A study from gender perspective on actual condition of sharing housework in Vietnam

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HA A STUDY FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ACTUAL CONDITION OF SHARING HOUSEWORK IN VIETNAM MASTER'S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THU HA A STUDY FROM GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ACTUAL CONDITION OF SHARING HOUSEWORK IN VIETNAM MAJOR: PUBLIC POLICY CODE: PILOT RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Prof Dr NAOHISA OKAMOTO Dr BUI HAI THIEM Hanoi, 2019 Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof Okamoto Naohisa and Dr Bui Hai Thiem Prof Okamoto has patiently provided me with wholeheartly support during my internship in University of Tsukuba and insightful comments and comprehensive instruction Also, Dr Bui Hai Thiem has provided me useful information related to Vietnamese context and introduced me a number of gender experts for in-depth interviews Their guidance and support have greatly contribute to my Master thesis accomplishment I also would like to give special thanks to Dr Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Director of the Development and Polices Research Center (DEPOCEN) for allowing me to use data of time-use survey conducted by the Center in 2017 Finally, my sincere thanks also go to my colleagues at DEPOCEN, Mr Kentaro Takeda – my tutor at University of Tsukuba and Vietnam Japan University, especially the Master program in Public Policy for support during my thesis writing progress i Table of Contents Acknowledgement i List of tables .iv List of figure iv List of abbreviations v CHAPTER – Background and Research Purpose 1.1 Background 1.2 Research purpose .11 CHAPTER – Literature review .13 2.1 Researches on unpaid care work in the world .13 2.2.1 Understanding of unpaid care work/housework .13 2.2.2 Unpaid care work and the issue of gender inequality 14 2.2 Researches on unpaid care work in Vietnam 18 CHAPTER – Methodology 20 3.1 Time use survey questionnaire 20 3.2 Quantitative data collection .22 3.3 Description of sample .23 3.4 Qualitative data collection .27 CHAPTER – Main Findings 29 4.1 Time spending on doing housework .29 4.2 Time distribution on other rountine activities .37 4.3 Nexus between time spending on housework and life satisfaction 41 CHAPTER 5: Policy Implications 43 CHAPTER 6: Conclusion 48 REFERENCE LIST 50 ANNEX – Time-use survey questionnaire 54 ANNEX – Interview questions 62 ANNEX – T-test (DEPOCEN time-use data) .63 List of tables Table 1.1 The gender divide in the labor market in advanced economies Table 2.1 Time spent in unpaid work and paid work, by sex of OECD countries 15 Table 3.1 Activity categories and code 20 Table 3.2 Characteristics of respodents 23 Table 3.3 Respondents by provinces and gender 27 Table 3.4 List of gender experts 27 Table 5.1 Differece in averange time on activity categories in female and male stata, by geography, marital status and income 40 Table 5.2 Respondents’ satisfaction level with the life by gender (%) 41 Table 5.3 Women’ satisfaction level with the life based on average time for homemaking (%) 42 Table 6.1 Vietnam’s legal framework for women’s rights and gender equality 43 List of figure Figure 1.1 Annual GDP growth in the period of 1986 to 2017(%) Figure 4.1 Average time spent doing housework by gender and by nations (min) 30 Figure 4.2 Time spending on doing housework by gender and marital status (min) 31 Figure 4.3 Time spending on doing housework by gender and marital status (min) 32 Figure 4.4 Time spending on doing housework by gender and education level (min) 33 Figure 4.5 Time spending on doing housework by gender and income groups (min) 34 Figure 4.6 Time spending on doing housework by gender and urban-rural (min) 35 Figure 4.7 Time spending on doing housework by gender and urban-rural (min) 38 List of abbreviations DEPOCEN Developement and Policies Research Center GDP Gross domestic product GSO General Statistics Office of Viet Nam ILO The International Labor Organization OECD The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development UNDP The United Nations Development Programme CHAPTER – Background and Research Purpose 1.1 Background Building upon