 92, 95, 109, 223 competition 50, 83, 292, 386, 404 compliance checking processes 341 computer vision 143, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259 computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) 28 conditions and constraints 331, 333 constructability 26, 68, 121, 137, 181, 182, 193, 210, 218, 243, 257, 378 construction automation 113, 116, 176, 192, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 299, 303 construction coordination 262 construction engineering management 113, 126, 156, 326 construction information supply chain 375 construction life-cycle phases 309, 464, 467 construction management 54, 64, 357, 367, 396, 422 construction materials 114, 159, 252, 253, 255 construction monitoring 134, 278, 279 construction personnel 119 construction process 14, 94, 96, 99, 101, 104, 106, 109, 113–119, 128, 131, 155, 170, 189, 196, 209, 252, 258, 264, 279, 292, 342, 350, 357, 388, 396, 399, 423 construction production control 71, 390 construction productivity 303 construction progress; management 114; monitoring 27, 38, 135, 139, 409 construction project; management 371, 374, 380, 381; planning 377, 281 construction requirements 341, 342 construction resource tracking 250 construction risk management 330, 332, 333, 335, 336, 339, 442, 444, 452, 454 construction safety 27, 117, 137, 138, 327, 330, 350, 367 construction site 26, 101, 108, 123, 146, 169–171, 180, 197, 242, 245, 248, 252, 254, 257, 265–268, 274–280, 284, 289, 291, 293–295, 298, 322, 359, 365, 421, 440, 445; management 437 construction supply chain 76, 303, 328, 370, 371, 375, 376, 384, 409, 464, 467, 469, 471; maturity model 384 construction technology 70, 75, 241, 258, 291, 295, 390 construction value chain 328, 347 contracts 79, 399; computational 400, 409; construction 398–399; smart 18, 66, 398, 399, 400, 402, 406, 407, 409, 410, 453 contractor training 113, 127, 170 controlled factory environments 209 484 Index controls 53, 82, 271, 374; closed-loop 92, 97, 106, 267; systems 32, 36, 231, 294, 445, 449, 450; technologies 113, 116 coordination 6, 16, 18, 50, 67, 99, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 127, 171, 179, 202, 204, 209, 212, 217, 229, 242, 255, 256, 257, 278, 282, 284, 377, 379, 380, 396, 398, 427 coordinator 121, 122, 258, 354, 360, 361, 362, 363 cost management 54, 66, 146 CPCS sensing system 116, 119 crane Information model 329, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347 crane safety planning 329 critical; infrastructure 441, 443, 444, 446, 448, 449, 450, 452, 454, 455; path method 371, 421 culture 7, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 72, 74, 77, 85, 86, 108, 115, 196, 327, 373, 375, 379, 390, 399, 452, 465 Cyber 9; actors 449; attack 127, 443, 444, 448, 449, 454; crime 441, 443, 447, 448, 450, 451, 454; deterrence 441, 452, 453, 454; physical ; reconnaissance 282, 283, 442, 449; security 9, 14, 17, 301, 302, 303, 308, 442, 443, 444, 447, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 457; space 441, 448; threats 18, 303, 441, 444, 454; vulnerabilities 322 DAO 410, 411, 413 dashboard 72, 73, 82 data acquisition technologies 30, 97, 113, 117, 118, 119, 127 data: collection 16, 18, 28, 37, 147, 243, 248, 251, 254, 264, 268, 284, 293, 314–317, 321, 351, 355, 359, 361, 375, 387, 388, 400, 422, 439, 469; exchange 93, 94, 95, 96, 108, 142, 210, 218, 222, 226, 227, 231, 237, 387, 