Life cycle assessment of Air conditioner and pro-environmental behavior analysis on Air conditioner user in office buildings in Hanoi.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THANH HUYEN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USER IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN HANOI MASTER THESIS Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THANH HUYEN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USER IN OFFICE BUILDINGS IN HANOI PROGRAM: MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: PILOT SUPERVISOR Dr JUN NAKATANI Hanoi, 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Before studying at Vietnam Japan University (VJU), I have been an official who has stable occupy in a government agency However, I always remind myself must to study as much as possible I searched a lot of the master’s programmes but only the syllabus of VJU impress me with international environment of studying I have decided to take a break from work for two years to apply to master programme at VJU This is one of the right decisions in my life During near two years studying in VJU, I always try the best to comprehend all teacher’s lectures By the funding of JICA and the assistance of Professors and Teachers of Master’s programme in Environmental Engineering Master (MEE), I had a chance to internship at the University of Tokyo in two months, where has a lot of famous Professors, excellent students and perfect environment for studying Where gave me a lot of the best experiments Thesis is the final subject of the master program, and the topic of Life Cycle Assessment is quite new knowledge to me To finish my thesis, I have had to try a lot but I will not be able to finish my thesis without the guidance my supervisor and the support from Professors, Teachers of MEE I am very appreciated to Dr Jun Nakatani and want to give my special thanks to my supervisor who gave me the best conditions to search and study effectively, also spend time to give comments for my thesis Besides that, I also want to give my special thanks to Prof Jun Nakajima, Assoc Prof Katayama Hiroyuki, Dr Nguyen Thi An Hang who helped me a lot from begin days for the selecting thesis’s topic I want to give my thank to Dr Yoshikawa (at Ritsumeikan University) who helped and gave me comments in implementing my thesis Also, I want to say thank to Assoc Prof Kasuga Ikuro, and Assistants of MEE’s program who support me to finish the procedure’s thesis Finally, I want to give my special thank to my family who spent me the best conditions to focus on studying at VJU I would like to thank to The Japan International Cooperation Agency, The University of Tokyo, Vietnam Japan University to give me this great opportunity in which I could develop myself both academically, professionally and socially TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Research goals 1.4 Scope of research CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY 10 2.1 Literature review 10 2.1.1 Life cycle assessment of air conditioner .10 2.1.2 Pro-environmental behavior analysis .15 2.2 Methodology and materials .18 2.2.1 Life cycle assessment 18 2.2.2 Methodology for pro-environmental behaviour analysis 22 2.2.3 Data collection 23 CHAPTER 3: RESULT AND DISCUSSION .25 3.1 Assessment of life cycle of air-conditioner .25 3.1.1 Determine function unit and system boundary 25 3.1.2 Life cycle inventory analysis .26 3.1.3 Lifecycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 29 3.2 Pro-environmental behavior analysis 34 3.2.1 Determine factors and sub-factors that influent on the target behavior 34 3.2.2 Determine the local weight and global weight of factors and sub-factors.36 3.3 Summarize the results and discussion .41 3.3.1 Impact of air conditioner life cycle on global warming and the solution to reduce that influent 41 3.3.2 The factors and sub-factors dominate the behaviour of “energy-saving” in air conditioner service stage 44 3.3.3 Limitations of thesis 46 CONCLUSION 46 LIST OF REFERNCES 48 APPENDIX A 50 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 The scales for importance .23 Table 3.1 The quantity of greenhouse gases emitted from AC production process26 Table 3.2 Raw basic database of air conditioner and refrigerant 27 Table 3.3 The result of inventory greenhouse gases emission in AC’s operation 28 Table 3.4 The result of inventory GHGs emission at disposal stage 29 Table 3.5 The amount of GHGs emission in production stage .30 Table 3.6 The amount of GHGs emission at operation stage 31 Table 3.7 The GHGs emission in disposal stage of air conditioner 33 Table 3.8 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight of factors 37 Table 3.9 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight inside internal factors .38 Table 3.10 Pairwise comparison matrix and local weight inside external factors 39 Table 3.11 Global weight of sub-factors 40 Table 3.12 Total amount of GHGs emission in Air conditioner’s life cycle 42 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 1.1 The ilustrated image of split air conditioner Figure 2.1 Factors influence on behavior 16 Figure 2.2 The relative importance scale 23 Figure 3.1 Boundary system of air conditioner’s life cycle 25 Figure 3.2 The portion of GHGs emission in production stage 30 Figure 3.3 The GHGs emission in operation stage of air conditioner with R22 and R32 at the value GWP20 and GWP100 32 Figure 3.4 Total amount of GHGs emission in disposal stage of air conditioner 34 Figure 3.5 The hierarchy of influent factor and sub-factors 35 Figure 3.6 The portion emission of each stages in air conditioner’s