the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, 17 Sustainable Development Goals in September was developed by the United Nations General Assembly that culminated at a blueprint for peace and prosperity for human and planet, now and into the future (McInnes, 2018) Among these goals, reduced inequalities is deemed as one of the most pertinent global challenges Numerous facts show that we are living in “a world in which one percent of humanity controls as much wealth as the other 99 percent”(Address et al., 2019) For instance, since 2015, the richest 1% has accumulated more wealth than the rest of the planet (Shorrocks, Davies, & Lluberas, 2016) Or, the incomes of the poorest 10% of the population has increased by less than $3 a year between 1988 and 2011, while the incomes of the richest 1% has increased 182 times as much (Hardoon, 2017) Under this context of growing inequality, it is recognised that women are likely to fall into the bottom half of the income distribution for the lower opportunities prevalent for women to participate in the labor market than those for men (ILO, 2016) Women are also reported to earn between 31% to 75% less than men for equal work of equal value (UN Women, 2015) The World Economic Forum’s annual report in 2016 even estimates that it will take 170 years for women to be paid the same as men (World Economic Forum, 2016) According to recent statistics, even in advanced economies which have succeeded in eliminating gender disparities in education, men continue to dominate high-income groups while women remain disproportionately responsible for carrying out unpaid housework in the home Furthermore, the wealth and income inequality trends become increasingly prominent internationally (Hardoon, 2017) Table 1.1 The gender divide in the labor market in advanced economies Spain 2010 Denmark 2013 Canada 2013 New Zealand 2013 Italy 2014 UK 2013 Australia 2012 Norway 2013 % of women in % of women in the top 10% the top 1% income group income group 33% 22% 31% 16% 30% 22% 29% 19% 29% 28% 25% 22% 20% 18% 22% 14% Share of unpaid care work done by women (latest year) 63% 57% 61% 65% 75% 65% 64% 57% Note: Reprinted from OECD stat Employment: Time spent in paid and unpaid work, by sex Retrived from http://www.lse.ac.uk/InternationalInequalities/pdf/III- Working-Paper-5 -Atkinson.pdf Some studies ascertained that the primary factors causing the economic disparity between men and women are skill and qualification (Bryan & Sevilla-Sanz, 2011) And housework is listed as one of most significant factors explaining gender economic gap (Becker, 1985) Becker argues that housework causes women to spend less time on market work, lowering their investment in market human capital Indeed, he claims that housework indirectly lowers the wage rate of women It could be said that the disparity becomes a concern for ‘gender justice’ not only because the tasks and the women who perform them are undervalued, but also because a disproportionately higher level of care work restricts personal growth and professional development (Marphatia & Moussié, 2013) Viet Nam is located in the Eastern part of the Indochina peninsula, bordering China to the North, Laos and Cambodia to the West Historically, Vietnam fell under the dominant rule of a series of Chinese dynasties for 1,000 years that resulted in the heavy influence of Chinese culture and ideology Subsequently, two bloody wars against French colonization and American War ruined and pushed the country into utter misery and underdevelopment After gaining independence, and undergoing a succession of policies known as the “Doi Moi” which enabled the development of a market economy in 1986, Vietnam has undergone a vigorous change in both social and economic aspects Following over 30 years of reforms, Vietnam has spurred rapid socio-economic growth and attained a lower middle-income country status (2011 per capita income of US $1,260) (World Bank, 2013) In terms of economic development, Vietnam’s growth rate has boomed under the impact of the economic intergration policies In general, Vietnam’s GDP rate increased from 2.8 percent in 1986 to 6.8 percent in 2017 while those figures of other lower middle-income economies are respectively 4.0 percent and 5.5 percent (see Figure 1.1) Between 2008 and the present day, despite the global economic crisis, Vietnam’s economic growth has still remained relatively stable with an annual GDP growth rate of around to percent Figure 1.1 Annual GDP growth in the period of 1986 to 2017(%) Note: Reprinted from World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files Retrived from https://www.oecd- ilibrary.org/economics/data/oecd-national-accounts-statistics_na-data-en REFERENCE LIST Action Aid Vietnam (2017) Unpaid Care Work Redistribution for Sustainable Development ActionAid 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Capitalizing on Asia ’ s Booming Upper Middle Class Retrieved from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2016/globalization-growth-capitalizingasias-booming-upper-middle-class.aspx Tran, T V Anh & Le, N Hung (1997): Women and Doi Moi in Vietnam Hanoi: Women Publishing House Tran, N A (2004) What’s women’s work? Male negotiation and gender reproduction in the Vietnamese garment industry In Rydstrom, H & Dummond, L (ed.) Gender Practices in Contemporary Vietnam Singapore: NUS 53 ANNEX – Time-use survey questionnaire PART G: INFORMATION OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS G1 How many people are there in your household? _people G2 Please provide some information related to household members as listing out in G1? No Full name Gender Male Female Ethnic Kinh Others Relations hip with the head of household ? Year of birth (solar calend ar) Mari tal statu s? High est educ ation quali ficati on? Sm oki ng or not ? Employm ent / learning status? Current main occupa tion ? (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) The number of hours workin g the main occupat ion in the past month? (12) Income from working the main occupat ion over the past month? (13) (5) Relationship with the head of household? Head household Spouse Father/Mother Children/Adoped/daughter/son in law Sibling Grandchildren (7) (Ask only members 18 and older) Marital status? Single Widowed Married Divorced (8) (Ask only members and older) Highest education qualification? Do not go to school Vocational / Intermediate training Not completed primary school yet Undergraduate Primary school Graduate (Master, Ph.D) Junior high school Others, specify: …………… High school -99 Don’t know 54 (10) (Ask only members 15 and older) Employment / learning status in the last month? (multiple choice) Working / Employing (Work/participate in manufacturing and business activities from hour or above to earn income or receive salary/wage, work from 1h or more in a month to create income for the family without salary/wage) In the stay (maternity leave, seasonal vacation, school leave, production suspension ) Pupil/Student Elderly, disable people who cannot work, lose ability to work Housewife Waiting for job / Looking for job / No job / Losing job Other, specify (eg retired): ………………… (11) Ask only if (10) = 1, If you are working], what is your main occupation? (only one option) Teachers, doctors, nurses, pharmacists Soldiers, policeman Business owner Leader / manager (in enterprises, state household) Agriculture / forestry / fishery (own production) agencies Eg director, head of department) Driving (self-employed) Senior staff with high professional 10 Driving (hiring for qualifications (in enterprises, state agencies Eg such as engineers, accountants ) Self-employed (business others) 11 Workers and other unskilled workers (in enterprises, state agencies Eg security Seasonal unskilled labor (eg porter, mason coolie) 12 Others, specify…… guard, cleaner) (12) The number of hours working the main occupation in the past month? …………… hours (can be a decimal number) (13) Income from working the main occupation over the past month? ……………million dong (can be a decimal number) 55 PART F: OTHER INFORMATION OF HOUSEHOLD F1 In 2016, is your household poor/near poor? Poor Near poor No -99 Don’t know F2 What is your average monthly income in the last 12 months from all sources (including income in kind, interest from the savings book) …………… million dong/month (can be a decimal number Write -99 if don’t remember, -88 if refuse to answer Move to F3 if having answer) F2a If respondent does not remember (-99) / not want to