Entrepreneurial enablers, risk perception and behavioral intention, the mediating roles of motivational factors

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business Nguyen Thi Duy Quyen ENTREPRENEURIAL ENABLERS, RISK PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS MASTER OF BUSINESS (Honours) Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2014 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business Nguyen Thi Duy Quyen ENTREPRENEURIAL ENABLERS, RISK PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ID:22120106 MASTEROF BUSINESS (Honours) SUPERVISOR: Dr.Le Nhat Hanh Ho Chi Minh City –Year 2014 Entrepreneurial enablers, risk perception, and behavioral intention: The mediating roles of motivational factors Nguyen Thi Duy Quyen duyquyen.nguyen90@gmail.com, Mbus 3.3 International School of Business Master Thesis Supervisor: Dr Le Nhat Hanh lenhathanh@yahoo.com, Vietnam Germany University December 7nd, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the first, I would like to thank all those people who made this thesis possible and valuable experience for my research Especially, I would like express my grateful sincere to my supervisor, Dr Le Nhat Hanh, for her intensive support, worthy suggestions, instructions and encouragement All of them play an important role for my research orientation Besides, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis committee: Prof Nguyen Dinh Tho, Dr Nguyen Thi Mai Trang, Dr Pham Ngoc Thuy, Dr Tran Ha Minh Quan as well as other teachers in International School of Business for the insightful comments and useful instruction during MBUS course In addition, I thank all my classmates in MBUS 3, master students who attended my survey and my colleagues at Blood TransfusionHematology Hospital for their encouragement and supporting to me complete this thesis Last but not least, my sincere thanks owe to my family who gave me good conditions to finish this work I also wish thank all people who spent through their time and generous support made this thesis project Ho Chi Minh City, December, 2014 Nguyen Thi Duy Quyen Abstract This research empirically investigates the impact of motivational factors including perceived desirability and perceived feasibility on entrepreneurial intention in the context of developing country – Vietnam It also explores the role of subjective norms, risk perception as threat and social support on these motivational factors A sample of 201 master students in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam was surveyed to test the model Multiple regressionswere used to analyze the data The result shows that entrepreneurial intention is positively related to perceive desirability and perceived feasibility In addition, risk perception as threat has negative relationship with perceived feasibility, but in contrast relationship with perceived desirability The result also reveals the positive role of social support on perceived feasibility as well as subjective norms on perceived desirability The primary contribution of this study is empirically examine the role of motivational factors in entrepreneurial intention in Vietnam as well as providing a combination between different antecedences in one model that was never done before in Vietnam and in the world research about this field However limitation of this study is convenience sample of Ho Chi Minh City„s master students Cross – region sample and undergraduate will be a direction for further research Key words Perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, Entrepreneurial intention, Subjective norms, social support, risk perception TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research background 1.2 Research problem 1.3 Research objectives 1.4 Research methodology and scope 1.5 Significance of the study 1.6 The structure of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES 2.2 Hypotheses development 11 2.2.1 Motivational factors and entrepreneurial intentions 11 2.2.2 Subjective norms and perceived desirability 13 2.2.3 Social support and perceived feasibility 14 2.2.4 Risk perception as threat in relation of perceived desirability and feasibility 15 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 17 3.2 RESEARCH PROCESS 17 3.3 MEASURES OF THE CONSTRUCTS 19 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD 21 3.4.1 Cronbach’s alpha 22 3.4.2 Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) 22 3.4.3 Multiple regression analysis 23 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS 25 4.1 SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS 25 4.2 THE RELIABILITY TEST 26 4.3 EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (EFA) 28 4.3.1 The result of EFA with factors involved the first regression in this study was detailed in following table: 29 4.3.2 The result of second EFA with factors that related to next regression time of the model was detailed in the following table:\ 31 4.3.3 The result of last EFA with factors that belong to main regression of the model was detailed in the following table: 33 4.3.4 4.4 Correlations between all factors: 35 MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS 36 4.4.1 Multiple regression analysis to define the impact of subjective norms and risk perception as threat on the perceived desirability of entrepreneurship 37 4.4.2 Multiple regression analysis to evaluate the influence of family support, friend support, perceived risk as threat and the perceived feasibility of entrepreneurship 39 4.4.3 Multiple regression analysis to measure the relationship between entrepreneur intention and the perceived desirability of entrepreneurship as well as perceived feasibility of entrepreneurship 41 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 46 5.1 CONCLUSION 46 5.2 IMPLICATION 47 5.3 LIMITATION 48 Reference 50 APPENDENDICES 55 Appendix A: Guideline for qualitative in-depth interview 55 Appendix B: Questionnaire in English 58 Appendice C: Questionnaire in Vietnamese 61 Appendix D: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Perceive desirability of entrepreneurship 64 Appendix E: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Perceive feasibility of entrepreneurship 65 Appendix F: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Entrepreneur intention 67 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 0.1: Theory of planned behavior„s model Figure 0.2 Krueger & Bazeal‟s entrepreneurial model Figure 0.3: Conceptual model of this research 10 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sample Characteristics 26 Table 2: The results of Cronbach’ alpha 27 Table 3: KMO and Barllett’s test Result of perceive desirability, risk perception and subjective norms 29 Table 4: Total Variance Explained perceive desirability, risk perception and subjective norms 29 Table 5: Rotated Component Matrixa of perceive desirability, risk perception and subjective norms 30 Table 6: KMO and Barllett’s test Result of social support, risk perception and perceived feasibility 31 Table 7: Total Variance Explained social support, risk perception and perceived feasibility 31 Table 8: Rotated Component Matrixa of social support, risk perception and perceived feasibility 32 Table 9: KMO and Barllett’s test Result perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention 33 Table 10: Total Variance Explained perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention 33 Table 11: Rotated Component Matrixa of perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention 34 Table 12: Correlation between all factors 35 Table 13: Model Summary of perceived desirability, risk as threat, subjective norms 37 Table 14:Anova of perceived desirability, risk as threat, subjective norms 38 Table 15: Coefficient matrix of perceived desirability, risk as threat, subjective norms 38 Table 16:Model Summaryb of risk as threat, perceived feasibility, friend support and family support 40 Table 17: Anovaof risk as threat, perceived feasibility, friend support and family support 40 Table 18:Coefficient matrix of friend support, family support and risk as threat 40 Table 19: Model summary of perceive feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention 42 Table 20:Anova of perceive feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurial intention 42 Table 21:Coefficient matrix of perceive feasibility, perceived desirability 42 Table 22:Summary of hypotheses testing result 43 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the important entrepreneurial activities in economics growth are demonstrated Briefly tell about the small and medium sized enterprisessituation of Vietnam in recent year Furthermore, providing what is factor influencing individual to intentstart-up in previous research Theaim, scope and significance of the study are also introduced 1.1 Research background In early 1980s, Vesper supposes that previous authoritative definitions of entrepreneur actually include some reference to venture or enterprise creation.After several decades, Mueller and Thomas (2000) also review that there are numerous authors