Modern welfare states

Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Modern Welfare States www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Modern Welfare States Scandinavian Politics and Policy in the Global Age Second Edition ERIC S EINHORN AND JOHN LOGUE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Einhorn, Eric S Modern welfare states : Scandinavian politics and policy in the global age / Eric S Einhorn and John Logue.—2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0–275–95044–1 (alk paper)—ISBN 0–275–95058–1 (pbk : alk paper) Scandinavia—Politics and government—1945– Scandinavia—Social policy Welfare state I Logue, John, 1947– II Title JN7042.E45 2003 361.948—dc21 2002029882 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available Copyright ᭧ 2003 by Eric S Einhorn and John Logue All rights reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002029882 ISBN: 0–275–95044–1 0–275–95058–1 First published in 2003 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984) 10 Copyright Acknowledgments The authors and publisher gratefully acknowledge permission to reprint the following: Excerpts from “Of Maastricht, Social Democratic Dilemmas, and Linear Cucumbers,” John Logue, Scandinavian Studies 64(4):626–40 1992 Reproduced with permission Excerpts from “Restraining the Governors: The Nordic Experience with Limiting the Strong State,” John Logue and Eric S Einhorn, Scandinavian Political Studies 11(1):45–67 1988 Reproduced with permission Excerpts from “The Scandinavian Democratic Model,” Eric S Einhorn and John Logue, Scandinavian Political Studies 9(3):193–208 1986 Reproduced with permission Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Contents Illustrations vii Preface: Scandinavia in the Era of Globalization ix Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations and Acronyms I Understanding Scandinavian Politics Still the Social Laboratory? The Perils of Success II Scandinavian Democracy Today xvii 15 35 Is There a Scandinavian Democratic Model? 37 Institutions of Democracy 53 Political Actors: Parties, Voters, Interest Groups 93 III Scandinavian Welfare States 145 The Politics of Solidarity 147 Policy in an Interdependent World 163 The Social Welfare State 191 Managing the Market Economy 219 10 From Industrial Conflict to Workplace Democracy www.Ebook777.com 259 vi Contents IV The Model Appraised 303 11 Scandinavian Welfare States and Their Critics 305 12 The Future of the Scandinavian Model 325 V Appendixes 351 A Popular Vote in Scandinavian Parliamentary Elections 353 B 360 Distribution of Parliamentary Seats C Governing Parties and Coalitions 366 D Elections to the European Parliament, 1979–99 376 References 379 Index 395 Illustrations FIGURES 1.1 Map of Scandinavia 5.1 Scandinavian Party Coalitions, 1930s–1950s 118 5.2 Scandinavian Party Coalitions, 1960s–1980s 119 5.3 Scandinavian Party Coalitions, 1990s to present 122 10.1 The Development of Scandinavian Industrial Relations 266 10.2 How the Solidaristic Wage Policy Works 282 TABLES 1.1 Scandinavia’s Geography, Demography, and Economy 3.1 Development of Political Democracy in Scandinavia 39 4.1 Increase in Women’s Representation in Parliament, 1960–2000 71 4.2 Parliamentary Bases of Government Support as Percent of Years, June 1945–April 2003 74 European Community/Union Referenda in Scandinavia, 1972–2000 86 4.4 Local and County Government, 1999 89 5.1 Scandinavian Party Systems: Major Parties Contesting the 1998–2003 Elections by Ideological Placement 98 4.3 viii Illustrations 5.2 Swedish Party Vote (Percent) by Occupation of Voters, 1998 6.1 The Origins of Social Insurance: Date of Passage of First Comprehensive Social Legislation, by Type of Legislation 128 7.1 Immigration and Refugees in Scandinavia, 1990–2000 8.1 Public Social Expenditure Transfers, as a Percentage of GDP, 1960–99 (average for period) 8.2 Scandinavian Social Welfare Programs 8.3 Social Security Expenditures by Purpose in the Nordic Countries, 1998 8.4 Income Distribution and Poverty 8.5 Gross and Net Social Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP at Factor Prices, 1997 9.1 Real GDP Growth per Capita and Inflation, Average Annual Rates, 1960–2002 176 9.2 Labor Force as Percentage of Population Aged 15 to 64, by Gender, 1960–99 (average for period) 9.3 Receipts and Outlays of Government as Percentage of GDP, 1960–99 9.4 Spending on Unemployment Policies, as Percentage of GDP, 1985–96 9.5 Sources of Tax Revenues as a Percentage of Total Tax Revenue, 1998 10.1 Trade-Union Density in Selected Western Nations, 1950–97 10.2 Days Lost through Strikes and Lockouts per 1,000 Employees in Selected Western Nations, 1960–99 149 