A critical discourse analysis on Barack Obama''''s race speech = Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán bài diễn văn về chủng tộc của Barack Obama. M.A Thesis Linguistic: 60 22 15

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES LÊ NỮ THU HẰNG A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON BARACK OBAMA’S RACE SPEECH (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN BÀI DIỄN VĂN VỀ CHỦNG TỘC CỦA BARACK OBAMA) MA COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 HÀ NỘI - 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES LÊ NỮ THU HẰNG A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON BARACK OBAMA’S RACE SPEECH (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN BÀI DIỄN VĂN VỀ CHỦNG TỘC CỦA BARACK OBAMA) MA COMBINED PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 Supervisor: Assoc Professor, TRẦN HỮU MẠNH, PhD HÀ NỘI - 2010 vi CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv ABBREVIATIONS v CONTENTS vi PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Scope of the study Aims of the study Methodology Design Significance of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 What is CDA? 1.2 Concepts of CDA and clarifications 1.2.1 Critical, Ideology, Power and Dominance, Racism 1.2.2 Discourse and racism 10 1.3 CDA in the world and in Vietnam 11 1.3.1 CDA in the world 11 1.3.2 CDA in Vietnam 13 1.4 Fairclough’s analytical framework 14 1.5 Systemic Functional Grammar and its role in CDA 18 CHAPTER 2: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF BARACK OBAMA’S RACE SPEECH 22 2.1 Context of the speech 22 2.1.1 Sociocutural and historical context 22 2.1.2 Barack Obama’s campaign and Reverend Wright’s controversy 23 vii 2.2 Discourse analysis 29 2.2.1 Vocabulary analysis 29 2.2.1.1 Experiential value of words 29 2.2.1.2 Relational value of words 33 2.2.1.3 Expressive value of words 37 2.2.1.4 Metaphors 41 2.2.2 Grammar analysis 43 2.2.2.1 Experiential value of grammar 43 2.2.2.2 Relational value of grammar 47 2.2.2.3 Expressive value of grammar 50 2.2.3 Macro-structure and argumentative strategy analysis 52 2.2.4 Rhetoric techniques analysis 58 2.3 Interpretation 61 2.3.1 Situational context 61 2.3.2 Intertextual context 64 2.3.2.1 Obama’s race speech in relation with his previous speeches and the collective language 64 2.3.2.2 Presuppositions and speech acts 68 2.4 Explanation 71 2.4.1 The determination of social structures on Obama’s discourse 71 2.4.2 The effects of the discourse on social structures 73 PART C: CONCLUSION 75 Summary of the discourse analysis 75 Conclusion 78 Implications and suggestions for further study 78 REFERENCES 79 APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Barack Obama’s speech on race “A more perfect union” ………………………………………………I Appendix 2: Transitivity analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………XI Appendix 3: Barack Obama’s announcement for presidency………………………………… XXXIII iv LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 1: Dimensions of discourse and discourse analysis (Fairclough, 1995a: 98) 14 Figure 2: Interpretation (Fairclough, 2001: 119) 16 Figure 3: Explanation (Fairclough, 2001: 136) 18 Figure 4: Examples of Material clauses 19 Figure 5: Examples of Mental clauses 19 Figure 6: Examples of Relational clauses 20 Figure 7: Examples of Verbal clauses 20 Figure 8: Example of Behavioral process 21 Figure 9: Example of Existential clause 21 Figure 10: Summary of transitivity analysis 43 LISTS OF TABLES Table 1: The Preamble 53 Table 2: The race problem in the campaign 54 Table 3: The current situation 55 Table 4: The solutions 56 v ABBREVIATIONS CDA: Critical discourse analysis MLK: Martin Luther King JFK: John Fitzgerald Kennedy RFK: Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale Barack Hussein Obama, the Illinois Senator, was elected the 44th president of the United States on Tuesday, November, 2008, ―sweeping away the last racial barrier in politics with ease as the country chose him as its first black chief executive‖ (The New York Times, 4, November, 2004) The Guardian commented: ―What is not open to doubt is that Mr Obama's win is a milestone in America's racial and cultural evolution.‖ (The Guardian, Wednesday November 2008, italics mine) Obama's campaign was marked by his eloquent speeches, passionate supporters and worldwide fanfare for the Democratic candidate In speech after speech, Barack Obama ―fired up‖ millions of enthusiastic supporters with his compelling rhetoric and charismatic presence However, during his campaign, Obama had to face a fraught moment: while his campaign was conducted to transcend the issue of race and try to build a coalition of racial and ethnic groups favoring change, his longtime pastor Jeremiah Wright declared that ―God damn America‖ for its mistreatment of blacks and that the country had provoked the September, 11, 2001 attacks The incendiary excerpts of Wright’s sermons dominated airwaves and generated great anger among white Americans, threatening to undermine Obama’s promise to bind up racial and political divisions Being between the devil and the deep blue sea, Obama decided to give a speech His campaign said that he wrote the speech himself overnight two days before he delivered it His race speech ―A more perfect union‖ on Tuesday, March 18th, 2008 in Philadelphia is