396; interoperability 32, 327; models 223, 224, 225, 226–229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237; standards 6, 13, 18, 32, 58, 59, 80, 83, 222, 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 235, 237, 387; visualization 26–28, 36, 38, 70–71, 76, 86, 104, 113, 132–136, 139, 212, 231, 243, 269, 274, 282, 327, 367 database 120–125, 126, 203, 232, 250, 255, 258, 284, 337, 344, 360, 361, 448, 455 decentralization 372, 388, 400 decision making 36, 53, 66, 78, 132, 134, 136, 139, 274, 306, 328, 329, 474; parameters 155, 160, 210, 386, 387; support 211, 290, 378, 388 deep learning 27, 241, 242, 250, 253, 254, 291, 469 demand 77, 79, 85, 99, 143, 150, 165, 167, 173, 190, 209, 217, 236, 273, 281, 308, 397, 399, 409, 465, 472 demonstrator project 196, 205 deposition 97, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 293 design: element 290, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339; for safety 330, 336, 338; review 134, 136, 137, 139; risk 331, 333, 336; solution 137, 171, 331, 332; team 25, 127, 137, 179, 181, 397; to-production 193 DFAB House 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 292, 293 DfS: language 336; required design features 331, 332, 333; rule 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339, 347 digital: construction 132, 150, 151, 158, 194, 396, 428; economies 441, 446, 447, 448, 453; ecosystem 1, 3, 4–5, 6, 13, 17, 18, 42–44, 47, 51–52, 53–54, 55, 58–60, 396, 412, 428, 453; fabrication 5, 18, 94, 96, 108, 188–205, 292, 293, 297, 465; platform 3, 42, 43, 50, 59, 202, 445; tools 11, 13, 14, 18, 43, 46, 51, 59, 189, 195, 202, 203, 327; transformation 5, 13, 26, 44, 46, 47, 54, 58, 59, 183, 240, 258, 284, 397, 410; twin 10, 11, 23, 24, 26, 37, 38, 44, 58, 66, 69, 70, 74, 76–80, 84, 85, 87, 92, 143, 146, 147, 341, 378, 380, 443 digitalization/digitization 93, 109, 204, 291, 293, 301, 302, 303, 326, 327, 328, 350, 351, 355, 367, 442, 443, 444, 450, 460, 465 disaster management 282 DLT 396, 399, 412 DMVR 150 document management system 379, 380–381 domain knowledge 18, 326, 328–29, 347, 383 drift: accumulation 318, 319, 320; correction 313, 315, 319, 321 drone 100, 167, 195, 247, 265, 271, 308, 439; fixed-wing 266, 356; hexacopters 266; quadcopter 266; rotary-wing 266 dust monitoring 280, 283, 300 dynamics 74, 114, 115, 117, 210, 212, 213, 215, 218, 296, 474 early design stages 204, 210 earned value methodology 372–373, 384, 393 earth moving 275, 276 ecosystem 11, 45, 47–48, 49, 50, 55, 57, 399, 405; digital 3, 4–5, 6, 13, 17, 18, 42–44, 47, 51–52, 53–54, 55, 56, 58–60, 396, 412, 428, 453; physical 49; business 50 educational framework 126 EIRs 397, 398, 400 electronic product code 79, 352–353, 377 endurance 271 energy analysis 69, 282, 355 engineering education 126, 472, 474–475 enterprise resource planning 377–378, 380–383 environmental 13, 25, 79, 82, 87, 127, 167, 168, 170, 174, 180, 189, 199, 212, 227, 241, 250, 254, 268, 280, 299, 314, 334, 340, 350, 354, 356, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 371, 396, 434, 442, 445–446, 472; monitoring 314; perception 350 485 Index exchange requirement (ER) 227–229 explicit knowledge 329, 340, 347 EXPRESS 224, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235 eXtensible Markup Language (XML) 32, 223–224, 226, 228–29, 231, 232, 233, 455n2, 455n5 extrusion 157, 158, 160, 161, 192, 198, 204, 227 facilities/facility: management 5, 