life cycle .41 Figure 3.7 The amount emission of air conditioner life cycle at GWP20 and GWP100 43 Figure 3.8 The global weight of sub-factors 45 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC: Air Conditioner AHP: Analysis Hierarchy Process BTU: British thermal unit Eq: Equivalent GHGs: Green-house gases GWP: Global Warming Potential GDP: Gross domestic product GIZ: German Agency for Development Co-operation Gesellschaft Technische Zusammenarbeit HP: Horse power IDEA: Inventory Database for Environmental Analysis IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MOIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade MONRE: Ministry of Natural, Resource and Environment LCA: Life Cycle Assessment LCC: Life Cycle Cost LCI: Life Cycle Inventory LCIA: Life cycle Inventory Assessment SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential PEBs: Pro-environmental behaviors CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Being a developing country with a long coastline, Vietnam is one of the countries that suffered strongly by climate change Belong to tropical climate region, Vietnam has four distinct seasons with the summer is very hot According to IPCC, with climate change, the global temperature will rise progressively, the predicted results is an increase about 2-2.5°C in 2100 (IPCC, 2014) That makes the summer is becoming hotter, the rest seasons are also warmer than before significantly In recent years, the growth of economic and the development of society in Vietnam is increase rapidly The GDP growth of Vietnam is assessed be among strongest compared with other countries in the same region [1] In 2011, the GDP growth is about 6.2% [2][3], the GDP per capital in USD is 1,402 [4][5] Till 2017, the GDP per capital increase about 1.4 times compared with that in 2011 at 2,010 USD and the GDP growth at 6.8%[2][3] The urbanization is developed widely in Vietnam The gap between city and countryside is shrinking Based on that, the living’s standard of each person is also greater Due to the growth of socio-economic and the climate change, the demand of air cooling using is becoming more necessary and popular in Vietnam It is expressed clearly through the development of air conditioner market in recent years According to the results of GIZ, the number of split air conditioner in 2010 was about 0.79 million units, and this number increased about 3.6 times in 2016 with 2.9 million units The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is evaluated approximately 24%, in 2025, the total of spilt air conditioner can be more than 40 million units [5] Nowadays, almost air conditioner are using mainly the refrigerants of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC or R22, R410A), and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC 32 or R32) [5] The coolants HCFC and HFC are considered to be two type of green-house gases Refrigerants contain atoms of chlorine and bromine that relate to ozone depletion and warming up the earth Due to that, using of air-conditioning has strongly impacts on environment, especially global warming The significantly impacts are considered to derive not only from the release directly of the refrigerants but also indirectly through electricity consumption Because of the operating of combustion at power plant to produce electricity also emit the significant amount of green-house gases [6] The research of Hanoi University of Science and Technology in 2007 showed that the amount of electricity consumption used for cooling making occupy approximately from 30% to 60% of the total electricity consumption for all activities in Vietnam It means the emission from electricity consumption for cooling is extremely big Relate to energy-saving, Vietnam has issued Law of saving and efficiency energy using on 2010, in which requirement of the energy saving have to be conducted in all sectors (construction, agriculture, trade and industry) Based on that, all sectors have built for their-self the legal documents under Law and action-plan to guide and require stakeholders to implement Besides that, by the assistance of international organizations, NGOs, Vietnam has the research projects relate to energy saving and using efficiency In which, the projects focus mainly on macro issues such as technology revolution, architecture adjustment, technical improvement, awareness raising There are not any projects focus on analysis the behavior of people in energy –saving Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam where focus many government offices, sates agencies and international organizations…According to Hanoi Department of Planning and Investment, in 2018, the GDPR of Hanoi is 02 times higher than mean value of the country at 4.080 USD/person/year, about 1.12 times higher compared with that in 2015 Due to that, the demand of AC’s using in Hanoi is consider higher than other provinces execpt to Ho Chi Minh city ... also analysis the AC user? ??s pro-environmental behavior in Vietnam From that, the study ? ?Life cycle assessment of air- conditioner and probehaviour analysis of air- conditioner user at office buildings. .. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM – JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THANH HUYEN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONDITONER AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS OF AIR CONDITIONER USER IN OFFICE BUILDINGS. .. ideal option for air conditioner to reduce the impacts on environment [26] In the other hand, in the study of “Environmental impact and life cycle assessment of heating and air conditioning systems,