T HE N ETWORK P RESS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NETWORKING S ECOND E DITION W ERNER F EIBEL N OW I MPROVED — THE M OST C OMPREHENSIVE C OMPENDIUM OF N ETWORKING C ONCEPTS , I SSUES , AND T ERMS C OVERS N ET W ARE 4.1, W INDOWS 95, W INDOWS NT S ERVER 3.51, U NIX W ARE 2, AND OS/2 W ARP C ONNECT F ULL T EXT ON CD-ROM FOR Q UICK E LECTRONIC R EFERENCE The Encyclopedia of Networking The Encyclopedia of Networking Second Edition The First Edition of this book was published under the title Novell’s® Complete Encyclopedia of Networking Werner Feibel San Francisco ■ Paris ■ Düsseldorf ■ Soest Acquisitions Editor: Kristine Plachy Developmental Editor: Guy Hart-Davis Editors: Kristen Vanberg-Wolff and Maureen Adams Technical Editor: Mary Madden Book Designer: Seventeenth Street Studios Technical Illustrators: Cuong Le, Heather Lewis, and Alan Smith Desktop Publisher: London Road Design Production Coordinator: Nathan Johanson Indexer: Matthew Spence Cover Designer: Archer Design Cover Photographer: Dewitt Jones SYBEX is a registered trademark of SYBEX Inc Network Press and the Network Press logo are trademarks of SYBEX Inc TRADEMARKS: SYBEX has attempted throughout this book to distinguish proprietary trademarks from descriptive terms by following the capitalization style used by the manufacturer Every effort has been made to supply complete and accurate information However, SYBEX assumes no responsibility for its use, nor for any infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties which would result from such use The first edition of this book was published under the title Novells đ Complete Encyclopedia of Networking â1995 SYBEX Inc Copyright ©1996 SYBEX Inc., 2021 Challenger Drive, Alameda, CA 94501 World rights reserved No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photograph, magnetic or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher Library of Congress Card Number: 95-72476 ISBN: 0-7821-1829-1 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 ▼ Warranty SYBEX warrants the enclosed CD-ROM to be free of physical defects for a period of ninety (90) days after purchase If you discover a defect in the CD during this warranty period, you can obtain a replacement CD at no charge by sending the defective CD, postage prepaid, with proof of purchase to: SYBEX Inc Customer Service Department 2021 Challenger Drive Alameda, CA 94501 (800) 227-2346 Fax: (510) 523-2373 After the 90-day period, you can obtain a replacement CD by sending us the defective CD, proof of purchase, and a check or money order for $10, payable to SYBEX ▼ Disclaimer SYBEX makes no warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to this medium or its contents, quality, performance, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose In no event will SYBEX, its distributors, or dealers be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to use the software even if advised of the possibility of such damage The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states Therefore, the above exclusion may not apply to you This warranty provides you with specific legal rights; there may be other rights that you may have that vary from state to state ▼ Copy Protection None of the material on the CD is copy-protected However, in all cases, reselling or making copies of these programs without authorization is expressly forbidden [In] a certain Chinese encyclopedia…it is written that animals are divided into: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) those belonging to the Emperor those that are embalmed tame ones suckling pigs sirens fabulous ones stray dogs those included in the present classification those that tremble as if mad innumerable ones those drawn with a very fine camelhair brush others those that have just broken the water pitcher those that look like flies from a long way off Jorge Luis Borges Acknowledgments As with the first edition, this book would never have been completed without the help of many people These people deserve thanks for all their efforts and energy Guy Hart-Davis convinced me that it was time for a revision and set me to work Several people did splendid work during the production process: Kris Vanberg-Wolff, a veteran of the first edition, worked on the revision until her planned departure for the calmer (and tastier) world of cooking school Maureen Adams, Laura Arendal, and Nathan Johanson took over the production chores after Kris left They did an excellent job, especially considering the short notice and even shorter revision schedule My heartfelt thanks to all these folks Mary Madden’s technical reviews were always full of gentle, constructive corrections and useful suggestions for improvements Although I may not have been smart enough to act on all of them, the suggestions have improved the book immensely—for which I’m very grateful Kris Vanberg-Wolff’s eagle eyes and infallible grammatical sense found and fixed my awkward phrasings, stylistic inconsistencies, and grammatical aberrations I shudder to think what the book would have looked like without the benefit of these efforts As always, I’m very grateful to all the people who worked between and behind the scenes to make this book, and also to those who created the compact disc Thanks also to the many people who sent me information about their products and who took the time to answer my questions Finally, I dedicate this book to my wife Luanne and my daughter Molly—for all the joy and fun they provide, during both work and play hours Table of Contents Introduction Entries (Listed Alphabetically) Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B: Bibliography and Other Resources Index ix 1113 1235 1251 ... The Encyclopedia of Networking The Encyclopedia of Networking Second Edition The First Edition of this book was published under the title Novell’s® Complete Encyclopedia of Networking. .. permission of the publisher Library of Congress Card Number: 9 5-7 2476 ISBN: 0-7 82 1-1 82 9-1 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 ▼ Warranty SYBEX warrants the enclosed CD-ROM to be free of physical... arising out of the use of or inability to use the software even if advised of the possibility of such damage The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states Therefore, the above