Exploiting Software How to Break Code

z  Exploiting Software How to Break Code • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 Copyright Praise for Exploiting Software Attack Patterns Foreword Preface What This Book Is About How to Use This Book But Isn't This Too Dangerous? Acknowledgments Greg's Acknowledgments Gary's Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Software—The Root of the Problem A Brief History of Software Bad Software Is Ubiquitous The Trinity of Trouble The Future of Software What Is Software Security? Conclusion Chapter 2. Attack Patterns A Taxonomy An Open-Systems View Tour of an Exploit Attack Patterns: Blueprints for Disaster An Example Exploit: Microsoft's Broken C++ Compiler Applying Attack Patterns Attack Pattern Boxes Conclusion Chapter 3. Reverse Engineering and Program Understanding Into the House of Logic Should Reverse Engineering Be Illegal? Reverse Engineering Tools and Concepts Approaches to Reverse Engineering Methods of the Reverser Writing Interactive Disassembler (IDA) Plugins Decompiling and Disassembling Software • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. Decompilation in Practice: Reversing helpctr.exe Automatic, Bulk Auditing for Vulnerabilities Writing Your Own Cracking Tools Building a Basic Code Coverage Tool Conclusion Chapter 4. Exploiting Server Software The Trusted Input Problem The Privilege Escalation Problem Finding Injection Points Input Path Tracing Exploiting Trust through Configuration Specific Techniques and Attacks for Server Software Conclusion Chapter 5. Exploiting Client Software Client-side Programs as Attack Targets In-band Signals Cross-site Scripting (XSS) Client Scripts and Malicious Code Content-Based Attacks Backwash Attacks: Leveraging Client-side Buffer Overflows Conclusion Chapter 6. Crafting (Malicious) Input The Defender's Dilemma Intrusion Detection (Not) Partition Analysis Tracing Code Reversing Parser Code Example: Reversing I-Planet Server 6.0 through the Front Door Misclassification Building "Equivalent" Requests Audit Poisoning Conclusion Chapter 7. Buffer Overflow Buffer Overflow 101 Injection Vectors: Input Rides Again Buffer Overflows and Embedded Systems Database Buffer Overflows Buffer Overflows and Java?! Content-Based Buffer Overflow Audit Truncation and Filters with Buffer Overflow Causing Overflow with Environment Variables The Multiple Operation Problem Finding Potential Buffer Overflows Stack Overflow Arithmetic Errors in Memory Management Format String Vulnerabilities Heap Overflows Buffer Overflows and C++ Payloads Payloads on RISC Architectures Multiplatform Payloads Prolog/Epilog Code to Protect Functions Conclusion Chapter 8. Rootkits • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. Subversive Programs A Simple Windows XP Kernel Rootkit Call Hooking Trojan Executable Redirection Hiding Files and Directories Patching Binary Code The Hardware Virus Low-Level Disk Access Adding Network Support to a Driver Interrupts Key Logging Advanced Rootkit Topics Conclusion References Index • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. Copyright Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales (317) 581-3793 international@pearsontechgroup.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoglund, Greg. Exploiting software : how to break code / Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw. p. cm. ISBN 0-201-78695-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Computer security. 2. Computer software—Testing. 3. Computer hackers. I. McGraw, Gary, 1966– II. Title. QA76.9.A25H635 2004 005.8—dc22 2003025556 Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. Dr. McGraw's work is partially supported by DARPA contract no. F30602-99-C-0172 ( An Investigation of Extensible System Security for Highly Resource-Constrained Wireless Devices ) and AFRL Wright-Patterson grant no. F33615-02-C-1295 ( Protection Against Reverse Engineering: State of the Art in Disassembly and Decompilation ). The views and conclusions contained in this book are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of DARPA, the US Air Force, or the US government. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 Text printed on recycled paper 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRS—0807060504 First printing, February 2004 Dedication In memory of Nancy Simone McGraw (1939–2003). Bye, Mom. • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. Praise for Exploiting Software " Exploiting Software highlights the most critical part of the software quality problem. As it turns out, software quality problems are a major contributing factor to computer security problems. Increasingly, companies large and small depend on software to run their businesses every day. The current approach to software quality and security taken by software companies, system integrators, and internal development organizations is like driving a car on a rainy day with worn-out tires and no air bags. In both cases, the odds are that something bad is going to happen, and there is no protection for the occupant/owner. This book will help the reader understand how to make software quality part of the design—a key change from where we are today!" — Tony Scott Chief Technology Officer, IS&S General Motors Corporation "It's about time someone wrote a book to teach the good guys what the bad guys already know. As the computer security