Lecture Principle of inventory and material management - Lecture 12

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Lecture Principle of inventory and material management - Lecture 12

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Lecture 12 - Capacity Management and Planning (continued). The contents of this chapter include all of the following: Managing demand, tactics for managing demand, approaches to capacity expansion, breakeven analysis, decision tree and capacity expansion, net present value, capacity planning issues.

Lecture 12 Capacity Management and Planning (continued) Books • Introduction to Materials Management, Sixth Edition, J. R. Tony Arnold, P.E., CFPIM, CIRM, Fleming  College, Emeritus, Stephen N. Chapman, Ph.D., CFPIM, North Carolina State University, Lloyd M.  Clive, P.E., CFPIM, Fleming College • Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, 11th Edition, by Chase, Jacobs, and Aquilano, 2005,  N.Y.: McGraw­Hill/Irwin • Operations Management, 11/E, Jay Heizer, Texas Lutheran University, Barry Render, Graduate School of  Business, Rollins College, Prentice Hall Objectives • • • • • • ã ManagingDemand Tacticsformanagingdemand Approachestocapacityexpansion Breakevenanalysis Decisiontreeandcapacityexpansion Netpresentvalue Capacityplanningissues ManagingDemand ỵ Demand exceeds capacity Curtail demand by raising prices, scheduling longer lead time ỵ Long term solution is to increase capacity þ þ Capacity exceeds demand Stimulate market þ Product changes þ þ Adjusting to seasonal demands þ Produce products with complementary demand patterns Tactics for Matching Capacity to Demand Making staffing changes Adjusting equipment ỵ ỵ Purchasing additional machinery Selling or leasing out existing equipment Improving processes to increase throughput Redesigning products to facilitate more throughput Adding process flexibility to meet changing product preferences Closing facilities DemandandCapacityManagementintheServiceSector ỵ ỵ Demandmanagement ỵ Appointment,reservations,FCFSrule Capacity management ỵ Fulltime, temporary, partưtime staff Approaches to Capacity Expansion Demand (c) Leading demand with incremental expansion New capacity Leading demand with onestep New expansion Capacity lags demand with incremental expansion Expected demand Demand capacity Expected demand New capacity (b) (d) Expected demand Attempts to have an average capacity with incremental expansion New capacity Demand Demand (a) Expected demand Approaches to Capacity Expansion (a) Leading demand with incremental expansion Demand New capacity Expected demand Time (years) Approaches to Capacity Expansion (b) Leading demand with one-step expansion New capacity Demand Expected demand Time (years) Approaches to Capacity Expansion Capacity lags demand with incremental expansion New capacity Expected demand Demand (c) Time (years) Approaches to Capacity Expansion Attempts to have an average capacity with incremental expansion New capacity Expected demand Demand (d) Time (years) Finite Capacity Planning Example (Continued) Key resource  type Machine Number Drill 1 Drill 2 Drill 3 Percent capacity by line              Shifts A B C Total Remarks 22 13 24 59 36 48 36 120 52 24 21 97 Filer 1 Filer 2 3 12 20 14 16 40 Dryer 1 Dryer 2 Dryer 3 2 2 28 72 84 36 51 27 51 43 24 116 116 135 a b What actions would you recommend? (Assume each  machine type is equivalent in terms of capacity.) What other observations would you have for management,  based on the preceding report? Finite Capacity Planning Example:  Single Square Company Key Resource Type Machine Number Shifts Drill 1      1    3   3 22 Drill 2      2    3   6 36 Drill 3       1    1    1    52   10  % Capacity by Line Total  A B C Tot Equiv 13 24  59  1.77 Req'd 48 36 120  7.20 Move 24  21   97    .97    from  9.94 2 to 1 Filer 1 Filer 2      2    3      3     3  0  20 Dryer 1  Dryer 2  Dryer 3       2     2    4  28  36  52  116    4.64       2     2    4  72  51  43  166    6.64      2     1    2    84 27  24  135    2.70     10   13.98   6  2    9    12   15  14   8   16    .96  Excess  40   3.60  _ capacity  4.56 Increase to three shifts Remarks Finite Capacity Planning Example:  Single Square Company (continued) a b There is enough capacity now in the Drill and Filer areas. To correct  the imbalance in the Drills, it is necessary to move some of the load  from Drill 2 to Drill 1. In the case of the Dryers, it is necessary to  increase capacity. Adding shifts will provide enough for the current  load Why is there so much capacity for the Filers? They can be brought  back to one shift and are okay. Secondly, if there is any upward trend  in the loads for the Dryers, it behooves management to begin to  worry about where they can get additional dryer capacity Twin Disc Capacity Bill Report 41 Twin Disc Capacity Bill Example Suppose, in the Twin Disc example, it was decided to move  all production for product lines F and I from the Maag grinder  (CEA) to the Reishauer grinder (CAB). What's the resulting total  percentage of capacity for each machine and the amount for  product lines F and I? (Note the Reishauer is three times faster  than the