Gender issue in English newspaper discourse – Critical Discourse Analysis = Vấn đề giới trong diễn ngôn báo chí tiếng Anh - Phân tích diễn ngôn phê phán. M.A Thesis Linguistics: 82202

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO GENDER ISSUE IN ENGLISH NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE – CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS VẤN ĐỀ GIỚI TRONG DIỄN NGƠN BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG ANH – PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 HANOI - 2017 i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO GENDER ISSUES IN ENGLISH NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE – CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS VẤN ĐỀ GIỚI TRONG DIỄN NGƠN BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG ANH – PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201.01 Supervisor: Dr Hà Cẩm Tâm HANOI - 2017 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis, entitled “Gender issues in English newspaper discourse – Critical Discourse Analysis” has been carried out in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art at the University of Languages and International Studies This work is original and all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references Hanoi – 2017 Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the period of completing the Master thesis, the author has received the support of a great number of people First and foremost, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr Ha Cam Tam, my supervisor, who has generously given me insightful guidance and valuable feedback during the process of carrying out the thesis, without which this thesis would be far from completed I would also like to give my sincere gratitude to all of the lecturers at ULIS –VNU, Hanoi for their scholarly knowledge and enthusiasm in their lectures My profound thanks are also to all my friends and classmates in the cohort 23, who have always stayed by my side, given me constructive comments and perked me up every time I need Last but not least, my heartfelt thanks go to my family for their immeasurable support and continual encouragement The Master thesis could not have been fulfilled without them ii ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to investigate the manifestation of gender issue in online media coverage from October 1, 2014 to October 5, 2014 For this study, the researcher focuses on analyzing some linguistic features – the way men and women are reported in newspaper and how noun phrases are used to decode them in an effort to delineate the difference in the representations of men and women With the purpose of discerning the underlying ideologies of the reporters, Caldas-Coulthard‗s framework (1995) and the power and access theory given by Van Dijk (1995) were used to analyze the articles The research approach is based on critical discourse analysis in combination with methods of quantitative and qualitative content analysis The findings reveal that there was under-representation and inequality mainly towards women in English online newspaper Women had fewer chances to raise their voices and the ones who can be considered as a news sources belonged to powerless categories Moreover, women are often named as new actors with more frequency of first name, family relationship and shorter jobs titles It is suggested that gender equality is still a controversial issue in English newspaper discourse iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Numbers of women and men in the power group 27 Table 2: Nominal groups attributed to women 35 Table 3: Nominal groups attributed to men 35 Figure 1: Representation of the power groups 25 Figure 2: Representation of women in different groups 28 Figure 3: Representation of men in different groups 30 Figure 4: Representation of women and men in political positions 32 Figure 5: Representation of women and men in positions of high officials 32 Figure 6: Representation of women and men in professionals positions 32 Figure 7: Representation of women and men in positions of ordinary people32 Figure 8: Representation of female and male news sources 34 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale of the research Scope of the research Aim and objective of the research Significant of the research Research methodology Organization of the research PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 An overview of CDA 1.1.1 The definitions of CDA 1.1.2 Principles of CDA 1.2 CDA‘s approaches 1.2.1 Van Dijk‘s socio-cognitive approach 1.2.2 Fairclough‘s systemic functional grammar approach 10 1.2.3 Fairclough‘s three-dimension framework of CDA 12 1.3 Feminist critical discourse analysis 13 1.3.1 Debora Cameron Error! Bookmark not defined 1.3.1 Carmen Rosa Calsdas-Coulthard Error! Bookmark not defined 1.4 Overview of related studies 15 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 17 2.1 Data collection 17 v 2.2 Research method 18 2.2.1 Power and access 19 2.2.2 Naming new actors 21 2.3 Data analysis procedure 22 CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 25 3.1 Power and Access 25 3.2 Naming New Actors 34 3.2.1 Proper names 37 3.2.2 Job titles 39 3.2.3 Kinship words 40 PART C: CONCLUSION 43 A summary of the findings 43 Limitation and recommendation for further studies 45 REFERENCE 46 APPENDICES I Appendix 1: List of articles from The Guardian, The Independent and The Telegraph I Appendix 2: Categories of men and women whose voices are reported V Appendix 3: Women and men when naming new actors VIII Appendix 4: A sample of an article XII vi PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the research Recently, the concern of linguistics in discourse is shifting from the structure of language to language in use, which means the emphasis is now on how texts can be understood in social processes Language, therefore, is no longer seen as merely reflecting our reality but as central to creating reality As a matter of fact, our words are never neutral because they carry the power that reflects the interests of those who speak or write them (Fiske, 1994; Fowler et.al., 1979) Media form an important part of social and cultural life Their importance stems not only from their ability to produce a large number of language and at the same time, speak to mass audiences through the press, the radio and the television broadcasting and the Internet, but also from their ability to present news, which is perceived as the center of media content (Bell, 1991:1) Since the production of media language is so large and approached by many, the language of media has been studied by many researchers with a focus on particular types of media From a general point of view, analyses of media language are carried out within varieties of disciplines, ranging from linguistics and discourse to semiotics, sociology and communication studies (Bell, 1991:5) Those researchers concern themselves with particular issues such as the media‘s influence on language in wider language society, the reflection of wider society and culture in media language, and the effect of media language on attitudes and opinions in society (how it is used for presenting people and issues) (Bell, 1991:4) In the case of this particular research, the analysis of media language is restricted only to newspaper language Adopting a gender perspective, the provided research reveals a way of using language for making gender differences Scope of the research In this study‘s scope, gender issue is analyzed via the number of the women and men‘s voices that were reported and the use of noun phrases to introduce both genders in chosen thirty pieces of news Caldas-Coulthard‗s framework is applied to discover the power relations and access to news discourse between two genders and if there is an underrepresentation toward the women or not Then, next section, will explore the use of noun phases listed In this study, I would give spotlight on the online news reports from October 1, 2014 to October 5, 2014 I am well aware that the wider the range of data achieved, the more reliable the study result will be Nevertheless, due to the constraint of time and the limited length of a minor thesis, in this study, not many news reports were probed, but just thirty from The Guardian, The Independence and The Telegraph As this is a pure linguistic study, the author is not, by any means or in any way, expressing her own political point of view Aim and objective of the research The study primarily aims to analyze gender issues under the light of critical discourse analysis To achieve this aim, the following objectives were set: APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of articles from The Guardian, The