36, 81, 131, 134, 135, 136, 139, 226, 242–43, 245, 291, 301, 303, 326–28, 347, 357, 400, 467; managers 28–29, 36, 121–22, 136, 313, 471 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 265, 271, 272–273, 284 fiducial markers 248, 313, 316, 317–319, 320, 321 field personnel 127 flight 144, 266–268, 270–271, 273, 279, 284, 356; regulation 272, 284; team 268, 284 foreshadow 68, 70 fourth industrial revolution 3, 7, 9, 19, 25, 43, 142, 301, 307, 350–351, 371–72, 395–396, 411–412, 462 fragmentation and inflexibility 19, 47, 209, 460 fusion 55, 157, 163 future 7, 9, 17, 18, 19, 23–30, 32, 36, 42, 58, 63, 68, 72, 77, 99, 108, 113, 126, 131, 139, 143, 146, 155, 157, 164, 168, 175, 179–83, 188, 193, 205, 231, 254, 258, 264, 274, 278, 289, 292, 299, 301, 327, 337, 347, 359, 367, 369, 372, 375, 383, 392, 397, 408, 421, 434, 439, 440, 442, 446, 454, 460, 463, 470, 474 genetic algorithm 69, 125, 312 geographic information system (GIS) 25, 27, 38, 231, 274 geometric variability 106, 210, 218 geotagging 321 global positioning system (GPS) 98, 134, 265, 267–268, 270, 312, 356 global warming 358 graph database 344 graph theory 311 Grey Hats 449 hazardous gas 359, 361–362, 363, 365, 366 hazards 28, 138, 170, 211, 218, 241, 278, 330, 331, 336, 340, 342, 356, 357, 361–362, 365, 445 head mounted displays 113, 137 human: -computer Interaction 446; in-the-loop 102, 117; -machine interaction 99, 102–103, 202, 268, 292, 301–303, 465; -UAS interaction 268, 284 IAARC 290, 291, 292, 294, 303 IFC 59, 211, 223–24, 227, 327, 334, 336; limitation 229, 231, 398; schema architecture 222, 225–226, 228–229, 232, 233, 234, 235–236 image-based 142–143, 257; 3D Reconstruction 245, 246–247, 252, 254; Sensing technologies 99, 115, 142–143 image processing 16, 143, 150, 241, 269, 282 immersive environments 138 improved quality 74, 196 in-situ fabricator (IF) 197, 293, 295, 297–298 indoor building environment applications 311 industrial/industrialized 5–6, 19, 60, 64, 97, 157, 162–163, 176, 194, 196, 199, 258–259, 265, 291, 293, 352, 358; automation 9, 100–101, 108, 164, 170, 189, 192, 197–198, 292, 294, 298, 301, 308, 310, 327, 353,449–450; construction 13, 16, 188, 192, 204; internet 24; revolution 3, 7, 9, 19, 43, 142, 301, 307, 350–51, 371–72, 395, 411–412, 460, 461, 462; vision 143, 222, 264, 441, 448, 453 industry 4.0 3, 7, 9–10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 26, 63, 80, 113–114, 131, 188, 199, 264, 293, 307, 327, 350–352, 367, 371–372, 387, 395–396, 411, 443, 447, 460, 464, 469, 472; adoption 191, 371; foundation class (IFC) 59, 211, 222–229, 231–232, 233–34, 235–236, 327, 334, 336, 398 inertia measurement units IMU 123, 249, 312 inference mechanism 336 information: and communication technology (ICT) 113, 352, 446; delivery manual (IDM) 227–229; recognition 148; technology 46–47, 375–376, 401, 450 infrastructure 24, 28, 30, 32, 58, 96–97, 106, 114, 116, 123, 132, 181, 196, 224–225, 233, 235, 242, 245, 258, 281–282, 299, 302, 312–313, 316, 322, 327–328, 351–352, 355, 358–359, 371, 374, 396–397, 403, 407, 410, 412–413, 441–448, 450, 452–455, 465, 475 innovation 1, 3, 6–7, 11, 15–17, 18, 19, 23–26, 28, 30, 32, 42–44, 46–47, 50, 51, 59–60, 62–76, 80–81, 83–86, 87, 108, 113, 156, 163, 181, 182–183, 190, 192–193, 196–200, 202–205, 212, 214, 216, 237, 299, 301, 308, 350, 356, 398, 404–405, 410, 421, 434, 435, 436–442, 444–447, 454, 460, 462–467, 469–472, 474–475 