industry matures, books like Exploiting Software have a critical role to play." — Bruce Schneier Chief Technology Officer Counterpane Author of Beyond Fear and Secrets and Lies " Exploiting Software cuts to the heart of the computer security problem, showing why broken software presents a clear and present danger. Getting past the 'worm of the day' phenomenon requires that someone other than the bad guys understands how software is attacked. This book is a wake-up call for computer security." — Elinor Mills Abreu Reuters' correspondent "Police investigators study how criminals think and act. Military strategists learn about the enemy's tactics, as well as their weapons and personnel capabilities. Similarly, information security professionals need to study their criminals and enemies, so we can tell the difference between popguns and weapons of mass destruction. This book is a significant advance in helping the 'white hats' understand how the 'black hats' operate. Through extensive examples and 'attack patterns,' this book helps the reader understand how attackers analyze software and use the results of the analysis to attack systems. Hoglund and McGraw explain not only how hackers attack servers, but also how malicious server operators can attack clients (and how each can protect themselves from the other). An excellent book for practicing security engineers, and an ideal book for an undergraduate class in software security." — Jeremy Epstein Director, Product Security & Performance webMethods, Inc. "A provocative and revealing book from two leading security experts and world class software exploiters, Exploiting Software enters the mind of the cleverest and wickedest crackers and shows you how they think. It illustrates general principles for breaking software, and provides you a whirlwind tour of techniques for finding and exploiting software vulnerabilities, along with detailed examples from real software exploits. Exploiting Software is essential reading for anyone responsible for placing software in a hostile environment—that is, everyone who writes or installs programs that run on the Internet." — Dave Evans, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Computer Science University of Virginia • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. "The root cause for most of today's Internet hacker exploits and malicious software outbreaks are buggy software and faulty security software deployment. In Exploiting Software , Greg Hoglund and Gary McGraw help us in an interesting and provocative way to better defend ourselves against malicious hacker attacks on those software loopholes. The information in this book is an essential reference that needs to be understood, digested, and aggressively addressed by IT and information security professionals everywhere." — Ken Cutler, CISSP, CISA Vice President, Curriculum Development & Professional Services, MIS Training Institute "This book describes the threats to software in concrete, understandable, and frightening detail. It also discusses how to find these problems before the bad folks do. A valuable addition to every programmer's and security person's library!" — Matt Bishop, Ph.D. Professor of Computer Science University of California at Davis Author of Computer Security: Art and Science "Whether we slept through software engineering classes or paid attention, those of us who build things remain responsible for achieving meaningful and measurable vulnerability reductions. If you can't afford to stop all software manufacturing to teach your engineers how to build secure software from the ground up, you should at least increase awareness in your organization by demanding that they read Exploiting Software . This book clearly demonstrates what happens to broken software in the wild." — Ron Moritz, CISSP Senior Vice President, Chief Security Strategist Computer Associates " Exploiting Software is the most up-to-date technical treatment of software security I have seen. If you worry about software and application vulnerability, Exploiting Software is a must-read. This book gets at all the timely and important issues surrounding software security in a technical, but still highly readable and engaging, way. Hoglund and McGraw have done an excellent job of picking out the major ideas in software exploit and nicely organizing them to make sense of the software security jungle." — George Cybenko, Ph.D. Dorothy and Walter Gramm Professor of Engineering, Dartmouth Founding Editor-in-Chief, IEEE Security and Privacy "This is a seductive book. It starts with a simple story, telling about hacks and cracks. It draws you in with anecdotes, but builds from there. In a few chapters you find yourself deep in the intimate details of software security. It is the rare technical book that is a readable and enjoyable primer but has the substance to remain on your shelf as a reference. Wonderful stuff." — Craig Miller, Ph.D. Chief Technology Officer for North America Dimension Data "It's hard to protect yourself if you don't know what you're up against. This book has the details you need to know about how attackers find software holes and exploit them—details that will help you secure your own systems." — Ed Felten, Ph.D. Professor of Computer Science Princeton University • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 Pages : 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers. Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software. If you want to protect your software from attack, you must first learn how real attacks are really carried out. This must-have book may shock you—and it will certainly educate you.Getting beyond the script kiddie treatment found in many hacking books, you will learn about Why software exploit will continue to be a serious problem When network security mechanisms do not work Attack patterns Reverse engineering Classic attacks against server software Surprising attacks against client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. Attack Patterns Attack Pattern: Make the Client Invisible 150 Attack Pattern: Target Programs That Write to Privileged OS Resources 152 Attack Pattern: Use a User-Supplied Configuration File to Run Commands That Elevate Privilege 153 Attack Pattern: Make Use of Configuration File Search Paths 156 Attack Pattern: Direct Access to Executable Files 162 Attack Pattern: Embedding Scripts within Scripts 164 Attack Pattern: Leverage Executable Code in Nonexecutable Files 165 Attack Pattern: Argument Injection 169 Attack Pattern: Command Delimiters 172 Attack Pattern: Multiple Parsers and Double Escapes 173 Attack Pattern: User-Supplied Variable Passed to File System Calls 185 Attack Pattern: Postfix NULL Terminator 186 Attack Pattern: Postfix, Null Terminate, and Backslash 186 Attack Pattern: Relative Path Traversal 187 Attack Pattern: Client-Controlled Environment Variables 189 Attack Pattern: User-Supplied Global Variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth) 190 Attack Pattern: Session ID, Resource ID, and Blind Trust 192 Attack Pattern: Analog In-Band Switching Signals (aka "Blue Boxing") 205 Attack Pattern Fragment: Manipulating Terminal Devices 210 Attack Pattern: Simple Script Injection 214 Attack Pattern: Embedding Script in Nonscript Elements 215 Attack Pattern: XSS in HTTP Headers 216 Attack Pattern: HTTP Query Strings 216 Attack Pattern: User-Controlled Filename 217 Attack Pattern: Passing Local Filenames to Functions That Expect a URL 225 Attack Pattern: Meta-characters in E-mail Header 226 Attack Pattern: File System Function Injection, Content Based 229 Attack Pattern: Client-side Injection, Buffer Overflow 231 Attack Pattern: Cause Web Server Misclassification 263 [...]... professionals This book is aimed directly toward software security as opposed to network security As security professionals come to grips with the software security problem, they need to understand how software systems break How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are Solutions to each of the problems discussed in Exploiting Software can be found in Building firewalls,... against software • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code ByGreg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher: Addison Wesley Pub Date: February 17, 2004 ISBN: 0-201-78695-8 Pages: 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? ... 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software If you want to. .. Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code ByGreg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher: Addison Wesley Pub Date: February 17, 2004 ISBN: 0-201-78695-8 Pages: 512 How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers Exploiting. .. client software Techniques for crafting malicious input The technical details of buffer overflows Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code ByGreg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher: Addison Wesley Pub Date: February 17, 2004 ISBN: 0-201-78695-8 Pages: 512 How does software break? ... break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques used by bad guys to break software If you want to protect your software. .. attacks include How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are Controlling who is allowed to connect to a particular machine firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers Detecting whether access credentials are being faked Exploiting Software is loaded... Rootkits Exploiting Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software What This Book Is About This book closely examines many real-world software exploits, explaining how and why they work, the attack patterns they are based on, and in some cases how they were discovered Along the way, this book also shows how to uncover new software vulnerabilities and how to • use... Similarly, software defects allow ISBN: 0-201-78695-8 attackers to5 12 Pages: cause damage intentionally and to steal valuable information In the final analysis, software defects lead directly to software exploit How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to. .. complexity leads to more bugs and flaws [View full size image] How does software break? How do attackers make software break on purpose? Why are firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus software not keeping out the bad guys? What tools can be used to break software? This book provides the answers Exploiting Software is loaded with examples of real attacks, attack patterns, tools, and techniques . z  Exploiting Software How to Break Code • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code By Greg Hoglund , Gary. Software is filled with the tools, concepts, and knowledge necessary to break software. • Table of Contents • Index Exploiting Software How to Break Code