Independent and The Telegraph No Name of articles Police searching for missing teenager Alice Gross find body in the river Brent Family of six-month-old girl mauled to death by dog ‗left devastated‘ Online abuse dossier directed at Kate and Gerry McCann is handed to police Duchess of Devonshire is laid to rest at Chatsworth House Headscarf ban turns France‘s Muslim women towards homeworking Author and Date Source - By: Vikram Dodd, Chris www.theguardian.c Johnston and agencies om - Published: Wednesday October 2014 11.05 BST - By: Josh Halliday www.theguardian.c - Published: Sunday om October 2014 15.07 BST - By: Press Association - Published: Thursday October 2014 07.27 BST www.theguardian.c om - By: Press Association - Published: Thursday October 2014 19.53 BST www.theguardian.c om - By: Faiza Zerouala - Published: Friday October 2014 10.00 BST www.theguardian.c om - By: Tania Branigan in Violent clashes break Hong Kong and Jonathan out in Hong Kong after Kaimanin Beijing counter-protesters storm - Published: Friday sit-in October 2014 14.55 BST Missing Yusra Hussien - By: Steven Morris showed no sign of - Published: Friday radicalisation, family October 2014 19.32 BST and friends say Teenager convicted of - By: Press Association murdering pregnant - Published: Friday girlfriend and jailed for October 2014 18.38 BST life Syrian refugees: ‗We - By: Giles Duley I www.theguardian.c om www.theguardian.c om www.theguardian.c om www.theguardian.c 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 want to go home That is our dream‘ Phone hacking: News of the World‘s Ian Edmondson pleads guilty David Cameron to 'scrap' Human Rights Act for new 'British Bill of Rights' European Convention on Human Rights: What has it ever done for us? Human Rights Act: Former Attorney General Dominic Grieve rubbishes 'unworkable' Tory plans to scrap ECHR Domestic violence victims are being forced to face abusers in court ordeal, lawyers warn - Published: Sunday October 2014 06.00 BST om - By: Lisa O'Carroll - Published: Friday October 2014 11.16 BST www.theguardian.c om - By: Oliver Wright - Published: Wednesday October 2014 12:20 BST www.independent co.uk - By: James Cusick - Published: Friday October 2014 www.independent co.uk - By: Lizzie Dearden - Published: Friday October 2014 06:51 BST www.independent co.uk - By: Paul Gallagher, Simon Lennon - Published: Saturday October 2014 23:00 BST  - By: Richard Garner Former MI6 head warns  - Published: Wednesday parents of sexual October 2014 12:56 predators using apps 'to BST track children's location' Revealed: The best and worst countries in the world to grow old World‘s oldest clown Floyd ‗Creeky‘ Creekmore dies aged 98 - By: Lizzie Dearden - Published: Wednesday October 2014 14:13 BST - By: Heather Saul - Published: Wednesday October 2014 14:15 BS - By: Charlotte Ukraine crisis: Is Latvia McDonald-Gibson next on Putin‘s hit list? - Published: Friday II www.independent co.uk www.independent co.uk www.independent co.uk www.independent co.uk www.independent co.uk 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 October 2014 16:13 BST  By: Loulla-Mae Man who escaped car Eleftheriou-Smith crash hit and killed by - Published: Sunday wife rushing to help him October 2014 15:20 BST Pope Francis: 'I believe in guardian angels and everyone should listen to their advice' - By: Lizzie Dearden - Published: Friday October 2014 11:34 BST - By: Ben Farmer, Defence Correspondent - Published: 8:00PM BST 01 Oct 201 - By: Telegraph View A British Bill of Rights - Published: 6:20AM BST should be welcomed 03 Oct 2014 - By: Ben Help for Heroes: Up to Farmer, Defence 75,000 British scarred Correspondent by Iraq and Afghanistan - Published: 2:42PM BST 03 Oct 2014 - By: Gordon Could the Prince of Rayner, Chief Reporter Wales become Prince - Published: 5:32PM BST Regent? 