in entrepreneurship field point out the relationship between entrepreneurship and new venture formation.All of them agree with definition of entrepreneurship as “the creation of new independent businesses” (Learned, 1992; Low & MacMillan, 1998; Pillis & Reardon, 2007) Because of the role of entrepreneurship in economics, more studies about this field are conducted Carree and Thurik (2003) say that on the macro-level, new and small businesses contribute significantly to job creation, innovation and economic growth Besides, Giacomin et al (2011) link the importance between entrepreneurial activities and economic growth, innovation and employment For instant, Schmiemann (2008) also makes this relationship clearer when determining entrepreneurship linked to small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), which are the primary developing force of the developed market economies because percentage of SMEs in total number of enterprises is higher than 95%.Moreover, 95% of the wealth created in the US since 1980 is due to the generation of entrepreneurs who create and recognize opportunities (Timmons,as cited in Alfonso & Cuevas, 2012) On the other hand, entrepreneurship is not only concerned in developed countries, but also in developing countries such as Philippine, Taiwan, China, India, Mexico, Thailand, Hongkong and Vietnam.For example, in Vietnam, since December 1986, economic reforms Doi Moi - have been introduced, the private enterprises is considered as an integral part of a “multi-sector” economy as well as the state passelaws promoting the development of such enterprises As a result, more formal private enterprises appear as engine of the economy in the medium term (Kauanui, Dang & Cotleur, 2006) Moreover, Baughn et al (2005) states the private sector is themost rapidly growing portion of the Vietnamese economy Between 1996 and 2000, thissector created three times more jobs than the state-owned sector, continued growth in GDP and employmenttwill most likely continue to emanate from this sector (The formal private sector, which consists of 70,000 registered corporations, accounts for 8% of GDP and 2–3% of employment (one million people) As mention above, there are numerous studies about entrepreneurship In the previous decades, researchers have certain concern about factors involving in intention to become an entrepreneur Many different authors suppose that “entrepreneurial intentions are essential to understand the entrepreneurial process as hey precede any attempt in entrepreneurial behavior and it is affect by different factors” (Bird, Katz & Gartner, Krueger & Carsrud, Alpkan et al., Arendt & Brettel, Ga´mez-Gonza´lez et al., Huang et al., Lin et al., Lindblom & Tikkanen, Zhang & Duan, as cited in Alfonso & Cuevas, 2012, page 722) Up to now, the intention to start-up is mainly based on the following theories: Ajzen‟s theory of planned behavior(1991), Shapero and Sokol‟s model of the entrepreneurial event(1982) and in which the vital elements are explanation and prediction of personal behavior with respect to entrepreneurship.Both models recognize somehow the relevance of thepersonal attitudes and social pressure of entrepreneurship, as well as the perceivedselfefficacy as determining influence in establishing the level of the individual‟sintention.Many next empirical studies are established to test their conceptual model relate to these elements Some of them enhance extra factors involve in situation such as past entrepreneur experience, personal traits that affect entrepreneur intention Most scientists all over the world carry out much empirical research trying to answer different questions related to intentions to start-up business, for example, Turker and Selcuk (2009) wonder whysome people more than others inclined to become entrepreneurs Turker, D., & Selcuk, S S (2009) Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students? Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142-159 Zimet, G D., Powell, S S., Farley, G K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K A (1990) Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 610-617 Wu, S., & Wu, L (2008) The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(4), 752-774 54 APPENDENDICES Appendix A: Guideline for qualitative in-depth interview Measure scales Comments Subjective norms Autio, E., Keeley, R H , et al , 2001 SN1 I know many people in my All respondents expressed that university who have successfully started they understood the meaning of up their own firm words used in the scales and SN2 In my university, people are what the scales implied actively encouraged to pursue their own However, the interviewees ideas proposed that the researcher SN3 In my university, you get to meet should change the now "You" lots of people with good ideas for a new to "I" for all items and revise firm the question sentences to SN4 There is a well functioning support statement sentences because infrastructure in place to support the the these scales were measured by start-up of new firms self-evaluation of respondents Besides, some respondents supposed that “in my university” should detail “in master course” Revised I changed “in my university” to “in master course” in my questionnaire to answer easily I changed subject of SN3 from “You” to “ I” SN1 I know many people in my master course who have successfully started up their own firm SN2 In my master course, people are actively encouraged to pursue their own ideas SN3 In my master course, Iget to meet lots of people with good ideas for a new firm SN4 There is a well functioning support infrastructure in place to support the the start-up of new firms Risk perception measures (risk as threat) Nabi, G., Liñán, F (2013) R1 Starting a new business is very risky All respondents expressed that R3 The probability of a new venture they understood the meaning of doing poorly is very high words used in the scales and R5 There is great uncertainty when what the scales implied predicting how well a new venture will R7 The overall riskiness of a new venture is high Social support (Zimet, G.D., Powell, S.S., Farley, G.K., Werkman, S & Berkoff, K.A (1990) SO1 There is a special person who is around when I am in need SO2 There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows SO3 My family really tries to help me SO4 I get the emotional help and support that I need from my family All respondents expressed that they understood the meaning of words used in the scales and what the scales implied However, they suggested that scale could be clearer if they had condition when they start – up 55 Following the comments of respondents, I added the condition in social support questions: In the case when I start my own business, SO1 There is a special SO5 I have a special person who is a The scale was general so, it real source of comfort to me could be difficult to understand SO6 My friends really try to help me SO7 I can count on my friends when things go wrong SO8 I can talk about my problems with my family SO9 I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows SO10 There is a special person in my life that cares about my feelings SO11 My family is willing to help me make decisions SO12 I can talk about my problems with my friends person who is around when I am in need SO2 There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows SO3 My family really tries to help me SO4 I get the emotional help and support that I need from my family SO5 I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me SO6 My friends really try to help me SO7 I can count on my friends when things go wrong SO8 I can talk about my problems with my family SO9 I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows SO10 There is a special person in my life that cares about my feelings SO11 My family is willing to help me make decisions SO12 I can talk about my problems with my friends Perceived desirability (Krueger, N F., Reilly, M D., & Carsrud, A L (2000) PD1 I would love doing it It is the same case of social I changed questions to PD2 I would you be tense on it support scale, all respondent understand easily acording to PD3 I would you be enthusiastic doing it recommended specific “it” as most recommend: PD4 I would you be overworked to it “start –up action” I would love doing my own business I would you be tense on my own business I would you be enthusiastic doing my own business I would you be enthusiastic doing my own business Perceive feasibility (Kennedy, J., Drennan,J., Renfrow, P , &Watson, B (2003) PF1 It is practical for me to start my All respondents expressed that own business they understood the meaning of PF2 I think it would be hard to start my words used in the scales and own business what the scales implied 56 I revised the PF3 to ensure no mistake when respondents answered: If I started my own business, PF3 If I started my own business, I think Some respondents thought that I think my workload would my workload would be high PF3 should be reversed to ensure be low PF4 If I started my own business, I no mistake when they answered