201 203 204 210 211 221 230 246 248 251 263 281 Preface: Scandinavia in the Era of Globalization “A week is a long time in politics” is the way British Prime Minister Harold Wilson once put it A decade is even longer Reviewing our earlier edition of Modern Welfare States, which appeared in 1989, we were impressed by how much had changed in these few years The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War fundamentally altered the balance of power in Scandinavia, permitting both Finland and Sweden to join the European Union Immigration has increasingly turned the once homogeneous Scandinavian states into societies of racial, religious, ethnic, and linguistic diversity— and put the issue of civil rights for immigrants on the political agenda Privatization has become fashionable, even for some of the Social Democrats who once saw the growth of the public sector as the surrogate for socialism The Scandinavian Social Democratic model offered capitalism with a human face: a redistributive welfare state that eliminated poverty and that was based on a privately owned, market economy Transfer payments and social services raised the living standards of the worst off to near middleclass levels The tax burden was high, but careful national economic management limited the costs of countercyclical public sector spending The tools of state power were used to promote political, social, and economic egalitarianism There were plenty of strains, but those strains were primarily internal to the individual Scandinavian state’s system This model was premised on the assumption that the nation-state is the proper unit for making economic policy In the increasingly globalized economy, this simply is no longer true Every year power seeps from the Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com x Preface: Scandinavia in the Era of Globalization Scandinavia capitals of Copenhagen, Helsinki, Reykjavik, Oslo, and Stockholm to the European Commission in Brussels, to the European Central Bank in Frankfurt, to the international commercial banks in London, New York, and Tokyo, and to multinational corporations in England, France, Germany, Holland, Japan, and the United States This has profound implications for the future development of the Scandinavian Social Democratic model Much in Scandinavia and in this book is still the same as it was more than a decade ago The political history of modern Scandinavia is unchanged, although a bit longer Political institutions are little changed, although they deal with new policy issues and have an overlay of European Union law Political actors—parties, interest groups—are fundamentally the same, although they too grapple with new problems Scandinavian trade unions have actually increased their already strong position, while trade unions elsewhere in the world have lost membership The Social Democrats have been almost as dominant in governmental office as they were in their heyday Much, however, has changed Among politicians and voters, a new generation has come of political age, solidifying party fragmentation The monolithic Social Democratic vote from working-class families has declined as the working class has become more affluent and as the wedge issue of immigration has undermined political class cohesion; party membership has plummeted to half or less of what it was a dozen years ago Women have come of age in politics, providing 40 or more percent of the members of parliament, a prime minister in Norway, a president in Iceland, both president and prime minister in Finland, and the chair of the Swedish trade union federation The first edition of Modern Welfare States dealt with two major policy themes The first was the development of the modern Scandinavian welfare state in the period between when Social Democrats took power in the depths of the Great Depression and the oil crisis in 1973–74 The second dealt with the internally generated strains that came to the fore in the 1970s and 1980s The tax revolt led by Mogens Glistrup in Denmark and Anders Lange in Norway; the pernicious interplay between high marginal tax rates, high interest rates, and the tax deductibility of mortgage interest on the economy; and efforts to reform the tax system to avoid these problems figured heavily So did rising take-up rates for various welfare state services among the younger generation Although taxes and welfare program take-up rates remain issues, tax reforms and welfare adjustments have ameliorated some of the difficulties We depicted a Scandinavia substantially ahead of the rest of Europe in terms of its provision of transfer payments and social services to its citizens, a region that was more