insights 65–66, 70, 72, 74, 76–79, 83, 86, 104, 199, 328, 347, 375, 389, 437, 439, 442, 454, 463, 467, 469 in-situ fabrication 164, 168, 177, 199 inspection 18, 27, 101, 134, 146–418, 150, 240–243, 248, 257, 264–269, 274, 278–729, 281–284, 289, 294, 308, 313, 345, 356, 378 instance data 224 integrated 10, 13, 16, 18, 23–24, 32, 37–39, 44, 48, 64, 66, 70–71, 76, 84–85, 87, 92–99, 106, 108–109, 113–114, 117, 122, 127, 137, 143, 148, 150, 156, 170–172, 180, 188–189, 192, 198–199, 210, 230, 237, 242, 256, 264–65, 486 Index 267, 282, 294, 329–330, 336–337, 347, 351–352, 355, 357, 359–360, 372, 387, 398, 409–410, 441, 446, 470–471, 473; practice/ manner 13, 372; project controls 223, 237, 374–375, 379–381; project delivery 64, 74, 76, 78, 93, 127, 188, 460, 465, 469–471 integration 6, 9–13, 16,18, 23–26, 29, 32, 37, 44, 47, 55, 57–60, 63–67, 70–74, 76, 81, 83–86, 91–99, 106, 108–109, 113–114, 117–118, 122, 127, 131, 137, 143, 148, 150, 156, 169–172, 177, 179–182, 188–189, 192, 198–199, 202, 210, 218, 223, 230, 232, 240–243, 248–249, 256, 264–267, 270, 275, 282, 289, 292–94, 301, 326–37, 347, 350–52, 355, 359, 361, 363–64, 367, 374–75, 377–381, 386–387, 392, 398, 409–410, 436, 441, 446, 451, 460, 465–475 intelligent buildings 302, 358 intelligentization 350–351 international framework for dictionaries (IFD) 228 internet of things (IoT) 6, 9–10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23–24, 30, 38–39, 43, 54, 66, 92, 109, 132, 146, 180–181, 211, 222–223, 233, 237, 264, 307, 326, 350–359, 367, 396–397, 408–409, 445, 465, 469 interoperability 6, 9, 12–13, 18, 32, 47, 53, 94, 96, 104, 108–109, 223, 225–226, 229–231, 237, 327, 351–352, 367, 372, 379, 381,382, 386–387, 389, 398, 406, 410–411 investment 63, 69, 71, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 85, 168, 175, 181, 204, 213, 218, 241–242, 259, 290, 308, 322, 340, 371, 389, 395–396, 408, 410, 444, 447 ISARC 289–290, 291, 292 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 223–224, 229, 231 jump factory 171 key performance indicator (KPI) 7, 65, 69, 78, 81, 86, 372, 381, 383, 386–387, 393 knowledge 12, 13, 27, 59, 63, 66, 71–77, 83, 102, 116–17, 123, 138, 176, 203, 211, 214, 218, 233, 249, 272, 328–331, 334, 340–342, 344, 347, 351–353, 373, 383, 410, 426, 442, 454, 464, 469, 472; enriched BIM 18, 326, 329, 347; formalization 330; library 330–331, 334, 336–337, 339; representation 330, 341; transfer 7, 210–211, 217–218, 408, 475 labor productivity 66, 70, 81, 82, 370, 437, 462, 475 LADAR 143 laggard 44, 63, 64, 83 landmark based localization 316 laser: pulses 144, 269; scanning 5, 6, 13, 23, 37, 39, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 252, 270, 356, 477 last planner 71, 373, 380, 380, 480 LawTech 399 leadership 21, 44, 62, 68, 73, 78, 79, 81, 86, 460 lean construction 67, 71, 357, 367, 373, 379, 380, 382, 384, 469; maturity model 480 learning 13, 23, 27, 66, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80, 84, 87, 123, 134, 138, 215, 218, 241, 250, 253, 291, 379, 384, 389, 409, 469, 474 legal concerns 284 LegalTech 399, 412, 413 legislation 94, 109, 283, 399, 447, 470, 475 liability 71, 283, 284 light detection and ranging (LiDAR) 249, 267, 270, 275, 480 lighting 122, 137, 164, 172, 269, 280, 313, 314, 316, 462 lightweight translucent faỗade system 198 linked data 233, 235, 236 living augmented reality 136, 480 localization 29, 97, 98, 100, 106, 245–249, 