considered historic by the American mass media and drew praise of American people and the political spectrum The speech electrified the whole America and stimulated millions of comments on televisions, radio talk shows, newspapers, websites, blogs, and discussions in offices, academic institutions and churches all over America Commentators employed a lot of words to describe the speech: ―eloquent, brilliant, exemplary, sweeping, stirring, moving, passionate, emotional, courageous, gutsy, sophisticated, exceptional, breathtakingly unconventional, etc‖ The speech tactfully ―rescued‖ Obama from the scandal, stably consolidated his position as a heavy candidate for presidency, and more importantly, opened up a national conversation about race – a very sensitive topic that people only ―tiptoe‖ around It did help him lift up the racial barrier on the way to obtain the highest powerful position as the chief commander of the United States of America Therefore, the speech proves to be worthy of close study to find out the power of the language by Barack Obama - a black politician - in the fight against racism and inequality The study is an attempt to clarify why the speech was such a success, how Obama handled his language to obtain power and contribute significantly to change social reality The study is an effort to give an explanation to the unbelievable success of the Illinois Senator in the USA society from linguistic point of view, under the light of Critical Discourse Analysis Scope of the study The analysis of Barack Obama’s race speech is restricted in verbal aspects of the speech and some characteristics of the United States context at the time the speech was given Paralinguistic factors are also important in the effect of a discourse, but they exceed the limits of an M.A thesis Hence, these factors are excluded The speech is quite long; it contains 4,909 words and lasts 37 minutes Therefore, I just investigate the most salient linguistic aspects of the speech such as vocabulary, some grammatical properties (transitivity, pronouns, modality), textual features (macro-structure, rhetoric techniques) and some pragmatic traits Themes and mood are not examined Aims of the study The proposed study serves the following aims: - First, to examine the political discourse Barack Obama’s race speech from CDA perspectives with a view to uncovering how he exercises ideology and obtains his power, how he persuades people through his language use, what has made the speech great and what the relations between Obama’s individual language and the USA collective language are - Second, to promote critical thinking of language users and learners in approaching political discourse by raising their awareness the role of language - a sharp weapon in power and ideology struggles to create social changes In order to achieve these aims, the research questions are: How are Obama’s power and ideology manifested in terms of linguistic features such as lexicon, grammar, macro-structure, pragmatic properties and rhetoric techniques? How can these linguistic features contribute to the eloquence of the speech? What are the relations between the production and interpretation of the discourse in terms of situational context and intertextual context? What are the relationships of Obama’s invidual language and the collectival language? How is the speech constituted by social structures? And what are the effects of the speech on social structures? Methodology Approach and methods This study is attached to Fairclough's approach with the reason that his analytical framework founded on SFL has been one of the most comprehensive frameworks of CDA It covers in details three levels of discourse analysis: Description, Interpretation and Explanation This framework will be described more clearly in Part B, Chapter 1, section 1.4 Fairclough’s analytical framework When carrying out Fairclough’s three stages, I resort to both quantitative and qualitative methods, with the dominance of the later In Description stage, these two methods will be carried out to examine some linguistic features and their use in the speech Quantitative method will be used to analyze linguistic features such as the vocabulary, the pronouns, processes etc in terms of quantity Qualitative method will be employed to assess the effects of such linguistic features to express power, ideology and create the persuasiveness of the speech In Interpretation stage, qualitative method will be applied to socio-cultural, historical factors analysis and pragmatic analysis in order to clarify the social, historical and cultural relations between Obama and the contemporary U.S society, how these relations influence the creation and reception of the discourse In Explanation stage, qualitative method will also be made use of to find out how the discourse is determined by society and what influences the speech might have on Obama invidually and the US society in general Data collection Firstly, the race speech is collected from the website www.obamaspeeches.com Next, some of Obama’s previous speeches are collected They are The Keynote Address at the Democratic National Convention 2004 and Announcement for President, February 2007 The former marked the first appearance of Obama as a rising star on the political stage The latter is related to the content of the