egalitarian than the Continent or England, where democracy was a social and economic concept as well as a political www.Ebook777.com 392 References Singleton, Fred 1998 A Short History of Finland., 2nd ed., revised and updated by A F Upton Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Snidal, Don N., and Arne O Brundtland 1993 Nordic-Baltic Security Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies Soăderpalm, Sven Anders 1975 “The Crisis Agreement and the Social Democratic Road to Power.” In Sweden’s Development from Poverty to Affluence, 1750– 1970, edited by Steven Koblik, pp 258–78 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press Steincke, K K 1920 Fremtidens Forsørgelsesvæsen: Oversigt over og Kritik af den Samlede Forsørgelseslovgivning samt Betænkning og Motiverede Forslag til en Systematisk Nyordning Copenhagen: Schultz Steinmo, Sven 1993 Taxation and Democracy: Swedish, British and American Approaches to Financing the Modern State New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Storing, James A 1963 Norwegian Democracy Oslo: Universitetsforlaget Strand, Henning 1999 “Some Issues Related to the Equity-Efficiency Trade-Offs in The Swedish Tax and Transfer System.” Paris: OECD Economics Dept Working Papers no 225 Stra˚th, Bo 1978 Nordic Industry and Nordic Economic Cooperation Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Strode, Hudson 1949 Sweden: Model for a World New York: Harcourt, Brace Sundbo, Jon, Annemarie Knigge, Susanne Dalsgaard Nielsen, and David Bunnage 1982 Arbejdsfravær Copenhagen: Socialforskningsinstituttet Sundelius, Bengt 1992 “Scandinavia.” In Foreign Policy in World Politics, edited by Roy Macridis, pp 303–29 Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Sweden 1980 Statistika Centralbyra n Allmaănna valen, 1979, vol Stockholm: Statistika Centralbyra ˚ n Swedish Employers’ Confederation 1975 Job Reform in Sweden: Conclusions from 500 Shop Floor Projects Stockholm: SAF Swedish Institute 2000 Financial Circumstances of Swedish Households Stockholm: Swedish Institute Swedish Institute 1996 Fact Sheets on Sweden: Labour Relations in Sweden Stockholm: Swedish Institute Swedish Social Democratic Party 1975 Programme of the Swedish Social Democratic Party Stockholm: SAP Sysiharju, Anna-Liisa 1981 “Primary Education and Secondary Schools.” In Nordic Democracy, edited by Erik Allardt et al., pp 419–43 Copenhagen: Det Danske Selskab Tawney, R H 1920 The Acquisitive Society New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe Tilton, Tim 1987 “Why Don’t the Swedish Social Democrats Nationalize Industry?” Scandinavian Studies 59(2): 142–66 ——— 1990 The Political Theory of Swedish Social Democracy: Through the Welfare State to Socialism Oxford: Oxford University Press Time (European edition) 1976 “Sweden’s Surrealistic Socialism: Cries and Whimpers in Socialism’s Showcase,” June 7, 6–11 Tingsten, Herbert 1941 Den svenska socialdemokratins ide´utveckling Stockholm: Aldus Reprinted in 1967 (Translated in 1973 as The Swedish Social Democrats: Their Ideological Development Totowa, NJ: Bedminster) References 393 ——— 1955 “Stability and Vitality in Swedish Democracy.” Political Quarterly 26: 140–51 ——— 1966 Fra˚n ideer till idyll: Den lyckliga demokratien Stockholm: Norstedts Tomasson, Richard F 1970 Sweden: Prototype of Modern Society New York: Random House Uhrskov, Anders 1982 Interview with Ritt Bjerregaard Tidens Stemme 38(4): 41– 43 United States Census Bureau 2001 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2001 Washington, D.C.: GPO United States Central Intelligence Agency 2002 Factbook 2002 http:// www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook Accessed March 28, 2003 United States Social Security Administration 1999 Social Security Programs throughout the World Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office Valentin, F 1980 Fordeling af pa ˚ virkningsmuligheder, Arbejdsnotat 14 Copenhagen: Lavindkomstkommissionen van den Noord, Paul, and Christopher Heady 2001 “Surveillance of Tax Policies: A Synthesis of Findings in Economic Surveys.” Paris: OECD Economic Department Working Papers, no 303 Vartiainen, Juhana 2001 “Understanding Swedish Social Democracy: Victims of Success?” In Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy since 1980, edited by Andrew Glyn, pp 21–52 Oxford: Oxford University Press Viklund, Birger 1977 “Education for Industrial Democracy.” Working Life in Sweden (May) New York: Swedish Information Service Vinde, Pierre, and Gunnar Petri 1978 Swedish Government Administration, 2nd rev ed Stockholm: Prisma von Eyben, W E 1981 “Democracy and the Administration of Justice.” In Nordic