01 Oct 2014 - By: Christopher £600,000 a week paid Hope, Senior Political out in child benefit to Correspondent parents overseas - Published: 6:00AM BST 04 Oct 2014 Boris Johnson, the - By: Steven Mayor of London, says Swinford, Senior Political Britain must end the Correspondent 'ontological explosion' - Published: 10:00PM of pension fund BST 05 Oct 2014 managers who have Brimstone: British missile envied by the US for war on Isil III www.independent co.uk www.independent co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk 'their jaws wrapped around the udders of the state' 27 28 29 30 - By: Agencies - Published: 2:12AM BST 04 Oct 2014 - By: Richard Isil jihadists driven out Spencer, Rabia, northof Rabia after two-day west Iraq siege - Published: 9:06PM BST 02 Oct 2014 - By: Dean Nelson, South 'Terrorist volunteer' Asia Editor and David recruited by alleged Bergman in Bangladesh British Isil agent was - Published: 1:10PM BST 'death metal' rock singer 03 Oct 2014 Rolling Stones live - By: Nick Squires, Rome shows drugs are good - Published: 4:25PM BST for your health, Italian 01 Oct 2014 mayor suggests Fire causes damage at 9/11 memorial site IV www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk www.telegraph co.uk Appendix 2: Categories of men and women whose voices are reported Categories Women Men Chris Heaton-Harris, the Conservative MP for Daventry Chris Over, from Daventry district council Charles Leung Chun-ying Mr Cameron Tony Blair the Prime Minister The Justice Secretary, Chris Grayling Former Attorney General Dominic Grieve Nimko Ali, a leading Plaid Cymru MP Elfyn Llwyd, Politicians – heads of campaigner on FGM in a family law specialist before states, government Bristol and a worker with becoming an MP and parliament the charity Integrate Shadow Justice Minister Andy members Bristol Slaughter Boriss Cilevics, a parliamentarian with the Harmony Centre Party Andrejs Pildegovics, the Foreign Minister Pope Francis The Ministry of Defence in London Michael Howard Lord Ashcroft, the Conservative peer Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London V High officials – managers, directors, chairmen, chancellors and commanders Metropolitan Police commander Graham McNulty Chris Heaton-Harris, the Conservative MP for Daventry chancellors Former MI6 head Joshua Wong, co-founder of another student group Sir John Scarlett, who retired as head of the intelligence service in 2009 and was chairman of the Joint Assistant chief constable Intelligence Unit during the Louisa Rolfe of Avon last war in Irag and Somerset police Toby Porter, the chief Emma Pearmaine, a executive of HelpAge family law specialist at International Simpson Millar and Tim Hancock, campaigns director of the Leeds Law director of Amnesty UK Society Adam Wagner, a human rights Emma Scott, director of barrister Rights of Women Gunars Nagels, the museum director Russian-speakers, the Harmony Centre‘s leader – Nils Usakovs Yury Petropavlovsky, a campaign manager for the party Bryn Parry, co-founder of Help for Heroes The president of the Families of Flight 93, Gordon Felt VI Det Sgt Gary Baker A Scotland Yard spokesman Kimouche,the e-traders Christopher Quinlan QC, prosecuting, Edmondson, 45 Mark Bryant Heron QC the Edmondson‘s barrister prosecutor Sallie Bennet-Jenkins QC The colleague Charlotte McDonaldJudge Neil Ford QC, the Gibson recorder of Bristol An MoJ spokesman Professional people – Rachel Reeves, the Professor Asghar Zaidi policemen, coroners, shadow Work and His friend and fellow teachers, priests and Pensions secretary Handicap International performer Jim Nasby various experts physiotherapist, Abeer Elizabete Krivcova of activist Wassila and Abdullah, group Non-Citizens Congress the Handicap Ben Goodlad, senior weapons International team analyst at IHS Jane‘s Prof Neil Greenberg, the Royal College of Psychiatrists‘ expert on military and veterans‘ health A spokesman National Park Service spokesman Mike Litterst her mother, Rosalind Hodgkiss labourer Saida B, 28 Ordinary people Mohamed Abib Meignen (usually their Aston Robinson Faiza Barre occupation is not his son Dave Kayleigh-Anne mentioned) the man Khalida her mother VII Appendix 3: Women and men when naming new actors Women the missing London teenager Alice Gross Alice, 14 Alice his wife Rudite 14-year-old Alice her mother, Rosalind Hodgkiss Alice Gross six-month-old girl A relative believed to be a grandmother a 10-year-old girl Kate missing girl Madeleine Madeleine McCann Madeleine The dowager Duchess of Devonshire Last of the Mitford sisters The dowager Duchess of Devonshire, the last of the Mitford sisters Duchess of Cornwall the duchess the dowager Debo the Mitford sisters – Nancy, Pamela, Diana, Unity and Jessica Kathleen Kennedy, President Kennedy‘s sister her sister Nancy France‘s Muslim women Meryem Belmokhtar Belmokhtar, 39 Belmokhtar Oum el-Benette (not her real name), 35 Magali Meignen, in