GEORGE WASHINGTON A LIFE IN BOOKS GEORGE WASHINGTON A LIFE IN BOOKS KEVIN J HAYES 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America © Oxford University Press 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hayes, Kevin J., author Title: George Washington : a life in books / Kevin J Hayes Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2017 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016046056 (print) | LCCN 2016048179 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190456672 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190456689 (updf) | ISBN 9780190456696 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Washington, George, 1732–1799—Books and reading | Presidents—United States—Biography | BISAC: BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Presidents & Heads of State | BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Literary | HISTORY / United States / Revolutionary Period (1775–1800) Classification: LCC E312.17 H397 2017 (print) | LCC E312.17 (ebook) | DDC 973.4/1092 [B]—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046056 Title page illustration: George Washington Artist: Gilbert Stuart, 1796; oil on canvas National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; acquired as a gift to the nation through the generosity of the Donald W Reynolds Foundation 1╇3╇5╇7╇9╇8╇6╇4╇2 Printed by Edwards Brothers Malloy, United States of America for my parents contents Prefaceix Acknowledgmentsxv Meditations and Contemplations Every Boy His Own Teacher 16 Exemplars 31 Travel Writing 46 The Journal of Major George Washington62 A Memorial Containing a Summary View of Facts78 Home and Garden 91 George Washington, Bibliographer 110 The Education of John Parke Custis 125 10 Revolutionary Pamphlets 143 11 Common Sense and Independence 157 12 A Green Baize Bookcase 173 13 Planning for Retirement 189 14 Haven of History 207 15 The Slave, the Quaker, and the Panopticon 228 16 Politics and the Picaresque 242 17 Presidential Patronage and the Development of American Literature 257 18 Official Letters to the Honorable American Congress274 vii viii Contents 19 Farewell Address287 20 Home at Last 299 Notes317 Sources367 Index371 preface After I parked my bicycle and pitched my tent at a roadside campground in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, a man with a grizzled moustache stepped from a camper parked nearby He asked me inside for tea and bickies, as Australians call cookies Never one to refuse another’s hospitality, I accepted As we sat ourselves at the tea table inside his motor home, he introduced me to his wife, and I introduced myself They could tell by my accent that I was from America He told me they had motored around Australia countless times but had never traveled overseas Both admitted they knew little about the United States Practically the only American they could recall by name was George Washington, so they asked me to tell them more about him This incident occurred during a five-month solo bicycle tour of Australia, my last great adventure before starting graduate school at the University of Delaware In other words, it occurred before I began studying colonial American literature with the world’s leading expert in the field, before I became fascinated with the history of books, before I decided to devote my professional career to the subject of early American intellectual life Asked to provide an impromptu biography of George Washington, I struggled for something to say Not having studied the history of the American Revolution since—gulp!