analyzed discourse Particularly, it is said that Obama’s language echoes many orators in the past, so some famous speeches are selected: I have a dream (Martin Luther King), the Cooper Union Speech and the Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln), the Address to a Greater Houston (John F Kennedy) Lastly, some related online articles are also compiled from Internet to get more insight in the production and interpretation of the text, as well as evaluate the effects of the speech on social processes They are articles from the most popular websites such as The Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, etc Data analysis First of all, the major features of context are provided so that the readers can understand more about the appearance of the speech Then, the speech will be analyzed in three stages In Description stage, the speech will be interpreted in terms of discoursal features, which include lexical, grammatical characteristics, macro-structure and rhetoric techniques In Interpretation stage, the speech will be investigated in terms of situational context and intertextual context Situational context will be looked at from social, cultural, and historical features With regard to intertextual context, the race speech will be put in the links with some of Obama’s previous related speeches and other speeches by Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King and John Kennedy Besides, pragmatic analysis will reveal how effectively Obama employs presuppositions and speech acts to convey his ideology and messages to the audience In Explanation stage, the impacts of the discourse on American society in terms of the fight against racism and the securing Obama’s power will be discussed 83 84 What’s remarkable what Value Carrier is not ‘s RELATIONAL RELATIONAL how many failed remarkable Token Attribute how many how many men and women Actor Actor failed overcame MATERIAL MATERIAL the odds Goal how many Actor were able to make MATERIAL a way Goal who Actor would come MATERIAL who Actor scratched MATERIAL and clawed MATERIAL their way Goal were EXISTENTIAL many Existent it by discrimination Goal Actor there 85 87 Actor Goal didn’t make were ultimately defeated MATERIAL MATERIAL That legacy of defeat passed Goal was passed MATERIAL we those young men and increasingly young women Senser see MENTAL Actor standing MATERIAL who Actor or languishing did make MATERIAL MATERIAL it Goal questions of race, and racism (questions of race and racism) Actor Actor continue to define MATERIAL MATERIAL their worldview Goal the memories … Actor have not gone away; nor has MATERIAL MATERIAL the anger and the bitterness years Actor Goal may not get expressed MATERIAL Actor Goal does find is exploited MATERIAL MATERIAL voice by politicians Attribute Actor to gin up MATERIAL votes Goal or to make up for MATERIAL a politician’s own failings Recipient finds MATERIAL voice Attribute reminds MENTAL us Senser are RELATIONAL surprised Attribute 88 That anger 89 90 it that anger 91 it 92 The fact … many people Actor Phenome -non Carrier XXI 86 who who 93 94 96 97 98 MENTAL EXISTENTIAL that anger Phenomenon Existent That anger it Carrier Actor is not distracts RELATIONAL MATERIAL always productive attention Attribute Goal it Actor keeps MATERIAL us (it) Actor and prevents MATERIAL the African-American community Goal (we) Carrier facing RELATIONAL our own complicity Attribute (the African-American community) Actor forging MATERIAL the alliances Goal it Actor needs MATERIAL (the alliances) the anger Actor Carrier to bring about is MATERIAL RELATIONAL real change real; Goal Attribute it Carrier is RELATIONAL powerful Attribute to simply wish it away, to condemn it Token only serves RELATIONAL to widen the chasm Value to simply wish to condemn MENTAL VERBAL it away it Phenomenon the chasm Goal Verbiage to widen MATERIAL that Existent exists EXISTENTIAL a similar anger Most working- and middle-class white Americans Existent exists EXISTENTIAL Senser don’t feel MENTAL that race Phenomenon they Goal MATERIAL by their race Goal Their experience Token have been particularly privileged is RELATIONAL the immigrant experience Value They Carrier ’re RELATIONAL concerned no one Actor ’s handed MATERIAL them anything they Actor ’ve built MATERIAL it Attribute Recipient, Goal Goal They Actor ’ve worked MATERIAL (they) Senser to see MENTAL their jobs …labor Phenomenon their jobs Goal shipped overseas MATERIAL XXII 95 the most segregated hour to hear occurs Goal Carrier dumped are MATERIAL RELATIONAL their dreams Senser Actor and feel slipping away MENTAL MATERIAL comes MATERIAL to be seen MENTAL your dreams Actor Phenome non Token come RELATIONAL they Receiver are told VERBAL (they) they Actor Senser to bus hear an African American Token they themselves Actor they anxious Attribute at my expense Value MATERIAL MENTAL their children Goal is getting RELATIONAL an advantage Value never committed MATERIAL Receiver ’re told VERBAL their fears Carrier are RELATIONAL somehow prejudiced Attribute 101 resentment these resentments Actor Goal builds aren’t always expressed MATERIAL MATERIAL 102 103 they Anger Actor Actor have helped shape helped forge MATERIAL MATERIAL the political landscape the Reagan Coalition Goal Goal 104 Politicians Talk show hosts and conservative commentators Actor routinely