her 30s Men Metropolitan Police commander Graham McNulty McNulty Convicted murderer Arnis Zalkalns Zalkalns labourer The general labourer 25-year-old man A second man, aged 51 41-year-old Latvian builder Arnis Zalkalns Det Sgt Gary Baker Chris Heaton-Harris, the Conservative MP for Daventry Chris Over, from Daventry district council Gerry McCann A Scotland Yard spokesman Elvis Presley the Prince of Wales Prince Charles the dowager‘s son, the Duke of Devonshire Canon David Perkins Deborah Vivien Cavendish Winston Churchill John F Kennedy Evelyn Waugh Adolf Hitler Charles Andrew Cavendish his father 11th Duke of Devonshire her husband VIII Saida B, 28 Emmanuelle Rouy, 30 Missing Yusra Hussien the 15-year-old Faiza Barre Yusra Hussien‘s mother Yusra Barre – a relative of Yusra‘s mother Safiya Hussien, a dinner lady Yusra, an A-grade pupil at the City Academy in Bristol who planned to become a dentist a 17-year-old girl Assistant chief constable Louisa Rolfe of Avon and Somerset police Safiya Hussien Nimko Ali, a leading campaigner on FGM in Bristol and a worker with the charity Integrate Bristol his pregnant girlfriend Kayleigh-Anne Palmer, 16, who was 24 weeks pregnant his girlfriend Kayleigh-Anne Kay Kay‘s distraught mother, Helen Bage His sister Michaela her baby, named Lily-Rose Edmondson‘s barrister Sallie BennetJenkins QC former culture secretary Tessa Jowell Sienna Miller her friend Archie Keswick Aya Khalida 38-year-old woman called Reem Reem Handicap International physiotherapist, President Kennedy Elvis Fateh Kimouche Kimouche, the e-traders Leung Chun-ying Benny Tai, a co-founder of Occupy Central 17-year-old student activist Joshua Wong Leung the chief secretary Carrie Lam Joshua Wong, co-founder of another student group her husband, youth worker Mohamed a former Bristol public schoolboy, Andrew Ibrahim Mohamed Abib Easton Labour councillor Afzal Shah Shah Aston Robinson, 18 Robinson Robinson, of Humber Road, Cheltenham Judge Neil Ford QC, the recorder of Bristol Christopher Quinlan QC, prosecuting, News of the World‘s Ian Edmondson A former News of the World news executive Ian Edmondson Andy Coulson, former New of the World editors Rebekah Brooks, former New of the World editors Edmondson, 45 hacker Glen Mulcair the paper‘s former royal editor Clive Goodman its former newsdesk executives Greg IX Abeerbeer Wassila and Abdullah, the Handicap International team Ms Smith Emma Pearmaine, a family law specialist at Simpson Millar and director of the Leeds Law Society Ms Pearmaine Emma Scott, director of Rights of Women Betty, his wife of 74 years Charlotte McDonald-Gibson Elizabete Krivcova of activist group Non-Citizens Congress Ms Krivcova his 16-year-old daughter the wife, 44 her mother the Queen The Queen, who is 88 Rachel Reeves, the shadow Work and Pensions secretary Miskiw, Neville Thurlbeck and James Weatherup the paper‘s former feature writer Dan Evans Mark Bryant Heron QC the prosecutor Bryant Heron The colleague Lord Prescott Lord Freddie Windsor, her former boyfriend Jude Law George Best‘s son Callum Best Sir Paul McCartney and Heather Mills her husband Noor David Cameron Mr Cameron Tony Blair the Prime Minister Mr Grady a 21-year-old man his father Former Attorney General Dominic Grieve Dominic Grieve the Prime Minister The Justice Secretary, Chris Grayling Mr Grieve Mr Cameron Tim Hancock, campaigns director of Amnesty UK Adam Wagner, a human rights barrister Plaid Cymru MP Elfyn Llwyd, a family law specialist before becoming an MP Shadow Justice Minister Andy Slaughter An MoJ spokesman Former MI6 head Sir John Scarlett, who retired as head of the intelligence service in 2009 and was X chairman of the Joint Intelligence Unit during the last war in Irag Sir John World‘s oldest clown Floyd ‗Creeky‘ Creekmore Creeky the Clown Mr Creekmore his son Dave Andrew Beyer, or 'Bumbo the Clown' Putin Gunars Nagels, the museum director Mr Nagels President Vladimir Putin a Russian diplomat Boriss Cilevics, a parliamentarian with the Harmony Centre Party Russian-speakers, the Harmony Centre‘s leader – Nils Usakovs Yury Petropavlovsky, a campaign manager for the party vice-chairman, Miroslav Mitrofanov Andrejs Pildegovics, the Foreign Minister Mr Pildegovics The 54-year-old man her husband Pope Francis The Pope The Ministry of Defence in London Ben Goodlad, senior weapons analyst at IHS Jane‘s XI Appendix 4: A