—the eighth grade, I was hard-pressed to fill in the facts for my kindly Australian hosts Gathering my thoughts, meagre as they were, I mentioned the time Washington crossed the Delaware An iconic moment in American history, the episode was familiar to me mainly because Mom and Dad had bought me a scale model of the event based on the renowned painting by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze I can still smell the enamel and glue I used to reconstruct that singular moment in American history I nearly exhausted my supply of Fiery Red to paint the lining of Washington’s cape as it ix 376 Index Dick, Elisha, 311–12 Dickinson, John, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 145, 152, 236 dictionaries, 22, 32–34, 38, 106–7, 192, 210, 314 See also encyclopedias Dinwiddie, Robert, 61–64, 73, 78–79, 84–85, 271 D’Israeli, Isaac, Amenities of Literature, 143 Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke (Filson), 220–21 Divine Goodness Displayed, in the American Revolution (Rodgers), 203 Dixon, John, 254 Dobson, Thomas, Encyclopaedia, 304 Dodsley, Robert, Preceptor, 126 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 245, 249–50, 252, 255, 315 Dossie, Robert, Handmaid to the Arts, 122–23 Drummond de Melfort, Louis-Hector, comte de, Traité sur la Cavalerie, 187 Dryden, John, 105, 119, 224, 269 Virgil, 269 Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, Practical Treatise of Husbandry, 106–8, 115–16, 118 Dunlop, Alexander, 126 Dunmore, John Murray, earl of, 145 Duquesne, Michel-Ange Duquesne de Menneville, marquis, 81–82, 86 Dwight, Timothy, 274 Conquest of Canaan, 224, 226–27 ecclesiastical history, 7, 61 Echard, Laurence, Gazetteer’s or News-Man’s Interpreter, 55 economic treatises, 238, 269–70 Egypt, 114, 195 Ellery, William, 171 Encyclopaedia (Dobson), 304 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 304 encyclopedias, 19, 33, 36, 180, 192, 211, 304, 314 See also dictionaries Enfield, William, 193, 280–81 Epictetus, 242 Epistles (Seneca), 189 Epistles Domestic, Confidential, and Official (Washington), 284–85 Epistles for the Ladies (Haywood), 12 Erasmus, Colloquies, 126–27 Essai Général de Tactique (Guibert), 187 Essai sur l’Art de la Guerre (Turpin), 178 “Essay on Criticism” (Pope), 119 “Essay on Man” (Pope), 119 Essay on the Art of War (Turpin), 178–79 Essay on the Command of Small Detachments (Young), 182–83 Essay on the Culture and Management of Hemp, 155–56 Essay on the Impolicy of the African Slave Trade (Clarkson), 236–37 essays, 7, 11–12, 19, 35–36, 39–41, 104, 114, 165, 171, 190, 220, 252–54 ethics, 14, 61, 129, 229, 238 See also moral philosophy Eugene, prince of Savoy, 104 Eustace, John, 28 Ewald, Johann, 175, 182, 184, 187 Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, 145 Experiments and Observations (Higgins), 204 Exquemelin, Alexandre Olivier, History of the Bucaniers of America, 117–18 Fable of the Bees (Mandeville), 49 fables, 23–25, 39, 49, 113, 116 Fables (Aesop), 23–24, 113, 116 Fairfax, Anne, 34 Fairfax, Bryan, 34 Fairfax, George William, 34, 44, 221–22 Fairfax, Sarah (“Sally”), 34 Fairfax, Thomas Fairfax, lord, 31, 35–38, 45, 57, 97 Fairfax, William, Colonel, 31–32, 34–37, 45, 58, 66, 95, 105 Fairfax County (VA), 17, 32, 147–48, 197 Fairfax County Resolves (Mason), 147, 197 Farewell Address (Washington), 287–98 Farmer, pseud., Essay on the Culture and Management of Hemp, 156 Farmer, A W., pseud See Seabury, Samuel Farmer’s Compleat Guide (Maxwell), 106 farriery, 28, 94, 97–98, 103 Index Federalist, 242, 253–56 Female Spectator (Haywood), 11–12 Ferry Farm, 6–8, 10 Fielding, Henry, 38, 42, 57 Joseph Andrews, 38 Miscellanies, 38 Tom Jones, 57 Fielding, Sarah, 38 Filson, John, 220–21, 224 Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke, 220–21 Fisher, George, Instructor, 27–28 Fisher’s Companion, 28 Fleming, William, 14, 133 flyleaf inscriptions, 7, 13 Forbes, John, 91, 93, 177–78 Foresters (Belknap), 271 Forrest, Thomas, Voyage from Calcutta, 297 Forster, John Reinhold, 199 Fort Cumberland, 83, 85 Fort Duquesne, 81–82, 93, 155, 177, 182 Fort Le Boeuf, 71–73, 86 Fort Lee, 170 