exploited MATERIAL fears Goal Actor built MATERIAL entire careers Goal Actor unmasking MATERIAL bogus claims of racism Goal black anger Actor Carrier dismissing often proved MATERIAL RELATIONAL legitimate discussions counterproductive Goal Attribute these white resentments Actor have … distracted MATERIAL attention Goal a Washington Goal dominated MATERIAL by lobbyists and special interests Actor that Actor favor MATERIAL the few Goal to wish away MENTAL the resentments of white Americans Phenomenon to label MATERIAL them Goal 99 opportunity (opportunities) 100 105 106 107 XXIII their pension They 108 109 110 111 113 114 Attribute this Actor widens MATERIAL the racial divide Goal (this) This Actor Carrier and blocks is MATERIAL RELATIONAL the path to understanding where we are right now Goal Attribute we Carrier are RELATIONAL It Token ’s RELATIONAL a racial stalemate Value We Carrier ’ve been RELATIONAL stuck in Attribute I Carrier have never been RELATIONAL so naïve Attribute (I) Senser to believe MENTAL that we ….my own Phenomenon we I Actor Sayer can get beyond have asserted MATERIAL VERBAL our racial divisions a firm conviction Goal Verbiage a conviction Carrier (is) rooted RELATIONAL in my faith in God Attribute working together MATERIAL MATERIAL RELATIONAL some of our old wounds no choice Goal we we Actor Carrier can move beyond have we Actor are to continue MATERIAL that path Token means RELATIONAL embracing … past Value embracing MATERIAL the burdens of our past Goal without becoming means RELATIONAL RELATIONAL victims of our past continuing …justice Value Value continuing to insist on MATERIAL MATERIAL a full measure of justice Goal It Token Attribute it Token also means binding RELATIONAL MATERIAL binding our particular grievances our particular grievances Value Goal the white woman (the white woman) Actor Actor struggling to break MATERIAL MATERIAL the glass ceiling Goal who the immigrant Goal Actor ’s been laid off trying MATERIAL MATERIAL (the immigrant) Actor to feed MATERIAL his family Goal XXIV 112 as misguided or even racist 115 116 117 it Token means taking RELATIONAL MATERIAL taking full responsibility full responsibility by demanding more spending more time BEHAVIORAL MATERIAL from our parents with our children reading MATERIAL to them Recipient teaching MATERIAL them Goal challenges Value Value Goal Token may face RELATIONAL they Behaver must never succumb BEHAVIORAL they Senser must always believe MENTAL they notion of self-help what my former pastor failed to understand my former pastor Actor Goal can write is found MATERIAL MATERIAL their own destiny Goal Token is RELATIONAL that embarking change Value Senser failed to understand MENTAL embarking on a program of self-help Token also requires RELATIONAL a belief Value MATERIAL MATERIAL on a program of self-help society Actor embarking can change 118 The profound mistake he Token Sayer is not spoke RELATIONAL VERBAL that he…racism about racism Value Verbiage 119 It he Token Sayer ’s spoke RELATIONAL VERBAL that… past Value our society static Attribute Attribute Carrier Attribute 120 Carrier was RELATIONAL no progress this country Goal Carrier has been made is still irrevocably MATERIAL RELATIONAL that Attributor has made RELATIONAL for one of his own members Actor to run MATERIAL bound to a tragic past it possible for the highest office and build MATERIAL a coalition Goal that America can change Token what we know Value is RELATIONAL we Senser know MENTAL XXV they we America Senser Actor have seen can change MENTAL MATERIAL 121 That Token is RELATIONAL 122 What we have already achieved Actor gives MATERIAL we Actor have already achieved MATERIAL we the path Actor Token can and must achieve means 123 Value Recipient Goal MATERIAL RELATIONAL acknowledging…addressed Value acknowledging MENTAL that …addressed Phenomenon Existent does not just exist EXISTENTIAL Actor ails MATERIAL the African-American community Goal Carrier are RELATIONAL real Attribute and must be addressed VERBAL by investing MATERIAL in our schools and our communities by enforcing MATERIAL our civil rights laws and ensuring MATERIAL by providing MATERIAL were requires RELATIONAL VERBAL fairness this generation with ladders of opportunity unavailable all Americans Goal Goal Recipient Goal Attribute Value to realize MENTAL that your dreams prosper Phenomenon 124 125 126 127 that It Carrier Token your dreams investing Token Actor not have to come will ultimately help RELATIONAL MATERIAL at the expense of my dreams all of America prosper Value Goal what is called for nothing more and nothing less Value Token is RELATIONAL what Verbiage is called for VERBAL all the world’s great religions Sayer demand VERBAL we Actor MATERIAL we Senser would have MENTAL them unto us Phenomenon us Token Let … be RELATIONAL our brother’s keeper Value XXVI what ails the African-American community; what the legacy of discrimination - and current incidents of discrimination true genius of this nation us hope 128 129 Scripture us Sayer Token tells Let … be VERBAL RELATIONAL us our sister’s keeper Receiver Value us we all Actor Carrier Let … find have MATERIAL RELATIONAL that common stake (that common stake) Goal Attribute Token let … reflect RELATIONAL that spirit Value we Carrier have RELATIONAL a choice Attribute 131 We Actor can accept MATERIAL a politics