Democracy, edited by Erik Allardt et al., pp 223–38 Copenhagen: Det Danske Selskab Waddington, Jeremy, and Reiner Hoffman 2000 Trade Unions in Europe: Facing Challenges and Searching for Solutions Brussels: ETUI Wallace, Helen, and William Wallace, editors 2001 Policy-making in the European Union, 4th edition New York: Oxford University Press Waltz, Kenneth 1959 Man, the State and War New York: Columbia University Press Wechselmann, Ilja 1975 Klassekamp kontrol Roskilde: Roskilde Universitetsforlag Wendt, Frantz 1981 “Nordic Cooperation.” In Nordic Democracy, edited by Erik Allardt et al., pp 653–76 Copenhagen: Det Danske Selskab Wheeler, Christopher 1975 White-Collar Power: Changing Patterns of Interest Group Behavior in Sweden Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press Wilson, Frank L 1983 “Interest Groups and Politics in Western Europe: The NeoCorporatist Approach.” Comparative Politics 16: 105–23 Wyden, Peter 1959 “Sweden: Paradise with Problems.” Saturday Evening Post (December 19): 22–23, 64, 67 Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw 1998 The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Marketplace that Is Remaking the Modern World New York, NY: Simon and Schuster Zetterberg, Hans L 1981 “Hur vaărderingarna foăraăndras i vaălfaărdsstaten. In Vaăl- 394 References faărdoch sedan? Teorier och experiment foăr ett alternativt samhaălle, edited by kerman, pp 10622 Stockholm: Raben & Sjoăgren Nordal A SERIALS CI T E D Denmark Danmarks Statistik Statistisk Tia ˚ rsoversigt ——— Statistiske Efterretninger Financial Times New York Times Nordic Council Yearbook of Nordic Statistics / Nordic Statistical Yearbook Norway Statistisk Sentralbyra ˚ Stortingsvalget Index abortion, political effects of, 117 absolutism, 37, 55, 58, 60, 73, 83 Adler-Karlsson, Gunnar, 104–5 affluence, 220, 328 Age of Liberty (Sweden), 38 Agrarian parties, 18–19, 22, 96, 104, 142n; Danish (Venstre), 95 See also Center party; Liberal party, Danish agrarian Ahtisaari, Martii, 189n ˚ land Islands, 54, 167 A Andersen, Bent Rold, 306, 310, 331, 338 Anders Lange’s party See Progress party, Norwegian Anton, Tom, 157, 244 Bagehot, Walter, 72 Baunsgaard, Hilmar, 114 Bell, Daniel, 331 Berendt, Mogens, 306 Bernadotte, Jean, 5, 38, 83 Beveridge Report (Great Britain), 18, 154 Bildt, Carl, 114, 123, 189n, 283 bill of rights, 60 Bismarck, Otto von, 17, 147–48, 194 Bjerregaard, Ritt, xi Blum, Leon, 150 Bolshevik Revolution, 102, 273 Bondevik, Kjell Magne, 113, 120 Branting, Hjalmar, 286 Bratteli, Trygvi, 120 Brittan, Samuel, 327 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 72, 77, 120, 327 budget cycle, 237–38 bureaucracy, 77–79, 84, 107, 179, 181, 329 cabinet, 73–76 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 21 Center Democratic party, Danish, 24, 111 Center party: Norwegian, 96; Swedish, 96 Central Banks, 163, 238, 242–43 chancellor of justice, Swedish (justitiekansler, JK), 83 Charles XI (King of Sweden), 37 Charles XII (King of Sweden), 3, 37, 83 Chernobyl accident (1986), 174 child allowances, 196, 208 396 child care, 28, 32, 198, 206, 319 Childs, Marquis, xii, 7, 12, 305 Christian parties, 20, 25, 97, 100; Norwegian, 22, 97; Swedish, 114 Christian II (King of Denmark), 37 Christian IV (King of Denmark), 37 Christian VIII (King of Denmark), 60 Christian X (King of Denmark), 72 Christmas Møller, John, 330 “Christmas tree theorem” ˚ kerman), 216 (H A Churchill, Winston, 326 civil liberties, 80–83 civil servants, 56, 71, 75; state (embetsmensstat), 58; unions of, 79 See also bureaucracy civil service, 56, 77–79, 238 class, consciousness, 103; struggle, democratic, 244; voting, 130 coalitions, 116–23, 225; Finnish, 123 See also Red-Green (Social Democratic-Agrarian) coalitions co-determination See workers’ councils Cold War, 167, 170–71, 189, 153, 234, 274, 328 collective affiliation See parties, membership collective bargaining, 11, 49, 153, 260, 284 Comintern, Norwegian socialists’ membership in, 273 Commission, European Union, 187 commissions, investigatory (also Royal), 68, 154–55, 195, 260 committees, parliamentary See parliamentary committees Common Market See European Union Common Market, Nordic See Nordic Common Market Communist parties, 17–18, 96, 102, 105, 182, 242, 326; Danish, 102; Finnish, 16, 96–97, 102, 275; Icelandic, 16, 96–97, 102, 274; Norwegian, 102; Swedish, 102, 106 See also Left (Communist) party; People’s Alliance; People’s Democrats Index compromise, politics of, 117, 334 Confederation of Professional Agricultural Organizations, 187 Consensual model, 66, 70, 73, 326, 334 Conservative parties, 58, 96, 104 Conservatives, 108, 191, 195, 295, 307–8 Constitutional Court of the Realm, Norwegian (Riksrett), 57 constitutions, 55–64, 91n, 326; amendment, 63; Danish, 57–60, 80; Finnish, 5, 57, 61–62, 80–81; Icelandic, 57, 60–61; Norwegian (Eidsvoll), 57–58, 80; Norwegian, prohibition against Jesuits and Jews, 80; Swedish, 57, 62–64, 80 consultative process (remiss), 42–44 cooperatives, 48–49, 148 corporatism, democratic, 10, 16, 21, 43–44, 132–33, 135–36, 185–86, 237, 243–44, 329, 334–36, 338–40; vs authoritarian, 133, 336 Counsellor of State (Sweden, Norway), 74–75 countercyclical economic policies See Keynesian economic policies county (regional) government, 88–89 See also local government courts See judiciary crime, 327 Crozier, Michel, 327 currency transactions, 26, 163, 173, 243 Dahl, Robert, 39, 48, 339, 350n day care See child care debt, 253–54 decentralization, 322, 333, 340–41 defense policy See security policy democracy: consensual model of, 42; direct, 84–86, 93 (see also referendum); discussion of, 51n, 90– 91; economic, 41, 48–50, 151, 291, 306; political, 39, 41–46, 53, 326, 334; social, 41, 46–48, 202; stages of, 40–50 democratic deficit, xiii, 50, 188, 344 demographic change, 254 demonstration effects, political, 183 Depression (c 1929–40), 149–50, 162n, 195, 225, 239–40, 274 Index deregulation, xi, xiv, 27, 233–34 devaluation, 26, 28 distant democracy, 306 Downs, Anthony, 40 Easter Marches (nuclear disarmament), 21 Economic Council, Danish, 238, 242 economic growth, 221–22 economic integration See European Union economic planning, 155, 228, 240–42 economic policy, 11 See also Keynesian economic policies education, 162n, 199, 202, 212, 217n; adult, 213; higher, 207, 213; private, 177 efficiency, economic, 48 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 308, 323n elections: Denmark (1973), 111, 120; Norway (1973), 111 Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe, 124 emigration, 8, 192, 194–95 Employee Participation Act, Swedish (MBL), 43–44, 290–95 See also workers’ councils Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP), 292 employers’ associations, 94, 264–65; confederation, Danish (DA), 270, 279; Swedish (SAF), 43, 137, 290 employment, 344 Enquist, Per Olov, 306 environmental issues, 25 environmentalists, 20–25, 350n equality, 44–45, 47, 192–93, 235 Ericsson, L M., xi, 233, 299 Erik Ploughpenny (King of Denmark), 55 Erlander, Tage, 77, 104 EU Relations Committee (Market Relations Committee), Eurocommunism, 106 Europe, Council of, 186 European Community See European Union European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), 169, 173, 236, 243, 349n 397 European Economic Area (EEA), xiii, 64, 157, 168, 172, 180, 182 European Economic Community See European Union European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), 163, 173 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 172, 228 European Parliament, 125, 184, 187 European Trade Union Confederation, 186, 299 European Union, ix–x, xiii, 12, 31, 64, 157, 168, 178–80, 185–87, 343; Common Agricultural Policy, 172, 187, 250; Economic and Social Committee, 186; economic consequences, 163; economics, 26– 27; opposition to (Euro-skeptics), 184; Popular Movement against, 91n, 138–39; Referenda on membership in, 22–23, 50, 55, 77, 85–86, 107; Relations Committees, 69, 182 executive power, 56 expertise, 156, 321 fact finding (“factualness”), 155 “Fadime case,” 323n Faeroe Islands, 4, 54, 65, 81, 99, 167 Faălldin, Thorbjoărn, 94, 113, 117 family structure, 201, 206–9 farmer organizations, 94 See also Agrarian parties feminism, 137, 176, 311 See also women feudalism, 191–92 Finland: Civil War, 5, 9, 196, 265, 274– 75; Continuation War, 18, 226, 275 Finnbogadottir, Vigdis, 71–72 floating voters See voters, mobility Folk High Schools (colleges), 213 Foreign ministry, abolition of, 179 foreign workers, 174 See also immigrants “fortified poorhouse, the,” 9, 11n, 15, 104, 259, 335 framework laws, 43 France, 116; popular front, 150 398 Frederik VII (King of Denmark), 60 Frederik IX (King of Denmark), 59 freedom See liberty French Revolution, 16 Frisch, Ragnar, 155, 243 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 314 Galenson, Walter, 3, 7–8 geopolitics, 166–69 Georgists (Henry George) See Justice party, Danish League for Germany, 101–2, 164, 183, 226, 328; minority in Denmark, 81, 99, 174; Social Democratic party, 82 Glistrup, Mogens, x, 23–24, 32, 96, 140, 142n, 183, 315 globalization, xi–xii, xiv, 10, 13, 27, 30, 50, 163–64, 176–77, 209, 243, 249, 255, 294–96, 299–300, 343–45 See also currency transactions Gorbachev, Mikhail, 274 governmental expenditures See public expenditures grassroot movements See popular movements Great Britain, 154 Greenland, 4, 54, 65, 81, 99, 167, 174 Greens, 