sample of an article Headscarf ban turns France’s Muslim women towards homeworking Source: www.theguardian.com By: Faiza Zerouala Published: Friday October 2014 10.00 BST Every day c turns her tidy sitting-room into a workshop She lays out the equipment on the table, puts on rubber gloves and dips into various jars to make up 250g bags of sweets Each packet is marked with her logo, featuring a stick of barley sugar Belmokhtar, 39, lives in Compiègne, northern France, and manages the Candine Halal website (a pun on candy in English and dine, religion in Arabic), which markets the usual chocolate-coated marshmallow bears, preserved cherries and acid drops, except that hers contain no pork gelatine and are halal In other words, they comply with Islamic dietary rules Becoming self-employed has been an adventure for Belmokhtar A languages graduate, she used to work as a secretary in a laboratory This new job is the only way of not having to take off her hijab on leaving home each morning With a family to feed, she needs to work, but she became so fed up with having to remove her hijab that she resigned Two years ago she started selling sweets It allows her to fulfil the ritual obligations and pray five times a day at the appointed hour, rather than having to catch up in the evening The French parliament has passed several laws on when and where women can wear headscarves In March 2004 school staff were banned from wearing insignia or garments displaying a religious allegiance In April 2007 the rules were also applied to those delivering a public service There are no specific rules for private firms Belmokhtar is no exception, other women of similar background and religious convictions have gone into business on the net No statistics are available as yet, but it is apparent on social networks that small websites like hers are proliferating Two years ago, Oum el-Benette (not her real name), 35, launched Yesmine Shop, marketing clothes mainly for Muslim women She sells abayas (dresses), scarves, tunics, shawls and woollens All the garments on her site are long and loose-fitting, in keeping with Islamic rules to preserve modesty The faces of models are blurred XII or pictures are taken in such a way as to conceal their heads She determined to uphold religious tradition which prohibits any representation of humans or animals On the Hijab Glam website the faces are blurred too It is run by Magali Meignen, in her 30s, a Roman Catholic who converted to Islam 11 years ago She says she first took an interest in Islam with her Muslim friends at secondary school After gaining a deeper understanding of what this faith involved, she decided to make the change Having trained to work in sales, Magali says she had difficulty finding a job where she was allowed to wear a hijab She worked for three years as a teaching assistant in a school, but was subjected to the ―humiliating‖ obligation of baring her head She was offered a job at a call centre, but could not wear a scarf there either In 2009 she decided to give up the idea of work, but her brother suggested she become self-employed This was possible, thanks to the introduction of simpler rules for going freelance She invested her savings – about €1,000 ($1,300) – in launching the site As she herself had difficulty finding hijabs she liked in shops, she decided to specialise in headscarves The urge to start a small business came to Saida B, 28, after the birth of her son She found it difficult to buy clothes for the boy without human figures or anthropomorphic animals all over them In 2010 she started her own brand, Salam‘Stick, initially selling decals either for decorative purposes or to customise clothes She started selling jumpsuits with decorative designs, or the baby‘s name in French or Arabic Then she branched out into wall stickers A range of decals – mainly featuring Muslim prayers – followed “There was nothing like that, so I thought young Muslims might like to have a special garment or decoration,” she says Saida B had also tried working in a conventional company, before launching her own business She was an executive in a service company After training as an assistant-manager, she started work when she was 21, knowing full well she would not be able to dress as she saw fit She gave up in 2008, as she considers it a ―religious obligation‖ to wear a hijab In 2011 several female