Maag grinder so the Maag takes three times as many  hours to complete a job.) Assume setup time is negligible Twin Disc Capacity Bill Example For Line I On Maag Grinding Hours = 3044 x .08 = 243.52 On Reishauer = 243.52/3 = 81.17 % of Reishauer = 81.17/950 = 9 New % of Line I on Reishauer = 9 + 1 = 10% New % of Line I on Maag = 0% For Line F: On Maag Grinding Hours = 3044 x .05 = 152.20 On Reishauer = 152.20/3 = 50.73 % of Reishauer = 50.73/950 = 5 New % of Line F on Reishauer = 5 + 2 = 7% New % of Line F on Maag = 0% New Totals: Applicon Capacity Status Report 44 Applicon Capacity Bill Example Applicon has the following capacity bills for items 207 and  208: 207                  208 Work center Hours/unit Work center     ALF­A       0.5     ALF­T      0.3     HLT­A       1.0     HLT­T      0.8     MIS­A       0.8     MIS­T      0.6     MVX­A       0.8     MVX­T      0.5     PCB­A       0.5     PCB­P      0.9     PCB­P       1.0     PCB­T      1.4 Hours/unit Applicon Capacity Bill Example a b A customer wants to know if Applicon can deliver 100 units  each of items 207 and 208 during the next month (20  working days). Assume there are adequate materials, work  center MVX­T'S crew has been increased to one full person  (making standard capacity = 160), the increase has come by  reducing MVX­A to 6.5 persons. and no other orders have  been booked. Use the standard capacity data and conditions  in the previous slides as the basis for your analysis Suppose the customer (in part a. above) decided to delay  the order for several months. How many units of item 207  alone could be added to the MPS in the next month? How  about item 208? Applicon Analysis:For Item 207 Work Center ALF­A HLT­A MIS­A MVX­A PCB­A PCB­P Units Possible          (480 ­ 70)/0.5 = 820 units        (800 ­ 438)/1.0 = 362 units        (800 ­ 270)/0.8 = 662 units (1120 ­ 80 ­ 399)/0.8 = 801 units          (160 ­ 52)/0.5 = 216 units        (960 ­ 408)/1.0 = 552 units BUT this is if only item 207 is made Applicon If BOTH items are made in equal quantities, PCB­P is a  shared work center so: PCB­P (960 ­ 408)/(1.0 + 0.9) = 291 of each For Item 208 Work Center Units Possible ALF­T  (80 ­ 5)/0.3 = 250 units HLT­T (160 ­ 85)/0.8 = 94 units MIS­T (80 ­ 14)/0.6 = 110 units MVX­T (160 ­ 79)/0.5 = 162 units PCB­P (960 ­ 408)/(1.0 + 0.9) = 291 units PCB­T (1680 ­ 918)/1.4 = 544 units Applicon a b The analysis says that 100 units of each cannot  be added to the MPS without something else  being done. The problem is with item 208 in  work center HLT­T. To make 100 units of item  208, work center HLT­T will have to work  overtime­unless capacity can be provided from a  less highly utilized work center or perhaps  greater productivity can be gained in some other  way The analysis shows that 216 units of item 207 or  a total of 94 units of item 208 can be made Concluding Principles • • • • • Capacity plans must be developed concurrently with material  plans if the material plans are to be realized The capacity measure should reflect realizable output from the  key resources.  It's not always capacity that should change when capacity  availability doesn't equal need.  Capacity not only must be planned, but use of that capacity must  also be monitored and controlled Capacity planning techniques can be applied to selected key  resources (which need not correspond to production work  centers) Concluding Principles • • • • • The particular capacity planning technique(s) chosen must match  the level of detail and actual company circumstances to permit  making effective management decisions The more detail in the capacity planning system, the more data and  data base maintenance are required The better the resource and production planning process, the less  difficult the capacity planning process The better the shop­floor system, the less short­term capacity  planning is required.  Capacity planning can be simplified in a JIT environment End of Lecture 12 ... P P-V F = (P - V)/P F = - V/P x = number of units produced TR = total revenue = Px F = fixed costs V = variable cost per unit TC = total costs = F + Vx Profit = TR - TC = Px - (F + Vx) = Px -. .. demand with incremental expansion Demand New capacity Expected demand Time (years) Approaches to Capacity Expansion (b) Leading demand with one-step expansion New capacity Demand Expected demand... product preferences Closing facilities DemandandCapacityManagementintheServiceSector ỵ ỵ Demandmanagement ỵ Appointment,reservations,FCFSrule Capacity management ỵ Fulltime, temporary, partưtime

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Mục lục

  • Slide 1

  • Objectives

  • Managing Demand

  • Tactics for Matching Capacity to Demand

  • Demand and Capacity Management in the Service Sector

  • Approaches to Capacity Expansion

  • Approaches to Capacity Expansion

  • Approaches to Capacity Expansion

  • Approaches to Capacity Expansion

  • Approaches to Capacity Expansion

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Analysis

  • Break-Even Example

  • Break-Even Example

  • Break-Even Example

  • Break-Even Example

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