answer (-88), enumerator asks to choose one of the following options: Less than million From 15 to less than 20 million From to less than million From 20 to less than 30 million From to less than million More than 30 million From to less than 10 million -99 Don’t know From 10 to less than 15 million -88 Not want to answer F3 What is your household’s average monthly income in the 12 months from all sources (including in kind)? (The calculation of income for the whole family is similar as respondent's income calculation formula in F2 The answer in F3 must be greater than or equal to F3) ………………… million dong/month (can be a decimal number Write -99 if don’t remember, -88 if refuse to answer Move to Part I if having answer) F3a If respondent does not remember (-99) / not want to answer (-88), enumerator asks to choose one of the following options: Less than million From 15 to less than 20 million From to less than million From 20 to less than 30 million From to less than million More than 30 million From to less than 10 million -99 Don’t know From 10 to less than 15 million -88 Not want to answer 56 PART I: TIME USE I1 [Enumerator auto-write, not ask respondent] Whom is daily diary section below? (Only one option) Main respondent who answer main questionnaire of tobacco → Move to I5 Other If respondent is not the person who answered the main questionnaire, enumerator asks and inputs some information in I2, I3, I4 I2 Number of the member in G2:……………… I3 Full name: I4 Telephone number: I5 Now, I will ask some information about how you used yesterday's time (from 4am yesterday to 4am today) I5a Activities I5b Ending time I5c Who you work I5d Vehicle with? I5a Yesterday, at am, what were you doing? (only one option) No Activities Sleep Personal activities (grooming, self-care, etc.) Eating Household activities 4.1 Housework (interior cleaning, laundry, sewing, etc.) 4.2 Food & Drink Prep., Presentation, & Clean-up 4.3 Interior Maintenance, Repair, & Decoration Household Management (Household organization and planning, financial 4.4 management, etc.) 4.5 Others Caring For & Helping Household (HH) Members 57 No Activities Caring For & Helping HH Children (Physical care for hh children, 5.1 playing with hh children, etc.) Activities Related to HH Children's Education (Homework (hh children), 5.2 Waiting associated with hh children's education, etc.) 5.3 Activities Related to HH Children's Health 5.4 Caring and Helping for Household Adults (elderly) 5.5 Others Caring For & Helping Non-household (NonHH) Members Work- & Work-Related Activities 7.1 Work, main job Work-Related Activities (Eating and drinking as part of job, Socializing, 7.2 relaxing, and leisure as part of job, etc.) 7.3 Other Income-generating Activities 7.4 Job Search and Interviewing 7.5 Others Education 8.1 Taking class for degree, certification, or licensure 8.2 Taking extra class (at school, centers) 8.3 Extracurricular School Activities (Except Sports) 8.4 Research/homework 8.5 Others Socializing, Relaxing, and Leisure 9.1 Socializing and communicating with others 9.2 Attending or hosting parties/receptions/ceremonies 9.3 Attending/hosting sport events 9.4 Attending movies/film 9.5 Using social networks (Facebook, twitter …) 58 No Activities Relaxing (Reading, watching …) on digital devices (tablet, smartphone, 9.6 etc.) 9.7 Reading books, newspaper 9.8 Watching TV, listening to radio 9.9 Relaxing 9.10 Others 10 Consumer Purchases 10.1 Food Shopping (Store, Telephone, Internet) 10.2 Shopping (Store, Telephone, Internet), not food 10.3 Researching Purchases 10.4 Others 11 Telephone Calls (to or from) 12 Participating in Sports, Exercise, or Recreation 13 Participation in religious practices 14 Participation in Volunteer Activities Using personal care services (banking, legal services, Real Estate, 15 health and care services, veterinary services, etc.) Using Government Services (Obtaining licenses & paying fines, fees, 16 taxes, etc.) Using Household Services (interior cleaning services, clothing repair and cleaning services, pet services, vehicle maintenance or repair 17 services, etc.) 18 Traveling 18.1 Travel Related to Work 18.2 Travel Related to Caring For & Helping HH Members 18.3 Travel Related to Socializing, Relaxing, and Leisure 