Effect of spot application of imidacloprid 17.8 SL on mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) under conservation agricultural practices, West Bengal, India

An experiment was conducted at Balindi Research Complex Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal duringRabi season of 2018-2019 to evaluate the impact of spot application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml per litre of water to suppress the initial population of the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) to check build up of destructive form. The pesticide was applied as spot application in three different tillage with five different fertilizers regimes in five mustard cultivars (B- 54, ADV- 414, B- 9, Bullet, TBM- 204). Among the tillage, the best performance of imidacloprid was noted in zero tillage, recorded 4.95 aphid/twig followed by the reduced tillage and conventional tillage.

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.907.422 Effect of Spot Application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL on Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) under Conservation Agricultural Practices, West Bengal, India Shamik Dey1*, Tufleuddin Biswas2, Mahafuzar Rahaman3, Suvendu Bhattacharjee4 and Krishna Karmakar1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, 2Department of Agricultural Statistics, 3Department of Agronomy, 4Department of Farm machinery and power, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Cultivar; Mustard Aphid; Mustard; Tillage; Zero tillage Article Info Accepted: 22 June 2020 Available Online: 10 July 2020 An experiment was conducted at Balindi Research Complex Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal duringRabi season of 2018-2019 to evaluate the impact of spot application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml per litre of water to suppress the initial population of the mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) to check build up of destructive form The pesticide was applied as spot application in three different tillage with five different fertilizers regimes in five mustard cultivars (B- 54, ADV- 414, B- 9, Bullet, TBM- 204) Among the tillage, the best performance of imidacloprid was noted in zero tillage, recorded 4.95 aphid/twig followed by the reduced tillage and conventional tillage Again, among the nutrient residue combinations, the best result of the pesticide was obtained against the aphid in 100% paddy straw residue + 75% N P K treated plots (5.83 aphid/twig) at10th days after spraying The pesticide treated in mustard variety ADV-414 recorded lowest aphid population (1.33 aphid/twig) with highest yield (1.5t/ha) Introduction Rapeseed and mustard (Brassica spp.) is the third most important oilseed crop in the world in terms of production and area and second most important of the country after groundnut contributing nearly 25-28% of total oil seeds production (Krishna Murthy and Bhatnagar, 1998; Mandal et al., 2018) It is mainly cultivated in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana and West Bengal (Das et al., 2019).Rape seed mustard oil is used primarily for edible purpose and as well as cooking oil Besides, seeds are used as condiments, preparation of salad, juice curries and pickles The meal cake left after oil extraction considered as important cattle feed and organic manure (Chand et al., 2017) Thirty eight insect pests species are known to be associated with mustard crop in India and among them aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima), painted bug (Bagrada hilaris), leaf miner (Chromatomyia 3620 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 horticola) are important and mustard aphid has gained the attention of key pest status due to its havoc damage potentiality (Bakhetia and Sekhon, 1989; Das, 2002).It is a cosmopolitan insect and colonizesin the leaf surfaces and in leaf folds of the developing heads, on leaf stalks and on leaf axles They are found on the growing points of the host plants, including tips, flowers and developing pods and cover the entire plant with high population density (Nelson and Rosenheim, 2006) All the stages of the population suck the plant sap continuously leads to stunting, distorting, and yellowing of the host plant (Khan et al., 2015) The substantial yield losses due to aphid infestation have been estimated as 20 to 50%, and it could be as high as 78% if proper management strategy has not been taken (Prasad and Phadke, 1983) In order to suppress the aphid problem, farmers are mainly depend on the extensive use of chemical insecticides which leads to death of natural enemies, honey bees and create imbalance in the agro ecosystem (Ahlawat et al., 2015) Considering the management aspect spot application of insecticide has been taken into our major consideration on the infested plants observing the initial damage symptoms caused by the insect pest with the aim of complete destruction of invading pest population to disrupt the scope of the pest to attain in destructive form and to minimize the use of the pesticide for the safety of the natural enemies and the ecosystem Materials and Methods Location of Experimental statistical analysis field and The research was conducted at Balindi Research Complex Farm (22°57'49" N 88°32'10"E 10 m above mean sea level), Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India