Fort Necessity, 79–83, 88, 176 Fort Ticonderoga, 168, 174, 224 Fort Washington, 170 Foster, John, 11 Franklin, Benjamin anecdote about Lord Loudon, 88 Club of Honest Whigs, 219 correspondence, 163, 166 elected corresponding member of the Virginia Society for the Advancement of Useful Knowledge, 146 friendship with Paine, 163, 165 friendship with Vaughan, 203 library, 112, 116, 196–97, 314 parodies spiritual meditations, 10 prints Indian treaties, 70 reading, 2, 25, 49, 57, 112, 180, 193, 249 serves in Constitutional Convention, 243–45 writings compared to GW’s, 280 essays in the American Museum, 274 377 Examination of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, 145 “Meditation on a Quart Mugg,” 10 Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania, 129 Franklin, James, 21 Fraser, John, 65, 71 Frederick II, king of Prussia, 104–5 Military Instructions, 187 Fredericksburg, VA, 6, 64, 128 Free Thoughts (Seabury), 151–52, 154 French and Indian War See Seven Years’; War Frestel, Felix, 301 Friendly Address (Chandler), 154–55 Fry, Joshua, 78–80 Gaillard, Alexander, 209–10 Gaine, Hugh, 87, 89, 292 Gaine’s New-York Pocket Almanack, 292 Gardeners Dictionary (Miller), 38, 106–7 gardening books, 94–96, 108–129 See also agricultural treatises; husbandry books Gardoqui, Don Diego de, 244–45 Garrick, David, Clandestine Marriage, 95 Gazette of the United States, 308 Gazetteer’s or News-Man’s Interpreter (Echard), 55 General Introduction to Trade and Business (Markham), 124 General View of the Agriculture and Rural Economy of the County of Aberdeen (Anderson), 301 General View of the Agriculture of the County of Suffolk (Young), 301 Genet, Edmond, 271 Gentleman’s Magazine, 18–20 geography, 17, 26, 28, 32, 50, 52–57, 64, 113, 126, 179, 199–200, 255, 266, 294, 300, 314 See also atlases; travel literature Geography Anatomiz’d (Gordon), 55–56 geometry, 17, 26, 28, 30, 134 George II, king of England, 79 George Barnwell (Lillo), 60 George Washington (Houdon), 224–25 George Washington as an Inventor (Toner), 274 Gerry, Elbridge, 252–53 378 Index Gibson, William, New Treatise on the Diseases of Horses, 94, 97–98, 103 Gil Blas (Lesage), 252–53, 255, 295, 315 Gildon, Charles, Grammar, 25 Gillies, John, 191 Gish, Lillian, 76 Gist, Christopher, 64–65, 72, 74–77, 87 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 54 Goldsmith, Oliver, 83, 195 History of the Earth and Animated Nature, 195 Gordon, Patrick, Geography Anatomiz’d, 55–56 Gordon, Thomas Cato’s Letters, 114–15 Independent Whig, 114–15 Gordon, William, 161–63, 166, 215–19, 224, 231, 277, 283 History of the United States of America, 217–19, 283 Sermon Preached before the Honorable House of Representatives, 161 Government Corrupted by Vice (Langdon), 160 Graham, Catherine Macaulay, 216 grammar, 17, 23–25, 30, 126–28, 130, 210 Grammar (Gildon), 25 Grandmaison, de, Major General, Treatise on the Military Service, of Light Horse, and Light Infantry, 187 Green, Ashbel, 298 Greene, Nathaniel, 170, 185 Greene, Zachariah, 170 Greenleaf, James, 181 Greenleaf, Moses, 181 Greenleaf, Simon, 181 Greenwood, James, 24–25, 126–27 London Vocabulary, 126–27 Philadelphia Vocabulary 127 Royal English Grammar, 24–25 Griffith, D W., Way Down East, 76 Grub Street, 90, 95, 104 Guardian, 41 Guibert, Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comte de Essai Général de Tactique, 187 Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 52, 56, 118 Hall, David, 178–79 Hall, William, 179 Hall and Sellers (firm), 179 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 138 Hancock, John, 169, 180 Handmaid to the Arts (Dossie), 122–23 Hanson, Thomas, Prussian Evolutions in Actual Engagements, 180 Hale, Matthew, 12–13, 15, 100, 196 Contemplations Moral and Divine, 12–13, 196 Hale, Thomas, Compleat Body of Husbandry, 100 Half King (Tanacharison), 68–74, 86–87 