Goal that Actor breeds MATERIAL division, and conflict, and cynicism Goal We Actor can tackle MATERIAL race Goal we we Actor Actor did did MATERIAL MATERIAL We Actor can play MATERIAL Reverend Wright’s sermons Goal Sayer and talk VERBAL about them Verbiage Actor MATERIAL MENTAL the only question that … words Goal 132 133 the American people Senser make think I Senser believe MENTAL or sympathize MENTAL with his most offensive Phenomenon Phenomenon We Actor can pounce on MATERIAL some gaffe Goal She we Actor Actor ’s playing can speculate MATERIAL MATERIAL the race card Goal white men We Actor Actor will all flock can MATERIAL MATERIAL that Goal we I Actor Sayer can tell MATERIAL VERBAL you Receiver Sayer Actor ’ll be talking will VERBAL MATERIAL about some other distraction change Verbiage 137 We nothing 138 139 That we Token Actor is can come together RELATIONAL MATERIAL one option Value (we) Sayer and say VERBAL “Not this time.” Verbiage 134 135 136 XXVII our politics 130 140 141 142 144 145 Senser Sayer want to talk MENTAL VERBAL about the crumbling schools Verbiage that that Sayer Actor tells are stealing VERBAL MATERIAL us the future …children Receiver Goal we Senser want MENTAL to reject the cynicism problem Phenomenon Sayer to reject VERBAL the cynicism Verbiage that Sayer tells VERBAL us Receiver these kids Senser can’t learn MENTAL who Token don’t look RELATIONAL like us Value those kids The children of America Token Token are are not RELATIONAL RELATIONAL somebody else’s problem those kids Value Value they Token are RELATIONAL our kids Value we Actor will not let… fall behind MATERIAL Them Goal we (we) Actor want to talk to talk together about together Phenomenon Senser MATERIAL VERBAL the lines Carrier are RELATIONAL filled Attribute who Carrier not have RELATIONAL health care Attribute who Carrier don’t have RELATIONAL the power Attribute who we Actor Actor can take MATERIAL MATERIAL them on it Goal Goal we (we) Senser Sayer want to talk MENTAL VERBAL about life Verbiage that once that once Actor Token provided belonged to MATERIAL RELATIONAL a decent life Americans Value we (we) Senser Sayer want to talk MENTAL VERBAL to talk a profit about a profit Phenomenon Verbiage the real problem who doesn’t look like you Token Actor is not might take RELATIONAL MATERIAL that someone…job your job Value Goal who Token doesn’t look RELATIONAL like you Value Verbiage XXVIII 143 we (we) 146 147 149 150 Token Actor ’s will ship RELATIONAL MATERIAL you we Actor Senser work want MATERIAL MENTAL (we) Sayer to talk VERBAL who Actor serve together MATERIAL Actor and fight together MATERIAL Actor and bleed together MATERIAL We Senser MENTAL that Goal that … profit it Value Goal about flag Verbiage our patriotism Goal we We Senser Actor want never should’ve been authorized and never should’ve been waged want ’ll show they I Actor Actor have earned would not be running MATERIAL MATERIAL I Senser Token didn’t believe MENTAL this is RELATIONAL what … country Value the vast majority of Americans This union Senser Carrier want may never be MENTAL RELATIONAL for this country perfect Phenomenon Attribute generation after generation has shown MATERIAL that this union perfected Goal it Actor Goal can always be perfected MATERIAL I Senser find myself feeling MENTAL RELATIONAL feeling doubful doubtful Phenomenon Attribute what gives me the most hope Token is RELATIONAL the next generation Value what Actor gives MATERIAL me the most hope Recipient Goal whose attitudes and beliefs and openness to change Actor have already made MATERIAL history Goal MATERIAL MATERIAL MENTAL MATERIAL XXIX 148 It the corporation 151 152 153 155 156 157 158 Actor is ’d like to leave EXISTENTIAL MATERIAL one story you Existent Recipient I I Sayer Carrier told had VERBAL RELATIONAL the great honor Attribute (I) Sayer speaking VERBAL on Dr King’s birthday Verbiage There is EXISTENTIAL named RELATIONAL who Actor organized MATERIAL She she Actor Carrier had been working was MATERIAL RELATIONAL everyone Actor went around MATERIAL they Carrier were RELATIONAL And Ashley Sayer said VERBAL she Carrier was her mother she Carrier Actor she (she) a young, twenty-three year old white woman Ashley Baia Existent Token at a roundtable discussion Attribute there Attribute RELATIONAL nine years old Attribute got had to miss RELATIONAL MATERIAL cancer days of work Attribute Goal Goal Actor was let go and lost MATERIAL MATERIAL her health care Goal They Ashley Actor Senser had to file decided MATERIAL MENTAL she Actor had to MATERIAL something Goal She food Senser Token knew was MENTAL RELATIONAL one of their most expensive costs Value so Ashley Senser convinced MENTAL her mother Phenomenon she Senser really liked MENTAL (she) Senser and really wanted MENTAL to eat more than anything Phenomenon that Token was RELATIONAL mustard and relish sandwiches Value that Token was RELATIONAL the cheapest way to eat Value XXX 154 There I 159 She her mom Actor Carrier did got MATERIAL RELATIONAL this better Goal Attribute she the reason Sayer Token told was VERBAL RELATIONAL everyone that she ,too Receiver Value she Actor joined MATERIAL she Actor could help MATERIAL the millions of other children Goal who Senser want MENTAL Token and need RELATIONAL to help their parents Value to help MATERIAL their parents Goal Actor Sayer might have made told