during Rabi season of 2018-2019.Statistical analysis has been done by using SPSS version 20 by following split-split plot design where tillage in main plots, nutrient-residue combinations in the sub plots and the cultivars were allotted in the sub-sub plots Field preparation The entire field was divided into three different tillage systems as conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and zero tillage (ZT) based on the tillage intensity To prepare the conventionally tilled mustard field, two passes of cultivator and one pass of rotavator were assigned Similarly, for the proper tilth of RT field one pass each of cultivator and rotavator were used In case of zero tillage no tillage was given Effective field capacity of cultivator was recorded 0.35ha/h in both the tillage systems and the very for rotavator was 0.32ha/h and 0.35 ha/h respectively in CT and RT Sowing of crop and fertilizer management Five cultivar of Mustard crop i.e B- 54, ADV- 414, B- 9, Bullet, TBM- 204 were shown on 9th November, 2018 with the seed rate kg / and spacing 30 cm x 10 cm The fertilizer dose was given as per recommendation i.e 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha Seeding and fertilizer application was done mechanically by multi-crop seed cum fertilizer drillhaving inclined plate metric mechanism for conventional practiced and reduced tillage practiced and the similar seeding machine attached with inverted ‘T’type furrow opener was used for zero tillage practice for mustard cultivation Application of Insecticide and impact study Imidacloprid 17.8 SL, a neonicotinoid group of insecticide was given @ 0.3 ml / liter of water as spot application at 30 days after crop 3621 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 sowing by using Knapsack sprayer Before application, pre-treatment count was taken (aphid population / 10 cm of plant twig) and post treatment count was taken after day after spraying, days after spraying, days after spraying and 10 days after spraying from five different varieties in three tillage plots with five different nutrient-residue combinations i.e 50% paddy straw residue + 75% N.P.K which was followed by (177.79) in 3rd nutrient-residue combination (100% paddy straw residue + 75% N.P.K), 155.09 in 1st nutrient-residue combination (0% paddy straw residue + 100% N.P.K), 152.36 in 4th nutrient-residue combination (50% paddy straw residue + 100% N.P.K) and 132.25 in 2nd nutrient-residue combination (100% paddy straw residue + 50% N.P.K) (Fig 2) Results and Discussion Effect of Imidacloprid on Lipaphis erysimi in different tillage treatment The data on pest population (aphid population/plant twig) recorded during the experimental period reveals that highest population of mustard aphid was noticed in conventional tillage (169.56) followed by reduced tillage (154.46) and zero tillage (147.52) at pre-treatment condition At day after treatment, maximum mean population was observed in the conventional tillage (167.68) and the lowest population was recorded in the zero tillage (127.58) (Fig 1) The impact of spot application drastically reduced the aphid population days after spraying and subsequent days The lowest population (111.99) was recorded days after spraying in zero tillage plot while the maximum (140.89) was observed in conventional tillage it At 10 days after spraying performance of zero tillage condition was superior to other tillage showing very less number of aphid population (4.95) (Table 3) Effect of Imidacloprid on Lipaphis erysimi in different nutrient-residue combinations In the present experiment, each tillage plot was subdivided with five different nutrientresidue combinations During pre-treatment count, maximum pest infestation (245.09) was recorded at 5th nutrient-residue combination At one day after spray, lowest pest population (75.81) was occurred in 100% paddy straw residue+ 50% N.P.K and highest (147.06) was recorded from 100% paddy straw residue + 75% N.P.Kand 3rd days after spraying there was a significantly reduction in pest population (30.68) in 100% paddy straw residue + 50% N.P.K and 50% paddy straw residue + 100% N.P.K At 7th days after spraying and onwards the pest population was significantly reduced from the field and lowest population was occurred in 100% paddy straw residue + 75% N.P.K combination (Table 4) Effect of Imidacloprid on Lipaphis erysimi in different mustard cultivars Five different mustard cultivars were taken for this study From the experimental study it was observed that before insecticide application, cultivar ADV 414 showed superiority by harbouring less insect population (141.85) among all others varieties At 1st day after spraying, ADV 414 performed best showing very less population (80.06) and rest varieties remaining susceptible to pest attack (Fig 3) Spot application of Imidacloprid significantly abridged the aphid population form days after spraying At 10 days after spraying less aphid population (1.33) was recorded from ADV 414 cultivar among all other cultivars (Table 5) 3622 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 Table.1 Field Layout of the experimental design at Balindi Research Complex Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya st N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 Conventional tillage N-R 3rd N-R 4th N-R Comb Comb