Muslim entrepreneurs launched a network to provide support for new ventures in e-trading Akhawate Business – sisters‘ business in classical Arabic – now boasts more than 100 members Its founders all ran into the same difficulties, reconciling job satisfaction with religious observance XIII Emmanuelle Rouy, 30, the webmistress and joint head of the network, confirms the ―frustration‖ felt by women ―unable to find work on a par with their qualifications‖ Fateh Kimouche manages Al-Kanz (the treasure), a site for Muslim consumers He hopes these enterprising women will help increase the economic clout of the Muslim community, pinpointing the growth sectors on which they should focus: halal food, finance, tourism, fashion, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and educational games The women e-traders seem to have got the message and are trying to develop the supply side, but they are operating on a very limited scale None of them has borrowed money from a bank, in compliance with the Islamic ban on usury They are proud of having bought equipment and funded the design of a logo or the purchase of a domain name out of their savings, generally barely exceeding about €1,000 With such a low investment in the business there will be little damage in the event of bankruptcy, but for the time being none have managed to pay themselves a proper wage Though they are reluctant to discuss their profits, they all claim to be breaking even According to Kimouche, the e-traders have plenty of scope to further develop their potential “They don’t go far enough,” he claims “They could have their sites translated into several languages or send a dress to an American blogger who’d get them some publicity.” They seem more interested in solidarity than in competing Some have become friends, after exchanging tips over social networks Saida B and Belmokhtar have never met, but they frequently chat They have no real-life shop window, but they can promote their goods on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest They promote their sisters too, slipping their flyers into parcels sent to customers “After all, it’s free!” Saida B says On one occasion, 10 of them joined forces to print a joint flyer to add to their dispatches They all seem very happy with their choice Only Magali tempers this enthusiasm: “If society didn’t reject us, we could really flourish,” she says “This way we’re a bit isolated But whatever we do, our image won’t change And yet we’re contributing to society, paying tax But as we are hidden away, no one will know.” Indeed, all of them are dubious about being able to change their image in the public eye XIV Data collected in this article Quoted Naming Men - ―They don‘t go far enough,‖ he claims ―They could have their sites translated into several languages or send a dress to an American blogger who‘d get them some publicity.‖ - Kimouche, the etraders XV Women - Only Magali tempers this enthusiasm: ―If society didn‘t reject us, we could really flourish,‖ she says ―This way we‘re a bit isolated But whatever we do, our image won‘t change And yet we‘re contributing to society, paying tax But as we are hidden away, no one will know.‖ -―After all, it‘s free!‖ Saida B says -―There was nothing like that, so I thought young Muslims might like to have a special garment or decoration,‖ she says - Magali says she had difficulty finding a job where she was allowed to wear a hijab - Saida B and Belmokhtar - Kimouche - Saida B - Emmanuelle Rouy, 30, - Fateh Kimouche - Saida B, 28 - Magali Meignen, in her 30s - Oum el-Benette (not her real name), 35 - Belmokhtar - Belmokhtar - Belmokhtar, 39 - Meryem Belmokhtar - The women e-traders - the webmistress - enterprising women ... AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ PHƯƠNG THẢO GENDER ISSUES IN ENGLISH NEWSPAPER DISCOURSE – CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS VẤN ĐỀ GIỚI TRONG DIỄN NGƠN BÁO CHÍ TIẾNG... TIẾNG ANH – PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGƠN PHÊ PHÁN M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 822020 1.01 Supervisor: Dr Hà Cẩm Tâm HANOI - 2017 ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis, ... object of investigation is interrelated 12 1.3 Feminist critical discourse analysis The aim of feminist CDA is to disclose ―the complex workings of power and ideology in discourse in sustaining a