98, 100, 106, 114, 346 See also environmental issues Grundtvig, N.S.F., 48, 192, 213 guilds, 148, 158, 192, 194, 215, 223, 265, 265–68 Gustav II Adolf (King of Sweden), 37 Gustav III (King of Sweden), 38 Gustav IV Adolf (King of Sweden), 38, 62 Haakon VII (King of Norway), 72 Hổkkerup, Hans, 189n Halonen, Tarja, 72, 327 Hammarskjoăld, Dag, 169, 180 Hansen, Hans Christian, 103 Hansson, Per Albin, 95, 159, 330 health care, 202, 315, 332, 347 health insurance, 211 Heckscher, Gunnar, 330 Hedtoft, Hans, 103 Hendin, Herbert, 309 Index Hermansson, C H., 106, 317 Hilferding, Rudolf, 317 Hitler, Adolf, 150, 19596, 226 Hoăglund, Zeth, 259 Holmberg, Soăren, 129 home rule See decentralization Hornsrud, Christopher, 273 Huntford, Roland, 305–6, 309 Huntington, Samuel, 327 Iceland, independence, 85 ideology, end of, 19, 21, 33n immigrants, 82, 214, 307, 333, 349n See also foreign workers; refugees immigration, ix, xii, xiv, 8, 33n, 45–46, 50, 82, 131, 175–76, 311–12, 346 incentives, 313–14 incomes policy, 283–86, 295–96 individualism, 31 industrial democracy, 286–89 industrialization, 8, 192, 223, 267–68 industrial relations See labor relations inequality, 192, 210, 316–19 inflation, 220–21, 285, 296 information, access to, 70 Inglehart, Ronald, 33n, 130, 230, 346 Instrument of Government (RF), Swedish, 63 interdependence, 164–66, 177–78, 250 interest organizations (groups), 93–94, 100, 132–33, 153, 241–42, 337–38 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, 186 international economic system, 236 See also globalization International Federation of Trade Unions, 186 International Labor Organization, 186 International Monetary Fund, austerity policies, 169, 295 international organizations, 168, 327 International Workingmen’s Association, 133 Internet, 68 investment, 313 See also savings Ireland, Italy, 116 Index Jaăaătteenmaăki, Anneli, 72, 327 Jacobsen, Erhard, 111 Jefferson, Thomas, 48, 91 Johansson, Goăran, 293 Jørgensen, Anker, 25, 94, 103, 122, 126–27 judicial review, 79, 82 judiciary, 79 juries, 82 Justice party, Danish League for (Retsforbund), 97, 111–12 Kadfeldt, Birgitta, 310 Kalmar, Union of (1397), 4, 37 Kampmann, Viggo, 103 Kanslergade compromise, 162n, 195, 225 Katzenstein, Peter, 339 Kekkonen, Urho, 62 Keohane, Robert, 178 Keynesian economic policies, 196, 219–20, 225–26, 232, 239–40, 245, 247, 256–57n, 328 Khrushchev, Nikita, 94 Kiel, Treaty of, 38 Kiruna strike, 22 Kjærsgaard, Pia, 112 Koivisto, Mauno, 62 Kold, Christen, 213 Korpi, Walter, 244, 259 Krag, Jens Otto, 71, 94, 103 labor court, 279 labor law, Danish, 134–35 labor-market policy, 11, 16, 247–48; Swedish, 177, 229–30, 247, 249 labor movement, 259–62 Labor party, Norwegian See Social Democratic parties, Social Democratic (Labor) party labor relations, 265–67, 296 labor unions, x, 19, 43–44, 94–95, 102, 186, 268–69; organizations, 136, 262– 64; public-sector, 338; strength of, 94, 102, 259, 26364, 348 Lagerloăf, Selma, 325 Landsorganisationen (LO) See labor unions 399 Lane, Robert, 48 Lange, Anders, x, 24, 111, 183 See also Progress party, Norwegian Larsen, Aksel, 105 Left (Communist) party, Swedish, 23, 106 Left Socialist party, Danish, 106 Leipzig, Battle of, 3, level-of-living surveys, 47 Lewin, Leif, 140 liberalism, 46, 59, 109, 191; economic, 47; social, 114 Liberal party, 104, 142n; Danish agrarian (Venstre), 59, 95; Norwegian (Venstre), 114 liberals, 19, 108 liberty, 44, 309 Lie, Trygvi, 169, 180 Lijphart, Arend, 40, 42 Lindbeck, Assar, 306, 327 Lindblom, Charles, 48 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 115 literacy, 148, 192, 212–13 living standards, 17 local government, 54–55, 88–90, 239, 321 Lockout, Danish (1899), 270–71, 278 Low Income Commission, Danish, 43 Lundby-Wedin, Wanja, 134, 277 Lutheranism, 5, Maastricht treaty, 50, 51n, 168, 180, 189n majority government, 73–74 Market Relations Committee, Danish See EU Relations Committee Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program), 227–28 Marshall, T H., 212–13 Martinussen, Willy, 306 Marxism, xii, 97, 104, 108, 286, 319, 335, 348 Marx, Karl, 152, 230 media, 130, 153, 188 medical care See health care Meidner, Rudolf, 229, 283 Meidner funds See wage-earner funds mercantilism, 192, 223 400 “middle way,” xii, 7, 49, 305, 349 Mill, John Stuart, 53 ministers: deputies (Norway, Sweden), 75; shadow, 68 minorities, 8, 81–82 See also immigration minority government (cabinet), 73–74 monarchy, 72–74, 90 Monetary Union, Scandinavian (1875), 167 See also European Economic and Monetary Union Montesquieu, 55 multiculturalism, 10, 176–77, 333, 346 multinational corporation, 188, 295, 299–300 municipal politics See local government Myrdal, Alva (commission), 288–89, 