certain success PF5 I know enough to start my own business Entrepreneur intention (Erich J Schwarz, Malgorzata A Wdowiak, Daniela A Almer-Jarz, Robert J Breitenecker, (2009) 1.How interested are you in setting up All respondents expressed that Base on most comments, I your own business? they understood the meaning of change questions to How likely is it that you will set up words used in the scales and affirmative statement in oder (another) business during the next two what the scales implied to suitable Likert scale and years? However, respondent gave the mention directly to start-up How likely is it that you will set up ideas that change questions to intention in questionnaire: (another) business during the next five affirmative statement - I am interested in setting up years? Besides, the question should my own business mention directly to entrepreneur - I estimate that I‟ll start my intention” even “set up another own business in the next years business” - I estimate the I „ll start my own business in the next years 57 Appendix B: Questionnaire in English DearSir/Madam I am Quyen Nguyen whois master student of ISB – UEH.I am conducting master thesis My research topic: “Entrepreneurial enablers, risk perception, and behavioral intention: The mediating roles of motivational factors” I hope you can attend my research through out my questionnaire No TRUE/FALSE answer I am sure your answer will be serected for main purpose of secience research In the time you answer my questionnaire, if you have question, please contact me via mail duyquyen.nguyen90@gmail.com or my number: 0926.031.936 Thank you very much! PERSONAL INFORMATION Sex: Male:  Female:  Range of years old: From 22 to 25  From 25 to 30  Over 30  Current position: Staff  Manager  Assistant  Other ………………… Field of work: Finance  Accountant/Audit  Sales  Marketing  Other ……………… Postgraduated major Business  Marketing  Finance/Banking  Economics  IT  Contruct/Architect  Electric  Mechandise  Khác……………………… Range of income: Below million VND  From to 10 million VND  From 10 to 20 million VND  Above 20 million VND  RESEARCH QUESTION Each statement will show the level agree or disagree of your opinion about following issues 1: Strongly disagree 58 2: Disagree 3: Slightly disagree 4: Neither agree nor disagree 5: Slightly agree 6: Agree 7: Strongly agree Strongly disagree Strongly agree Subjective norms I know many people in my university who have successfully started up their own firm In my university, people are actively encouraged to pursue their own ideas In my university, I get to meet lots of people with good ideas for a new firm There is a well functioning support infrastructure in place to support the the start-up of new firms Risk perception as threat Starting a new business is very risk 7 The probability of a new venture doing poorly is very high There is great uncertainty when predicting how well a new venture will The overall riskiness of a new venture is high Social support In the case when I start my own business, There is a special person who is around when I am in need There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows My family really tries to help me I get the emotional help and support that I need from my family I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me My friends really try to help me I can count on my friends when things go wrong I can talk about my problems with my family I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows There is a special person in my life that cares about my feelings 59 My family is willing to help me make decisions I can talk about my problems with my friends Perceived desirability I would love doing my own business 7 I would you be tense on my own business I would you be enthusiastic doing my own business I would you be enthusiastic doing my own business Perceived feasibility It is practical for me to start my own business I think it would be easy to start my own business If I started my own business, I think my workload would be low If I started my own business, I certain success I know enough (knowledge, skill, experience) to start my own business Entrepreneur intention I am interested in setting up my own business I Estimate that I‟ll start my own business in the next years I Estimate the I „ll start my own business in the next years 60 Appendice C: Questionnaire in Vietnamese Kính chào Anh/Chị Tơi Qun Nguyễn, học viên cao học Viện đào tạo quốc tế (ISB) Trường Đại học Kinh tế TP.HCM Tôi q trình hồn thành luận văn tốt nghiệp thạc sĩ Đề tài mà