297, 309, 312–317, 321, 322, 367, 481 logistics 70, 77, 81, 90, 176, 178, 181, 182, 190, 203, 212, 242, 244, 353, 357, 367, 398, 407, 421 machine: learning 23, 28, 65, 66, 68, 76, 80, 83, 95, 101, 120, 242, 250–255, 258, 307, 375, 480; -to-Machine (M2M) 24, 480; vision 90, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 290 malware 448, 449 management information system 382, 480 manipulating 282 manpower 291, 340, 341 manual 94, 136, 146, 147, 148, 156, 169, 170, 176, 230, 250, 267, 268, 326, 357, 382, 429, 439, 452, 479 manufacturing 7, 9, 10–12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 26, 44, 63, 95–98, 102, 106, 108, 131, 142, 147, 150, 155, 157–166, 169–177, 179, 181, 183, 189, 192, 198, 202, 209, 264, 293, 327, 350, 353, 357, 367, 371, 396, 400, 408, 441, 460–464, 470, 475 marker detection 315, 318, 321 market: placement 314, 318; pressure 63, 64, 72, 73, 85 marketing 282 material systems 91, 92, 94, 100, 106, 194 maturity model 370, 384, 386, 391, 457, 478 mesh mould 197, 198, 200 mixed reality (MR) 18, 25, 26, 38, 54, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 139, 480 MLS 146, 147, 480 mobile augmented reality 133, 480 mobile robots 308, 309, 316 model view definition (MVD) 228, 229, 236, 480 487 Index modeling 5, 13, 25, 47, 57, 66, 70, 135, 148, 150, 162, 189, 207, 210, 212, 218, 223, 227, 229, 237, 240, 245, 249, 293, 308, 328, 351, 377, 380, 437, 441, 462, 465, 467, 471, 475, 478 modularity 53, 229, 235, 388 multi-depot 310, 480 multiple travelling salesman problem 310, 480 multispectral camera 268 multisystem platforms 195 multi-tier architecture analysis 360 multi-trade prefabrication 18, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 480 processing 16, 94–96, 101, 104, 106, 109, 117, 119, 131, 134, 143–148, 150, 163, 189, 194, 198, 241, 269–271, 282, 322, 328, 352, 354, 357, 360, 387, 404, 442, 443 production network 209, 217, 218 productivity 7, 12, 26, 37, 42–44, 64–66, 70, 81–87, 96, 114, 125, 131, 139, 181, 199, 209, 217, 240, 243, 250, 254, 259, 274, 291, 295, 299, 303, 308, 322, 326, 351, 358, 370, 374, 376, 378, 382, 388, 396, 437, 443, 462, 465, 469, 475 program evaluation and review technique (PERT) 371, 372, 373 progress capture 147, 150, 383, 388 progress control 356 progress monitoring 19, 27, 38, 116, 135, 139, 151, 241, 245, 250, 254, 279, 308, 409 progress rate 209 project delivery networks 5, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 71, 78, 83, 84, 87 project evaluation 274, 275 project lifecycle management (PLM) 204 project management 16, 57, 120, 150, 204, 212, 276, 370–376, 379–381, 384, 386–390, 393, 410, 470, 475 project trades 210, 217, 218 publically-funded projects 215, 218 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 24, 480 navigation 23, 249, 265, 267, 270, 279, 309, 310, 312–15, 316, 319–322, 479 NEST 107, 196 network topology 355 networked systems 99 object: detection 250, 251; model 224, 228; recognition 143, 148, 255, 298; tracking 250 occupancy-based progress monitoring 252, 254 off-site construction 13, 192, 209, 210 on-demand building automation 28, 231, 232, 237 on-site: factory 98; robot 192, 194, 195; robotic fabrication 198, 199 operation and maintenance 26, 32, 307, 309, 330, 336, 358, 445, 469 optical laser scanners 142 optoelectronic devices 143, 146 optoelectric technology 142, 143 quality assessment 147, 148, 240, 241, 242, 257 quality