317 Myrdal, Gunnar, 224 Nansen, Fridtjof, 189n nationalization, 286–87 national security, 70 National Socialism (Nazism), 150, 159 neocorporatism See corporatism, democratic Neo-liberalism, 294–95, 316 Netherlands, 213 neutrality See nonalignment (neutrality) New Democrats, 20 New Left, 142n, 308, 309 New Right, 24–25, 100, 142n, 309 Ninn-Hansen, Erik, 46 no confidence, vote of, 68 Nokia, xi, 172, 233 nonalignment (neutrality), 170–71; Swedish, 171, 183, 197 Nordic Associations, 186 Nordic Common Market, 167, 172, 185 Nordic cooperation, 167, 185 Nordic Council, 45, 167, 181, 184–86 Nordic Council of Ministers, 179 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 3, 130, 167, 170, 181, 189 nuclear power, 23, 85–86, 130, 173, Index 327; popular movements against, 137, 346 nuclear weapons, 137 Nye, Joseph, 178 Nyrup Rasmussen, Poul, 103 Ohlin, Bertil, 224 oil crisis, 230–31 Oil Fund, Norwegian (and revenues), 125, 231–33, 250, 254, 313 Olav V (King of Norway), 72 Ombudsman, 4, 56, 83–84, 91n; Danish, 83; Finnish, 84; nonScandinavian, 84; Norwegian, 84; Swedish (justitieombudsman, JO), 8384 ỉresund region (Copenhagen-Malmoă), 90 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 168, 183, 186 Oscar II (King of Sweden), 58 Oslo Accords (1993), 169 Palme, Olof, 95, 104, 255, 306 parliament (British House of Commons), 58, 69; functions of, 66– 70; term of, 66, 76 Parliament, European, see European Parliament (EU) Parliamentary Act, Swedish (RO), 63 parliamentary committees, 67, 69–70, 181, 238 parliamentary supremacy, 38, 55, 58, 63 participation, 44, 49, 54, 88, 327 participatory democracy, 139–41 See also referendum parties, 93–132; fragmentation, 20–21; functions, 95; membership, 94; organization, 123; system, 95–101 Pateman, Carole, 48 pension system, 194, 205; reform of, xi, 200, 217, 320; Swedish supplemental (ATP), 85–87, 199–200, 229, 290 People’s Alliance (Iceland), 102, 105–6, 119 Index People’s Democrats (Finland), 102, 105–6 People’s Home (Folkhemmet Sverige), 159 Persson, Goăran, 121 Petersen, Robert Storm, 345 petroleum See oil planning See economic planning pluralism, 133–35 policy agenda, 237 policy making, 75, 78, 154, 239 political poverty, 306 Poltava, battle of, 3, 5, 83 polyarchy, 39 popular movements, 137–39, 159 porous states, xi Portugal, 165 postmaterialism, 33n, 230, 346–47 Powell, G Bingham, 39 Power studies, 45, 48, 51n press, 63, 70; restrictions on, 70, 91 Press Freedom Act, Swedish (TFO), 63–64, 80 Price, Don, 177 prime minister, 76–77, 90 privatization, ix, xiv, 11, 27, 49 Progress party: Danish (Fremskridtspartiet), 23–24, 111–12; Norwegian (Fremskrittspartiet), 24, 111 prohibition, 85–87, 164–65, 214–15 proportional representation, 42, 62, 64–66, 69–70, 73 public commissions, 136 public expenditures, 77, 88 public policy, defined, 152 See also policy agenda, policy making public sector, 54, 77, 215; employment in, 77, 79 qualitative politics, 12, 21–23, 33n, 345 quantitative politics, 20–23 Radical Liberals, Danish (Radikale Venstre), 59, 95, 139 radical socialism See socialism Rawls, John, 323n Reagan, Ronald, 233, 295 401 Red-Green (Social DemocraticAgrarian) coalitions, 104, 117, 196, 226 redistribution, income, 48 referendum, 53, 59–60, 84–86, 327; European Community/Union, 22–23, 50, 55, 77, 85–87, 107, 141; on prohibition, 85–87 Reformation, 157, 193 refugees, 46, 50, 174–76, 346 See also immigrants Rehn, Goăsta, 229, 24546 remiss, 4243 reparations, Finnish to USSR, 189n, 227–29, 256n representation, functional, 10, 341 Resistance See World War II revisionism, Titoist, 105 Rokkan, Stein, 45, 115 Rothstein, Bo, 306, 330 royal commissions See commissions, investigatory Royal Succession Law, Danish, 59 Ruin, Olof, 140 Rural party (Finland), 24, 112 Russia, 256n See also Soviet Union Ruth, Arne, 306 Rygg, Nicolai, 243 Saab, xi, 236, 289–90, 299, 342 safety stewards, 29092 Saltsjoăbaden Agreement, Swedish (1938 collective bargaining pact), 272 Samis (Lapps), 81, 174 Sartori, Giovanni, 40 savings, 312–13 Scandinavia, definition of, 4–6, 13n Scandinavian customs union, 167 Scandinavian Defense Community, 167, 170, 185 Scandinavian model, 9–11, 26–27, 160, 307 See also Swedish model Schleswig-Holstein, 5859, 81, 85 Schluăter, Poul, 77, 114, 121, 123 Schumpeter, Joseph, 39–40 security policy, 169–71 402 September Agreement, Danish (1899 collective bargaining pact), 271 sex, promiscuous, 308–9; diseases, 309 Shaw, George Bernard, 238 sickness insurance See health insurance sick pay, 331 single-issue movements See popular movements Social Darwinism, 115, 195, 217n social defense, 170, 197 Social Democratic model, ix–xiv, 193 Social Democratic parties, 96–105, 142n, 182, 261, 