Comb B-54 B-54 B-54 ADVADVADV414 414 414 B-9 B-9 B-9 Bullet Bullet Bullet TBMTBMTBM204 204 204 nd th N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 st N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 Zero tillage N-R 3rd N-R 4th N-R Comb Comb Comb B-54 B-54 B-54 ADVADVADV414 414 414 B-9 B-9 B-9 Bullet Bullet Bullet TBMTBMTBM204 204 204 nd th N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 st N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 Reduced tillage N-R 3rd N-R 4th N-R Comb Comb Comb B-54 B-54 B-54 ADVADVADV414 414 414 B-9 B-9 B-9 Bullet Bullet Bullet TBMTBMTBM204 204 204 nd Table.2 Experimental treatment details Name of the crop Mustard Cultivar B-54 ADV-414 B-9 Bullet TBM-204 B-54 ADV-414 B-9 Bullet TBM-204 B-54 ADV-414 B-9 Bullet TBM-204 Tillage Nutreint-residue combination N-R 1: 0% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 2: 100% paddy straw residue+ 50% N.P.K Conventional tillage N-R 3: 100% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K (CT) N-R 4: 50% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 5: 50% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K N-R 1: 0% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 2: 100% paddy straw residue+ 50% N.P.K Zero tillage (ZT) N-R 3: 100% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K N-R 4: 50% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 5: 50% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K N-R 1: 0% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 2: 100% paddy straw residue+ 50% N.P.K Reduced tillage (RT) N-R 3: 100% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K N-R 4: 50% paddy straw residue+ 100% N.P.K N-R 5: 50% paddy straw residue+ 75% N.P.K 3623 5th N-R Comb B-54 ADV414 B-9 Bullet TBM204 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 Table.3 Mean population of mustard aphid at different tillage at different days after spraying TILLAGE CT ZT RT MSE SE(d) CD(0.05) Mean CV(%) PRE TRT COUNT 169.56 147.52 154.46 220.06 2.42 6.72582 157.18 9.437806 DAT DAT DAT 10 DAT 167.68 127.58 135.00 962.87 5.07 14.06881 143.42 21.63559 140.89 111.99 121.14 349.01 3.05 NS 124.67 14.98479 64.74 27.57 31.04 2.59 0.26 0.730254 41.12 3.917363 24.38 4.95 5.95 0.19 0.07 0.198977 11.76 3.732384 Table.4 Mean population of mustard aphid at different nutrient residue combinations at different days after spraying N-R Comb N-R N-R N-R N-R N-R MSE SE(d) CD(0.05) Mean CV(%) Pre Trt Count 155.09 132.25 177.79 152.36 245.09 1775.64 8.883548 18.33474 172.51 24.42598 DAT 147.06 75.81 87.22 102.89 144.86 896.82 6.313372 13.03016 111.57 26.84146 DAT 77.23 30.68 49.54 47.45 73.46 133.37 2.43463 5.024829 55.67 20.74361 DAT 45.66 26.30 17.40 18.08 20.47 5.02 0.472279 0.974737 25.58 8.756916 10 DAT 21.65 20.48 5.83 10.70 8.14 0.51 0.150255 0.310111 13.36 5.335438 Table.5 Mean population of mustard aphid at different cultivars at different days after spraying VAR B-54 ADV 414 B9 Bullet TBM 204 MSE SE(d) CD(0.05) Mean CV(%) Pre Trt Count 171.41 141.85 144.12 180.18 185.01 2830.48 11.21602 22.20694 164.51 32.33893 DAT 106.09 80.06 98.69 104.39 118.63 1180.29 7.242732 14.3401 101.57 33.82433 3624 DAT 42.33 31.06 42.42 44.21 48.36 162.57 2.687986 5.322024 41.67 30.59635 DAT 7.28 4.95 6.76 7.34 7.59 4.46 0.445181 0.881428 6.78 31.13532 10 DAT 1.84 1.33 2.01 1.52 2.09 0.62 0.165411 0.327503 1.76 44.62429 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 Fig1 Graphical representation of mean population of Lipaphis erysimi in different tillage at different days after spraying Fig.2 Graphical representation of mean population of Lipaphis erysimi in different nutrient residue combinations at different days after spraying Fig.3 Graphical representation of mean population of Lipaphis erysimi in different cultivars at different days after spraying 3625 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) is the major biotic threat to late sown mustard cultivation which leads to 100 % yield loss in severe attack (Bakhetia and Arora, 1986) In order to management of this insect pest many insecticides are taken for trial experiment and among them Imidacloprid has been found very promising by reducing the pest population in significant level and yield maximum benefit cost ratio (Konar et al., 2011; Deeve and Baruah, 2012) Both Imidacloprid and Thiomethoxam were found as effective against the aphid population (Rohilla et al., 2004) Other than Imidacloprid, dimethoate was reported toxic to mustard aphid in field condition and increasing the yield of mustard (Sinha et al., 2001) Khurana & Batra (1989) reported that cypermethrin was most effective against mustard aphid infesting on mustard under late sown condition Imidacloprid 17.8% SL + NSKE 5%combination was found to be effective in suppressing the aphid population in a significant level (Lal et al., 2018) Considering the perusal of available of literatures, the present study was focussed on the use of spot application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL in mustard crop to avoid the primary invading pest population from the field From our experimental result it has been shown that, spot application technique has successfully suppressed the entire aphid population from the field So far, various experiments had been carried out emphasizing on the management aspect of mustard aphid by using different insecticides