MATERIAL VERBAL a different choice her Goal Receiver the source of her mother’s problems Token were RELATIONAL blacks Value who Carrier were RELATIONAL on welfare and too lazy Attribute Actor 162 who she Actor were coming didn’t (make that choice) MATERIAL MATERIAL 163 She Actor sought MATERIAL our allies Goal 164 Ashley Actor finishes MATERIAL her story Goal Actor and then goes MATERIAL they Sayer Actor and asks ’re supporting VERBAL MATERIAL everyone else the campaign Receiver Goal 165 166 They Many Carrier Actor all have bring up RELATIONAL MATERIAL different stories and reasons a specific issue Attribute Goal 167 they who Actor Actor come ’s been sitting MATERIAL MATERIAL 168 Ashley he Sayer Carrier asks ’s VERBAL RELATIONAL him there Receiver Attribute 169 170 And he He Actor Sayer does not bring up does not say MATERIAL VERBAL a specific issue health care or the economy Goal Verbiage 171 He Sayer does not say VERBAL education or the war Verbiage XXXI Ashley somebody 160 161 Sayer Carrier does not say was VERBAL RELATIONAL there Attribute 173 174 He simply I Sayer Carrier says ’m VERBAL RELATIONAL to everyone here Receiver Attribute 175 that single moment Carrier is not RELATIONAL enough Attribute 176 It Carrier is not RELATIONAL enough Attribute 177 it Token is RELATIONAL where we start Value we Actor start MATERIAL 178 It Token is RELATIONAL where our union grows stronger Value our union so many generations Carrier Actor grows have come RELATIONAL MATERIAL stronger Attribute 179 (generations) Actor to realise MATERIAL over the course Goal a band of patriots Actor signed MATERIAL that document Goal that the perfection Token is begins MATERIAL MATERIAL where the perfection begins Value Actor XXXII He he 172 XXXIII APPENDIX Barack Obama's Announcement for President Springfield, IL | February 10, 2007 Let me begin by saying thanks to all you who've traveled, from far and wide, to brave the cold today We all made this journey for a reason It's humbling, but in my heart I know you didn't come here just for me, you came here because you believe in what this country can be In the face of war, you believe there can be peace In the face of despair, you believe there can be hope In the face of a politics that's shut you out, that's told you to settle, that's divided us for too long, you believe we can be one people, reaching for what's possible, building that more perfect union That's the journey we're on today But let me tell you how I came to be here As most of you know, I am not a native of this great state I moved to Illinois over two decades ago I was a young man then, just a year out of college; I knew no one in Chicago, was without money or family connections But a group of churches had offered me a job as a community organizer for $13,000 a year And I accepted the job, sight unseen, motivated then by a single, simple, powerful idea - that I might play a small part in building a better America My work took me to some of Chicago's poorest neighborhoods I joined with pastors and lay-people to deal with communities that had been ravaged by plant closings I saw that the problems people faced weren't simply local in nature - that the decision to close a steel mill was made by distant executives; that the lack of textbooks and computers in schools could be traced to the skewed priorities of politicians a thousand miles away; and that when a child turns to violence, there's a hole in his heart no government alone can fill It was in these neighborhoods that I received the best education I ever had, and where I learned the true meaning of my Christian faith After three years of this work, I went to law school, because I wanted to understand how the law should work for those in need I became a civil rights lawyer, and taught constitutional law, and after a time, I came to understand that our cherished rights of liberty and equality depend on the active participation of an awakened electorate It was with these ideas in mind that I arrived in this capital city as a state Senator It was here, in Springfield, where I saw all that is America converge - farmers and teachers, businessmen and laborers, all of them with a story to tell, all of them seeking a seat at the table, all of them clamoring to be heard I made lasting friendships here - friends that I see in the audience today It was here we learned to disagree without being disagreeable - that it's possible to compromise so long as you know those principles that can never be compromised; and that so long as we're willing to listen to each other, we can assume the best in people instead of the worst That's why we were able to reform a death penalty system that was broken That's why we were able to give health insurance to children in need That's why we made the tax system more fair and just for working families, and that's why we passed ethics reforms that the cynics said could never, ever be passed It was here, in Springfield, where North, South, East and West come together that I was reminded of the essential decency of the American people - where I came to believe that through this decency, we can build a more hopeful America And that is why, in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Lincoln once called on a divided house to stand together, where common hopes and common dreams still, I stand before you today