280; culture, 103; Danish, 59; decline, 124; government, xii, 17–21, 116–17, 121– 22, 225; hegemony, 4, 9, 44, 97–98, 100–101, 331; membership, 101–2; Social Democratic (Labor) Party, Norwegian (Det norske Arbeiderpartiet), 273; Swedish (Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Arbetarepartiet), 285–86 social insurance, xiv, 194, 204 socialism, 235, 261, 286, 346, 348–49; block, 97; functional, 104–5; radical, 105–8 See also Social Democratic parties Socialist International Congress (1910), 267 Socialist Left party, Norwegian, 105 Socialist People’s party: Danish, 105–6, 119, 182–83, 242; Norwegian (see Socialist Left party, Norwegian) Socialization Commission, 287 See also nationalization social laboratory, 3, 7–9, 12 social services, 46 social welfare benefits, 202–4, 210–11 solidaristic wage policy, 29, 161, 209, 282, 285, 294 solidarity, xiv, 10, 32, 47, 101–3, 158, 160, 310–12, 329–30 sovereignty, 178 Soviet Union: collapse of, ix, xii, 12, 106, 234–35, 296; Finnish relationship with, 5, 170, 189n See also Russia Index Spain, 165 Spencer, Herbert, 195, 217n stagflation, 221–22 See also inflation Stauning, Thorvald, 103, 195, 225 Steincke, K K., 93, 154, 159, 330 Stockholm school, 224, 256n Stoltenberg, Jens, 120 ˚ dalen strikes, 232, 260–61, 281; A (1931), 268; Finnish general (1905), 269; iron mines (1969–70), 22, 288– 89; Swedish general (1909), 271–72 Strode, Hudson, 205 subsidiarity, 50 Succession Act, Swedish (SO), 63 suffrage (voting requirements), 39, 50, 58, 62, 64, 269; women’s, 39 suicide, 308–9 Sumner, William Graham, 195 supplementary (parliamentary) seats, 65–66 supplementary pensions See pension system, Swedish supplemental Swedish model, 124, 305 Swedish People’s Party, 97–99 syndicalism, 273, 337 system change, Denmark See parliamentary supremacy Tamil scandal, 46, 121 Tawney, R H., 197, 230 taxes, 46, 165, 205–9, 250–53; avoidance (shelters), 252; Danish, 217n, 251; local, 88; marginal rate, 30, 209, 252–53, 284, 315; protests, xiii, 221, 251; reform, 30, 252; socialsecurity, 251; subsidies, 33n Taylorism, 291 Temple, Bishop William, 147 Thatcher, Margaret, 11, 233, 295 “Third Way,” 183 Thirty Years’ War, 37 Thorsrud, Einar, 289 Three Mile Island accident (1979), 174 Tingsten, Herbert, 19, 33n Tocqueville, Alexis de, 91 Tomasson, Richard, 305 trade policy, 171–72 trade unions See labor unions Index Tranmæl, Martin, 273 transfer payments, 46, 160–61 True Finns See Rural party unemployment, 48, 107, 150, 224, 232, 297–99 unemployment insurance (compensation), 28–29, 31–32, 94, 205, 217n unicameralism, 58, 61, 66–67 unions See labor unions United Nations, 168 United States, 165 University of Copenhagen, 21 urban-rural divisions, 156 Valla, Liv-Gerd, 277 Vietnam War, 137, 189 Vikings, Volvo, xi, 236, 289–90, 299 voters: mobility (floating), 124; turnout, 44, 125; volatility, 129 voting age, 85–86 voting rights See suffrage wage-earner funds, 49, 282–83, 289, 320 403 Washington “consensus,” 233, 295 Watanuki, Joji, 327 welfare states, Scandinavian: crisis of, 11; definition, ix, 7, 147; development, x, 9; origins, 12, 17– 20; policies (see social insurance) Westerberg, Bengt, 114 West Indies, Danish (Virgin Islands), 85 Westminster model, 42, 66 Wigforss, Ernst, 224 Wiksell, Knut, 224 Willoch, Ka ˚ re, 114, 123, 296 Wilson, Harold, ix women: in civil service, 78–79; in labor force, 198, 229–30, 235–36, 277, 310– 11, 314, 332–33; parliamentary representation of, 71, 327; in politics, x, 71–72, 327 Work Environment Act, Swedish (occupational safety), 320 workers’ compensation (disability), 194 workers’ councils, 287–88, 320, 341–42 See also Employee Participation Act world trade, 229 World War I, 167, 224 World War II, 58–61, 72, 159, 226–27, 330; Resistance, 159 About the Authors ERIC S EINHORN is Professor and formerly Chairman in the Department of Political Science at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst JOHN LOGUE is Professor in the Department of Political Science and Director of the Ohio Employee Ownership Center at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com ... trade union federation The first edition of Modern Welfare States dealt with two major policy themes The first was the development of the modern Scandinavian welfare state in the period between when... www.Ebook777.com Modern Welfare States 17 Consequently this chapter will focus primarily on Denmark, Norway, and Sweden OR IG IN S OF T H E W E L FA R E S T AT E The origins of the modern welfare state... the core programs of the welfare state More than one of them pushed for Modern Welfare States 25 improved programs, especially for pensioners It was the mechanisms of the welfare state that they