control 26, 27, 94, 96, 101, 146, 147, 151, 196, 378 querying mechanism 231, 241, 449 PAS 1192-5 302, 452 path planning 29, 316 pathway 75 pattern recognition 32, 74, 143, 443 payload capacity 271 phase shift 144, 145 photogrammetry 143, 145, 150, 227 platform product 44 point cloud data 143, 144, 147, 150, 249, 269, 356 pose estimation 250, 251, 255, 315 post-processing algorithms 147, 148, 150 post-construction 144, 148, 242, 264, 281 pre-construction 138, 242, 274 prefabrication 5, 13, 16, 25, 82, 84, 102, 104, 158, 164, 175, 180, 189, 192, 197–199, 207, 209, 212–218, 292, 299, 428, 470 prevention-through-design 330 privacy 83, 272, 283, 284, 308, 384, 388, 403, 457 process standard 7, 17, 374 radio frequency identification (RFID) tag 28, 37, 38, 98, 119–23, 125, 146, 270, 312, 313, 350, 351, 353, 357, 367, 377, 388, 436, 463 ransomware 448, 449 real-time capability 115 real-time monitoring 13, 16, 43, 113–116, 212, 284, 355, 443 reality capture 6, 13, 54–56, 66, 80, 143, 244, 248, 249, 255, 256, 257, 438 reinforcement learning algorithm 124 remote office 121 remote pilot certification 272, 273 representational state transfer (REST) 223 request for information 83 research and development 6, 7, 17, 95, 155, 167, 180, 183, 203, 242, 258, 289, 308, 309 resource availability 209, 217, 218 resource description framework 342 RGB Camera 268, 269, 319 risk management 170, 172, 302, 377, 387 risk register 330, 333, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339 risk review system 330, 336, 338 robot classification 308 488 Index robot swarms 291 robot system 268 robotic(s) construction 102, 292, 295, 463, 465 robotic fabrication 97, 189, 194, 198, 199 robotics operation system 317 robotics system 107, 108, 170, 181, 191, 289, 290, 293, 295, 300, 303, 307, 315, 322, 345 robotic technology 290, 291, 303, 308 root cause 54, 63, 66, 67, 77, 370, 381, 454 route planning 29, 309, 310, 312, 322 router 189, 354, 355, 360, 361, 362, 365 RTLS system 125, 126 safety breaches 211, 218 safety compliance 326, 340, 341, 342, 344, 347 safety management 29, 113, 115, 211, 212, 218, 251, 257, 278, 350, 356–359, 361, 365, 366, 367 scan-to-BIM 148, 149 scan-vs-BIM 148, 149 security and privacy models 283 security and surveillance 276 self-organized network 359 semantic information 29, 148, 150, 226, 237, 254, 328 semi-autonomous 92, 101, 107, 267, 268, 279, 309 sensing systems 115, 116, 119, 127 sensor feedback 92, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106 sensor integration 95 sensor node 350, 354, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365 sensor technology 265 service orientation 9, 351, 372, 388 service robots 292, 312 SfM 150, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 356 SHoP Architects 98, 137, 190, 191, 200, 201, 205 simulation(s) 5, 6, 13, 24, 29, 67, 69, 74, 76, 79, 81, 85, 91, 95, 106, 109, 116, 123, 132, 136, 139, 204, 211, 213, 215, 225, 251, 254, 268, 347, 355, 367, 421, 436, 463, 467, 471 single task robot 289, 293, 294, 197 site communication 276 site planning 242, 274, 275 site transportation 277 skill gaps 123 skilled labor 167, 183, 192, 291, 294, 422, 465 Sky factory 295, 299, 300 SLAM 245, 248, 249, 258, 316 slip-forming 198 small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) 397, 443, 444, 464 smart building 29, 30, 223, 237, 350, 352, 358 smart built Environment 30, 31, 32, 38, 358, 443 smart