to announce my candidacy for President of the United States I recognize there is a certain presumptuousness - a certain audacity - to this announcement I know I haven't spent a lot of time learning the ways of Washington But I've been there long enough to know that the ways of Washington must change The genius of our founders is that they designed a system of government that can be changed And we should take heart, because we've changed this country before In the face of tyranny, a band of patriots brought an Empire to its knees In the face of secession, we unified a nation and set the captives free In the face of Depression, we put people back to work and lifted millions out of poverty We welcomed immigrants to our shores, we opened railroads to XXXIV the west, we landed a man on the moon, and we heard a King's call to let justice roll down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream Each and every time, a new generation has risen up and done what's needed to be done Today we are called once more - and it is time for our generation to answer that call For that is our unyielding faith - that in the face of impossible odds, people who love their country can change it That's what Abraham Lincoln understood He had his doubts He had his defeats He had his setbacks But through his will and his words, he moved a nation and helped free a people It is because of the millions who rallied to his cause that we are no longer divided, North and South, slave and free It is because men and women of every race, from every walk of life, continued to march for freedom long after Lincoln was laid to rest, that today we have the chance to face the challenges of this millennium together, as one people - as Americans All of us know what those challenges are today - a war with no end, a dependence on oil that threatens our future, schools where too many children aren't learning, and families struggling paycheck to paycheck despite working as hard as they can We know the challenges We've heard them We've talked about them for years What's stopped us from meeting these challenges is not the absence of sound policies and sensible plans What's stopped us is the failure of leadership, the smallness of our politics - the ease with which we're distracted by the petty and trivial, our chronic avoidance of tough decisions, our preference for scoring cheap political points instead of rolling up our sleeves and building a working consensus to tackle big problems For the last six years we've been told that our mounting debts don't matter, we've been told that the anxiety Americans feel about rising health care costs and stagnant wages are an illusion, we've been told that climate change is a hoax, and that tough talk and an ill-conceived war can replace diplomacy, and strategy, and foresight And when all else fails, when Katrina happens, or the death toll in Iraq mounts, we've been told that our crises are somebody else's fault We're distracted from our real failures, and told to blame the other party, or gay people, or immigrants And as people have looked away in disillusionment and frustration, we know what's filled the void The cynics, and the lobbyists, and the special interests who've turned our government into a game only they can afford to play They write the checks and you get stuck with the bills, they get the access while you get to write a letter, they think they own this government, but we're here today to take it back The time for that politics is over It's time to turn the page We've made some progress already I was proud to help lead the fight in Congress that led to the most sweeping ethics reform since Watergate But Washington has a long way to go And it won't be easy That's why we'll have to set priorities We'll have to make hard choices And although government will play a crucial role in bringing about the changes we need, more money and programs alone will not get us where we need to go Each of us, in our own lives, will have to accept responsibility - for instilling an ethic of achievement in our children, for adapting to a more competitive economy, for strengthening our communities, and sharing some measure of sacrifice So let us begin Let us begin this hard work together Let us transform this nation Let us be the generation that reshapes our economy to compete in the digital age Let's set high standards for our schools and give them the resources they need to succeed Let's recruit a new army of teachers, and give them better pay and more support in exchange for more accountability Let's make college more affordable, and let's invest in scientific research, and let's lay down broadband lines through the heart of inner cities and rural towns all across America And as our economy changes, let's be the generation that ensures our nation's workers are sharing in our prosperity Let's protect the hard-earned benefits their companies have promised Let's make it possible for hardworking Americans to save for retirement And let's allow our unions and their organizers to lift up this country's middle-class again Let's be the generation that ends poverty in America Every single person willing to work should be able to get job training that leads to a job, and earn a living wage that can pay the bills, and afford child care so their kids have a safe place to go when they work