Hamilton, Alexander (1755–1804) advises GW, 264–65, 296 clashes with Jefferson, 279 selected as second in command in provisional army, 307 serves as secretary of the treasury, 262, 275, 279 subscribes to Indostan Letters, 270 writings Farewell Address 288–90, 292 Federalist, 242, 253–56 Hamilton, Alexander, Dr (1712–1756), 82–84 Handel, George Frideric, 97 Harris, John, 32–33, 36, 107 History of Kent, 36 Lexicon Technicum, 32–33, 107 Harrison, Benjamin, 153 Harvard College, 160, 169, 239, 257, 266 Hawkins, Francis, 20–22 Youths Behaviour, 20–21 Haywood, Eliza, 11–12, 45, 210 Epistles for the Ladies, 12 Female Spectator, 11–12 Hazard, Ebenezer, 258–59 Hazard, Willis P., 33 Hazlitt, William, 250 Hederich, Benjamin, 126 Henley, Samuel, 113–14, 146–47, 232 Candid Refutation of the Heresy Imputed by Ro C., 146–47 Henry IV, Part I (Shakespeare), 287 Henry V (Shakespeare), 138 Henry VIII (Shakespeare), 110, 120 Henry, Patrick, 133, 148, 149, 156, 233, 253–54 Hero as Man of Letters (Carlyle), 207 Herodotus, 44–45, 199 Index Hervey, James, Meditations and Contemplations, 1, 9–12, 14 Higgins, Bryan, Experiments and Observations, 204 Hill, John, 100–101 Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff, 101 Compleat Body of Husbandry, 100 Hillary, William, 57, 59 Hiltzheimer, Jacob, 290 Hirons, Jabez, 199 Histoire du Royaume d’Alger (Laugier de Tassy), 52–53 histories, 26–27, 32, 36–38, 41–45, 49–50, 52, 118, 124, 183, 193, 197, 207–27, 258–59, 264–67, 270, 314–15 History and Present State of Virginia (Beverley), 37, 50, 197–98, 200 History of Charles XII (Voltaire), 192 History of England (Adolphus), 285 History of England (Rapin de Thoyras), 49 History of Kent (Harris), 36 History of Louisiana (Le Page du Pratz), 266 History of New-Hampshire (Belknap), 258–59, 265–66, 270 History of Rome (Livy), 129 History of the Bucaniers of America (Exquemelin), 117–18 History of the Earth and Animated Nature (Goldsmith), 195 History of the Life and Reign of the Czar Peter the Great (Bancks), 104 History of the Reign of Philip II, King of Spain (Watson), 194 History of the Revolutions in Portugal (Vertot), 193 History of the Revolutions in Sweden (Vertot), 193 History of the Revolutions in the Roman Republic (Vertot), 193–94 History of the Twelve Caesars (Suetonius), 66 History of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Lothian), 210 History of the United States of America (Gordon), 217–19, 283 History of the Wars of Alexander the Great (Curtius), 66–67, 176 379 History of Viscount de Turenne (Ramsay), 194 Hobday, Isaac, 148 Hobday, John, 146 Hodges, Nathaniel, Loimologia, 112, 196 Hodgkins, Joseph, 160 Home, Francis, Principles of Agriculture, 98, 100 Homer, 7, 105, 119, 173 Iliad, Odyssey, 119 Hooper, William, 154–155 Hopkinson, Francis, 138, 223, 274 Horace, 105, 242–43 Lyric Works, 242–243 Horne, John Van, 231 Horse-Hoeing Husbandry (Tull), 101–2 Hot-House Gardener (Abercrombie), 108 Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 223–25, 243 George Washington, 224–25 Houlding, J A., 175, 181 House of Burgesses, 15, 29, 32, 85, 145, 148, 153, 205, 232 Howe, William Howe, viscount, 170, 173, 175, 184, 234, 265 Howell, David, 161, 201–2 Hoyle, Edmund, Short Treatise on the Game of Whist, 121 Hoyle’s Games, 120–21 Hudibras (Butler), 78, 151, 248–49 Hughes, Griffith, Natural History of Barbados, 36–37, 58–59 Humphreys, David biography of GW, 16–17, 86 correspondence, 223 friendship with GW, 237–38, 243, 262 negotiates treaty between U.S and Algiers, 306 writings items in the American Museum, 274 Poem, Addressed to the Armies of the United States, 185–86 Poem on the Happiness of America, 224 Hudson River, 170, 188 Hunter (Seneca warrior), 71–72, 74 husbandry books, 95, 98, 100–102, 106–8, 115–16, 118, 190 Huske, John, 81 Hutt, John, 180 380 Index Ibarra, Joaquin, 245 Iliad (Homer), Illuminations