chọn để nghiên cứu là: “ CÁC YẾU TỐ ẢNH HƯỞNG ĐẾN Ý ĐỊNH TRỞ THÀNH DOANH NHÂN” Rất mong nhận ý kiến đánh giá khách quan anh/chị thông qua bảng câu hỏi khảo sát Khơng có câu trả lời hay sai Hãy yên tâm câu trả lời anh/chị hoàn toàn bảo mật, tổng hợp với tất câu trả lời khác phục vụ mục đích nghiên cứu Mỗi ý kiến đánh giá anh/chị có giá trị ý nghĩa tơi việc hồn thành luận văn thạc sĩ Trong trình thực phiếu khảo sát này, Anh/Chị có thắc mắc nào, xin vui lịng liên lạc thơng qua địa email: duyquyen.nguyen90@gmail.com số điện thoại 0926.031.936 Chân thành cám ơn hỗ trợ anh/chị! A THÔNG TIN CÁ NHÂN Giới tính: Nam  Nữ  Độ tuổi: Từ 22 đến 25  Từ 25 đến 30  Trên 30  Vị trí tại: Nhân viên  Trợ lý  Quản lý  Khác:…………………… Lĩnh vực cơng việc: Bán hàng  Tài  Kế toán/Kiểm toán  Kỹ thuật  Dịch vụ khách hàng  Marketing  Khác ………………………… Chuyên ngành theo học: Quản trị kinh doanh  Marketing  Tài chính/Ngân hàng  Kinh tế học  Công nghệ thông tin  Xây dựng/kiến trúc  Điện/Điện tử  Cơ khí  Khác……………………… Mức thu nhập: Dưới triệu  Từ đến 10 triệu  Từ 10 đến 20 triệu  61 Trên 20 triệu  B CÂU HỎI KHẢO SÁT Các câu trả lời tính điểm tùy theo mức độ đồng ý hay không đồng ý vấn đề đặt bên Quy ước tính điểm cho câu trả lời sau: 1: Hồn tồn khơng đồng ý 2: Khơng đồng ý 3: Khơng đồng ý mức độ 4: Không ý kiến 5: Đồng ý mức độ 6: Đồng ý 7: Hồn tồn đồng ý Không đồng ý Ảnh hưởng từ quan điểm xã hội Tôi biết nhiều người tham gia chương trình học tơi thành cơng thành lập cơng ty riêng (SN1) Trong chương trình học mà tơi tham gia, người khuyến khích theo đuổi ý tưởng riêng họ (SN2) Tôi gặp nhiều người bạn tham gia chương trình học có ý tưởng hay cho việc thành lập công ty (SN3) Có hỗ trợ chun mơn việc thành lập công ty (SN4) Nhận thức rủi ro Theo bắt đầu việc kinh doanh mạo hiểm (R1) Xác suất việc kinh doanh không hiệu cao (R3) Có khơng chắn dự đốn mức độ thành cơng việc kinh doanh (R5) Nhìn chung, việc khởi nghiệp kinh doanh có rủi ro cao (R7) Hỗ trợ xã hội Đồng ý 5 7 Trong trường hợp bắt đầu khởi nghiệp, … Có người đặc biệt ln bên cạnh tơi cần (SO1) Có người đặt biệt mà tơi chia sẻ niềm vui, nỗi buồn (SO2) Gia đình tơi ln ủng hộ, cố gắng giúp đỡ (SO3) Khi cần, giúp đỡ mặt tinh thần hỗ trợ từ phía gia đình (SO4) 13 Tơi có người đặc biệt nguồn động lực lớn cho (SO5) 14 Bạn bè cố gắng giúp đỡ tơi thật lịng (SO6) 15 Tơi nhờ bạn bè hỗ trợ gặp khó khăn (SO7) 16 Tơi chia sẻ với gia đình khó khăn (SO8) 17 Tơi có bạn bè để chia sẻ niềm vui, nỗi buồn (SO9) 18 Có người đặc biệt quan tâm tới cảm giác tơi (SO10) 19 Gia đình sẵn sàng giúp đỡ việc định (SO11) 20 Tôi nói với bạn bè tơi khó khăn (SO12) Nhận thức mong muốn 10 11 12 62 21 22 23 24 Tơi u thích việc khởi nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (PD1) Tôi tâm vào việc bắt đầu nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (PD2) Tơi nhiệt tình việc bắt đầu nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (PD3) Tơi làm việc sức để bắt đầu nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (PD4) Nhận thức tính khả thi 25 Rất thiết thực với để bắt đầu nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (PF1) 26 Tơi nghĩ dễ để bắt đầu việc kinh doanh riêng (PF2) 27 Nếu bắt đầu việc kinh doanh riêng, nghĩ khối lượng công việc thấp (PF3) 28 Nếu bắt đầu kinh doanh riêng, chắn/tự tin thành công (PF4) 29 Tôi biết đủ kiến thức, kinh nghiệm, kỹ cần thiết để bắt đầu việc kinh doanh riêng cách thành công (PF5) Ý định trở thành doanh nhân (Entrepreneur intention) 30 Tơi thích thú việc xây dựng nghiệp kinh doanh riêng (EI1) 31 Tôi nghĩ xây dựng việc kinh doanh riêng thời gian năm tới (EI2) 32 Tôi nghĩ xây dựng việc kinh doanh riêng thời gian năm tới (EI3) 63 7 Appendix D: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Perceive desirability of entrepreneurship 64 Appendix E: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Perceive feasibility of entrepreneurship 65 66 Appendix F: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent Variable: Entrepreneur intention 67 68 ... Points ofview for theoricalentrepreneurial intention models 2/ the conceptual model, 3/ theoutlook for motivational factors and their antecedences and 4/ the hypothesis for relationships between these... review and hypotheses In this chapter, the author presents the fundamental theories and definition of each mentioned concept and theoretical modeling with the proposed hypotheses In this chapter, the. ..UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business Nguyen Thi Duy Quyen ENTREPRENEURIAL ENABLERS, RISK PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLES OF