having diverse mode of action In the present experiment we have tried to manage this destructive pest in a different way with the aim of suppression of the pest problem, minimize the toxicity of insecticides on natural enemies and to reduce the chance of toxic deposition of pesticides in soil and environment In conclusion the considering of the various management practices adopted against aphid management in the mustard crop, the spot application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml per litre of water is better option towards achieving highest yield and suppressing the pest with less disturbance to the crop ecosystem Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Agricultural Higher education Project, Prof Biswapati Mandal, Prof Srikanta Das and the honourable Vice chancellor of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya for providing the infrastructures and facilities References Ahlawat, S., Sing S.P and Kumari, B 2015 Bioefficacy and residues of Imidacloprid in rapeseed-mustard Research on Crops 16(1): 176-181 Bakhetia, D.R.C and Arora, R 1986 Control of insect pests of toria, sarson and rai Indian Farming 36 (4): 41- 44 Bakhetia, R.C and Sekhon, B.S 1989 Insect pests and their management in rapeseed mustard Journal of Oilseed Research 8(2): 269-299 Chand, N., Dubey, A.P., Lodhi, S.K., Jaiprakash, T and Kumar, S 2017 Influence of weather on the incidence and spread of Aphid in Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(2): 1655-1664 Das, B.C 2002 Ecology and diversity of agricultural crop infesting aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) Bangladesh Journal of Aphidology 16: 51-57 Das, S., Tejani, D.N., Patel, J.C., Desai, A.G., Desai, A.I and Gangwar, G.P 2019 Effect of Weather parameters on population dynamics of Mustard Aphid International Journal of Current 3626 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(7): 3620-3627 Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8(4): 1648-1653 Deeve, A and Baruah, A.A.L.H 2012 Bio efficacy of Imidacloprid and Binfenthrin against mustard aphid (Lipaphiserysimi) on Brassica rapasubsp Oleifera Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 82(10): 845-851 Khan, I.A., Ahmad, M., Akbar, R., Hussain, S., Saeed, M., Farid, A., Shah, R.A., Fayaz, W., Shah, B and Din, M.M.U 2015 Study on Aphids density and yield components of 12 brassica genotypes under field conditions in Peshawar Pakistan Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 3:11-15 Khurana, A.D and Batra, G.R 1989 Bioefficacy and persistence of insecticides against Lipaphis erysimi K on mustard under late sown conditions Journal of Insect Science (2): 13945 Konar, A., Paul, S and More, K.A 2011 Efficacy of different insecticidal treatment schedules against aphid and whitefly on brinjal The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences (2): 43-52 Krishna Murtrhy, L and Bhatnagar, V.B 1998 Growth analysis of rainfed mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Crop Research 15(1): 43-53 Lal, B., Nayak, M.K., Tomar, D.S and Thakur, S.R 2018 Efficacy of newer insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphiserysimi (Kalt.) in Indian Mustard under Bundelkhand Agro climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6(6): 400-403 Mandal, E., Amin, M.R., Rahman, H and Akanda, A.M 2018 Infestation level and population dynamics of aphid on Mustard Bangaladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 43(4): 611-618 Nelson, E.H and Rosenheim, J.A 2006 Encounters between aphids and their predators: the relative frequencies of disturbance and consumption Entomologica Experimentalis et Applicata 118: 211-219 Prasad, S.K and Phadke, K.G 1983 Effect of the period of crop exposure to aphid attack on the yield of brown seeded rapeseed Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 53: 1046-1047 Rohilla, H.R., Bhatnagar, P and Yadav, P.R 2004 Chemical control of mustard aphid with newer and conventional insecticides Indian Journal of Entomology 66 (1): 30-32 Sinha, R.P., Kumari, K and Singh, S.N 2001 Relative efficacy and persistence of toxicity of insecticides against mustard aphid Indian Journal of Entomology 63 (2): 186-91 How to cite this article: Shamik Dey, Tufleuddin Biswas, Mahafuzar Rahaman Suvendu Bhattacharjee and Krishna Karmakar 2020 Effect of Spot Application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL on Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) under Conservation Agricultural Practices, West Bengal, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 9(07): 3620-3627 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.907.422 3627 ... and Krishna Karmakar 2020 Effect of Spot Application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL on Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) under Conservation Agricultural Practices, West Bengal, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci... practice for mustard cultivation Application of Insecticide and impact study Imidacloprid 17.8 SL, a neonicotinoid group of insecticide was given @ 0.3 ml / liter of water as spot application at 30... perusal of available of literatures, the present study was focussed on the use of spot application of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL in mustard crop to avoid the primary invading pest population from the