for Legislators (Bell), 236 Imaginary voyages, 52, 56, 118 Improvement of the Mind (Watts), Independence Hall, 157 Independent Chronicle, 254 Independent Whig (Trenchard and Gordon), 114–15 India, 67, 269–70, 297 Indian treaties, 67–70 Instructions to Young Officers (Wolfe), 182–83 Instructor (Fisher), 27–28 Intolerable Acts, 145 Introduction to the Art of Reading (Barney), 294 Jacob, Giles, New Law-Dictionary, 32 Jamestown, VA, 55, 83 Jay, John, 253, 263, 270, 277–78, 284, 305 Jay’s Treaty, 277–78, 284, 305 Jefferson, Peter, 78 Jefferson, Thomas appreciates GW’s horsemanship, 80 arranges Houdon’s visit to U.S., 223 attitude toward magazines, 19 correspondence, 209–10, 214, 253 delegate to Continental Congress, 156 discusses the Society of the Cincinnati with GW, 213–14 elected vice president, 296–98 library, 102, 116, 196–97, 314 literary tastes, 167, 252 member of Virginia Society for the Advancement of Useful Knowledge, 146 serves as minister to France, 218 serves as secretary of state, 262, 277–79 skepticism toward doctors, 312 writings Declaration of Independence, 95, 139, 169–70, 232, 246, 293 Notes on the State of Virginia, 287 Summary View of the Rights of British America, 143–45 Jeffreys, Thomas, 64 Jenour, Matthew, Route to India, 297 Jingle, Bob, pseud 149–51 Joe (slave), 131, 137–38 Johnson, Samuel, 195, 270 Joincaire, Philippe de, 71–72, 74 Jordan, Thomas, 245 Joseph Andrews (Fielding), 38 Journal of Congress, 255 Journal of Major George Washington (Washington), 62–77, 83, 87, 199, 282 Julius (slave), 128, 131 Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de Villiers, sieur de, 79–81, 87 Kearsley, George, 214 Keimer, Samuel, 242 Kennedy, John F., Profiles in Courage, 287 Kenrick, William, 124, 267 Killegrew, Tom, pseud., Merry Quack Doctor, 20 King’s College, 137, 139, 141 Kippis, Andrew, 219 Kirkpatrick, John, 119 Knox, Henry, 120, 168, 212, 261–62, 266 Kotzebue, August von, Quaker, 234 Laboratory; or, School of Arts (Smith), 122 Lafayette, George Washington, 301 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 237, 301 Lafitau, Joseph-Franỗois, 133 La Luzerne, Anne-César, chevalier de, 201–2 Lamb, Charles, 250 Lancaster, PA, 70, 200, 290 Langdon, Samuel, 160–61, 169 Government Corrupted by Vice, 160 Langley, Batty, 94–96, 241 New Principles of Gardening (Langley), 94–96 Laugier de Tassy Compleat History of the Piratical States of Barbary, 52–53 Histoire du Royaume d’Alger, 52–53 Law of Nations (Vattel), 264–65 Law of Retribution (Sharp), 229 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles, 214 L’Estrange, Roger, 14 Aesop’s Fables, 23–24, 113, 116 Index Le Gardeur, Jacques, sieur de SaintPierre, 71–73 Le Page du Pratz, Antoine Simon, 266 History of Louisiana, 266 Lea, Philip, Shires of England and Wales, 113, 116 Lear, Tobias, 239, 262, 270, 289, 301–2, 307–8, 310–14 Lectures on Architecture and Painting (Ruskin), 257 Lee, Arthur, 122 Lee, Billy (slave), 158, 230, 262 Lee, Charles, 153, 155, 158, 160–61, 163, 166, 214 Strictures on a Pamphlet, 154–55 Lee, Richard Henry, 122, 180 Legacy of the Father of His Country (Russell), 290–91 Leman, Tanfield, 101 Lemay, Leo, J A., 165, 197 Lennox, Charlotte, 38 Leonidas, 44–45 Lesage, Alain-René, History of Gil Blas, 252–53, 255, 295, 315 Letter on the Subject of an Established Militia (Steuben), 266 Letter to an American Planter (Waring), 231–32, 239 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 145, 152, 236 Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 218, 234, 247 Letters from General Washington to Several of His Friends (Washington), 275, 284 Letters from M de Voltaire, 192 Letters to His Son (Chesterfield), 46 Lettsom, John Coakley, 146 Lewis, Andrew, 177 Lewis, Fielding, 167 Lewis, Lawrence, 308–9 Lewis, Robert, Adventures of a Rake 90 Lexicon Technicum (Harris), 32–33, 107 Leybourn, William, Complete