cities/City 9, 24, 30, 37, 79, 233, 302, 441, 445, 446, 447, 450 smart construction Sites 463, 468 smart dynamic Casting (SDC) 198, 200 smart factories 7, 351, 353, 463, 467 smart grid 24 smart helmets 69, 136 smart slab 198, 200 social engineering 449 spatial interference check 343, 344 spatial timber assemblies 198, 199, 200 specialized contractors 209 speckle noise 144 stakeholders 17, 19, 24–25, 27, 30, 38, 48, 50, 53, 59, 63, 66–69, 76–87, 104, 108, 115, 131, 137, 168, 174, 181, 225, 259, 268, 303, 326, 330, 370, 373–383, 386–390, 396, 409, 412, 421, 427, 439, 443, 451, 462, 465, 467, 471, 474 Standard for the Exchange of Product (STEP) 224, 227, 229 standards 6, 12, 13, 17, 24, 32, 59, 70, 72, 78–80, 83, 94, 109, 168, 170, 173, 177, 190, 196, 211, 222–225, 227–231, 233, 237, 279, 282, 327, 352, 374, 386, 389, 404, 408, 446, 453, 474 Structural Engineer 120, 121, 167 structural health monitoring 146, 147, 151, 350, 358 structural safety 358 structure from motion 150, 242, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 356 subcontracting 209, 371 superimposed 102, 210, 218, 252 supply chain management 113, 115, 170, 181 surveying 5, 104, 145, 147, 249, 250, 270, 283, 294, 356 Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) 195, 205 system architecture 113, 114, 118, 119, 341, 462 system dynamics 210, 213, 215 system integration 196, 361 tacit knowledge 329 take-off 480, 482 task allocation 308–310 taxonomy 50,226, 251, 331, 463, 467 telecommunication 273, 302 temporary and multidisciplinary teams 211 thermal camera 268 threat Modeling 322 time of flight 144 TLS 146 tokenization 407 traditional construction 64, 66, 167, 169, 171, 180, 210, 474 training Requirements 284 transformation 3, 5, 16, 44, 64, 73, 240, 321, 421 transparency 63, 77, 242, 243, 327, 379 489 Index travelling Salesman Problem 310 trends 3, 5, 9, 13, 58, 63, 66, 192, 257, 302, 326, 460, 467 triangulation 144 trust 65, 79 twin 10, 23 UN Studio 190 unmanned aerial systems (UAS) 194, 265 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 265 value stream mapping 381 variability 209, 210, 218 virtual design and construction 131, 182, 255 virtual environments 123, 137 virtual instructor 123 virtual reality (VR) 16, 23, 131, 139, 282 virtual site 125 virtualization 372, 387, 463 visual production management 255 visual line-of-sight (VLOS) 272 visualization 26, 36, 104, 132, 269, 367 vulnerability 83, 403 waste 16, 63, 64, 67, 137, 164, 167, 380, 421 wearable technology 445 web ontology 223 White Hats 449 wi-fi 98, 134, 268, 312, 316, 354 wireless sensor 113; network 350 work blockages 209, 217 work integration architectures 210 work packaging 66, 70 workforce training 113 work-related musculoskeletal disorders 123 workspace 309, 344, 423, 426 ZigBee 98, 354, 360 490 ... us to plan, design, deliver, and operate built environment assets more effectively and efficiently by focusing on the physical-to-digital transformation and then digital-to-physical transformation... time for the built environment sector and for the transformation of the construction processes that deliver it But there is a level of pace of change that is needed now to deliver, transform, and... processes and practices that allow us to plan, design, and deliver built environment assets more effectively and efficiently by focusing on the physical-to-digital transformation and then digital-to-physical