18.4 Travel Related to Consumer Purchases 18.5 Travel related to other activities 59 No Activities 19 Others I5b What time did you perform? Or how much time did you spend on this activity? Enter the end time of the operation If the enumerator finds that the operation time is too long, it should ask again and respondent is sure to provide accurate information I5c [Ask only for Activity 4, 5, 9] Who you work with? (multiple choice) Alone Friends Spouse 10 Neighbors, acquaints Mother/Father 11 Leader/Manager Children 12 Collogues/Co-worker Grandchildren 13 Customer/Client Siblings 14 Home helper Other members living in household 15 Others (specify) Other relatives without living in -90 Not applicable household I5d (QUESTION FOR TRAVELLING ACTIVITY – I5a=18) How did you move? (If only one option is selected, if respondent moves by multiple means, select one main option) Cars, trucks (respondent driven) Bus Motorcycles (respondent driven) Train Cars, trucks (respondent did not drive) Boat / Ferry Motorcycles (respondent did not drive) 10 Aircraft Walk 11 Others (specify) Bicycles / Electric Bicycles I6 Was yesterday your typical day? If not, why? (If more than one reason, choose only one main reason.) Yes No, I participated a social event (wedding, funerals, etc.) 60 No, due to weather (rain, storm, No, because yesterday was a holiday etc.) (Christmas, Valentine ) No, due to illness No, because yesterday is holiday No, because I just quitted my (weekend, vacation ) No, Others (specify): ….… job I7 Please tell us how satisfied you are with the following? Very Very -99 satisfied Satisfied Neither Unsatisfied unsatisfied Don’t know Your life - THE END - 61 ANNEX – Interview questions Could you tell me about your experience in conducting projects/programmes related to gender equality promotion? It is said that Vietnam Government have had many efforts to promote gender equality, especially establishing legal framework What are they? How you think about the current legal framework? Does it work effectively? Why/Why not? How you think about gender distribution of doing housework in Vietnam? It is said that women feel satisfied with the current domestic work and care tasks distribution How you think about it? Why is the current legal framework ignore the issue of gender inequality in doing housework? What are recommendations to address to the current gender inequality? 62 ANNEX – T-test (DEPOCEN time-use data) Urban-Rural Marital Status Education level Income level Below VND million VND millionbelow VND 10 million VND 10 million -below VND 15 million From VND 15 million -10.953 -7.776 16.435 8.531 Single Marrie d No educati on Primar y school Lower second ary school Upper seconda ry school Vocatio nal school or universi ty 13.028 -43.967 29.889* ** 1.108 -58.729 25.067* 0.677 -50.215* (0.33) (-0.77) (-3.22) (0.04 (-3.256) (-1.74) (0.03) (-1.80) (-1.58) (-0.79) -0.79 -0.5 97.497* 171.541 138.124 239.947* 141.067* 171.978 180.374 *** *** ** ** *** *** 133.25 2*** 111.486* *** 163.27 7*** 174.771 ** 155.46 2*** (11.53) (9.66) (1.91) (4.3) (14.14) (5.05) (7.14) (7.39) (9.86) (4.07) (10.3) (9.53) (3.82) (3.79) 53.140* 53.269* -47.254* 53.28 50.447* 99.094* -36.442 -44.715 -22.9 21.643 ** * 43.088* 82.916* * 98.473** 45.198 ** 109.73 (-3.15) (-2.39) (-1.80) -0.78 (-1.65) (-2.78) (-2.10) (-1.12) (-1.52) (-2.52) -0.74 (-1.81) (-2.98) (-0.34) -0.44 89.106* ** 78.99* ** 108.992 *** 170.472 *** 17.704 -97.897 78.192 ** 93.202* ** 67.699* ** 120.327 *** 172.495 *** 92.711* ** 80.189* ** -76.325 126.012 *** (-7.43) (-4.84) (-6.32) (-2.75) (0.29) (-7.92) (-2.03) (-3.95) (-3.27) (-5.36) (-4.78) (-5.34) (-3.97) (-1.47) (-3.87) 3.574 0.108 3.008 6.667 -13.357 4.437 12.091 11.897 2.487 -23.493* 28.945 4.943 2.429 -17.328 7.586 (0.68) (0.015) (0.38) (0.301) (-0.65) (0.81) (0.96) (1.37) (0.27) (-1.80) (1.42) (0.64) (0.29) (-0.73) (0.53) 1197 647 550 58 86 1049 134 300 408 223 122 594 374 72 157 Female -Male Urban Rural Widow Average time for personal care 29.729* ** -36.232 -17.498 (-3.33) (-2.97) (-1.340) Average time for doing housewor k 168.542 170.078* *** 169.43 6*** (13.13) Average time for work activities Average time for socializin g, relaxing and leisure Average time for other activities Observat ions ** ** 63 64