Let's this Let's be the generation that finally tackles our health care crisis We can control costs by focusing on prevention, by providing better treatment to the chronically ill, and using technology to cut the bureaucracy Let's be the generation that says right here, right now, that we will have universal health care in America by the end of the next president's first term Let's be the generation that finally frees America from the tyranny of oil We can harness homegrown, alternative fuels like ethanol and spur the production of more fuel-efficient cars We can set up a system for capping greenhouse XXXV gases We can turn this crisis of global warming into a moment of opportunity for innovation, and job creation, and an incentive for businesses that will serve as a model for the world Let's be the generation that makes future generations proud of what we did here Most of all, let's be the generation that never forgets what happened on that September day and confront the terrorists with everything we've got Politics doesn't have to divide us on this anymore - we can work together to keep our country safe I've worked with Republican Senator Dick Lugar to pass a law that will secure and destroy some of the world's deadliest, unguarded weapons We can work together to track terrorists down with a stronger military, we can tighten the net around their finances, and we can improve our intelligence capabilities But let us also understand that ultimate victory against our enemies will come only by rebuilding our alliances and exporting those ideals that bring hope and opportunity to millions around the globe But all of this cannot come to pass until we bring an end to this war in Iraq Most of you know I opposed this war from the start I thought it was a tragic mistake Today we grieve for the families who have lost loved ones, the hearts that have been broken, and the young lives that could have been America, it's time to start bringing our troops home It's time to admit that no amount of American lives can resolve the political disagreement that lies at the heart of someone else's civil war That's why I have a plan that will bring our combat troops home by March of 2008 Letting the Iraqis know that we will not be there forever is our last, best hope to pressure the Sunni and Shia to come to the table and find peace Finally, there is one other thing that is not too late to get right about this war - and that is the homecoming of the men and women - our veterans - who have sacrificed the most Let us honor their valor by providing the care they need and rebuilding the military they love Let us be the generation that begins this work I know there are those who don't believe we can all these things I understand the skepticism After all, every four years, candidates from both parties make similar promises, and I expect this year will be no different All of us running for president will travel around the country offering ten-point plans and making grand speeches; all of us will trumpet those qualities we believe make us uniquely qualified to lead the country But too many times, after the election is over, and the confetti is swept away, all those promises fade from memory, and the lobbyists and the special interests move in, and people turn away, disappointed as before, left to struggle on their own That is why this campaign can't only be about me It must be about us - it must be about what we can together This campaign must be the occasion, the vehicle, of your hopes, and your dreams It will take your time, your energy, and your advice - to push us forward when we're doing right, and to let us know when we're not This campaign has to be about reclaiming the meaning of citizenship, restoring our sense of common purpose, and realizing that few obstacles can withstand the power of millions of voices calling for change By ourselves, this change will not happen Divided, we are bound to fail But the life of a tall, gangly, self-made Springfield lawyer tells us that a different future is possible He tells us that there is power in words he tells us that there is power in conviction That beneath all the differences of race and region, faith and station, we are one people He tells us that there is power in hope As Lincoln organized the forces arrayed against slavery, he was heard to say: "Of strange, discordant, and even hostile elements, we gathered from the four winds, and formed and fought to battle through." That is our purpose here today That's why I'm in this race Not just to hold an office, but to gather with you to transform a nation I want to win that next battle - for justice and opportunity I want to win that next battle - for better schools, and better jobs, and health care for all I want us to take up the unfinished business of perfecting our union, and building a better America And if you will join me in this improbable quest, if you feel destiny calling, and see as I see, a future of endless possibility stretching before us; if you sense, as I sense, that the time is now to shake off our slumber, and slough off our fear, and make good on the debt we owe past and future generations, then I'm ready to take up the cause, and march with you, and work with you Together, starting today, let us finish the work that needs to be done, and usher in a new birth of freedom on this Earth