Surveyor, 29, 34 LHospital, Guillaume Franỗois Antoine, Analytick Treatise of Conick Sections, 30 Library Company of Philadelphia, 264 Catalogue of the Books, 271 381 Library of Congress, 107, 116 Life of John Buncle (Amory), 249–52, 255 Life of Washington (Weems), 221, 276 Lillo, George, London Merchant; or The History of George Barnwell, 60 Lincoln, Benjamin, 202 Lisle, Edward, Observations in Husbandry, 98, 100 Liston, Henrietta, 295, 298 Liston, Robert, 295, 298 literary criticism, 38 Little Beaver Creek, 68 Little Hunting Creek, Lives (Plutarch), 114 Livingston, William, 154, 250 Livy, 29, 129–30 History of Rome, 129 Locke, John, 105 logic, 17 Loimologia (Hodges), 112, 196 London Magazine, 79 London Merchant (Lillo), 60 London Vocabulary (Greenwood), 126–27 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 161, 181 Longueuil, Baron de, 81 Lothian, William, History of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, 210 Loudon, John Campbell, fourth earl of, 87–88 “Love of Fame” (Young), 16 “Lovely Nancy,” 97 Lucas, Theophilus, Memoires of the Lives, 120 Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 97 Lyric Works of Horace (Horace), 242–43 M’Dougall, J Douglass, 180 Mackay, James, 80 Maclean, Allan, 184 Madison, Dolley, 262 Madison, James correspondence, 209–10 co-writes Federalist, 253–56 drafts farewell address for GW, 288–89 presidential inauguration, 262 reads History of Louisiana, 267 382 Index Madison, James (continued) recommends Monroe as Virginia governor, 310 research for Constitution, 247 See also Constitution, U.S magazines, 5, 18–20, 79, 165, 274–78, 281 Magowan, Walter, 125–27, 129, 131, 135 Mandeville, Bernard, Fable of the Bees, 49 Manoeuvres (Young), 182–83 Manual Exercise (Young), 182 Markham, Gervase, 97–98 Markham’s Master-piece, 97 Markham, William, General Introduction to Trade and Business, 124 Marlborough, John Churchill, duke of, 104, 176 Martin, John, 184–85 Marin, Pierre Paul de la Malgue, sieur de, 68–71 Marten, Georg Friedrich de, Summary of the Law of Nations, 264 Martial, 40, 307 Maryland Gazette, 64 Mason, George, 17, 147, 197 Fairfax County Resolves, 147, 197 mathematics, 17, 26–27, 30, 33, 78, 124, 134, 266 Mather, William, Young Man’s Companion, 27–28 Maury, James, 129 Maxwell, Robert, Farmer’s Compleat Guide, 106 McHenry, James, 303 medical books, 112, 131 “Meditation on a Broomstick” (Swift), 10 “Meditation on a Quart Mugg” (Franklin), 10 Meditations and Contemplations (Hervey), 9–12, 14 Melvill, Allan, 293 Melville, Herman, 14, 293 Mémoire Contenant le Précis des Faits avec Leurs Pieces Justificatives (Moreau), 86–90 Memoirs of the Lives (Lucas), 120 Memorial Containing a Summary View of Facts (Moreau), 89–90 Merchant of Venice (Shakespeare), 232 Merry Quack Doctor (Killegrew), 20 Metamorphosis (Ovid), 23 Mifflin, Thomas, 153 Mifflin, Warner, 234–35, 237 Mighty Destroyer Displayed (Benezet), 233 military books, 66–67, 173–88, 266, 314 Military Guide for Young Officers (Simes), 175 Military Instructions (Frederick II), 187 Military Instructions for Officers (Stevenson), 180–82 Military Treatise (Webb), 173, 179–80 Miller, Philip, 38, 106–7 Abridgement of the Gardeners Dictionary, 106 Gardeners Dictionary, 38, 106–7 Milnor, William, 154–55, 179 Milton, John, 25, 105, 111–12, 141, 147 Defense of the People of England, 111 Paradise Lost, 111, 147 Paradise Regained, 111 Poems, 111 Miscellanies (Fielding), 38 Miscellanies (Swift), 111 Mississippi River, 200 Moll, Herman, Atlas Minor, 56, 116 Monacatoocha, 68 Monmouth, NJ, 185, 230 Monongahela River, 65, 83 Monroe, James, 305–7, 310 View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States, 305–7, 310 Monthly Review, 89–90, 281 Montreal, 72, 81 Moore, John, 190–92 View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany, 190–92 View of Society and Manners in Italy, 190–92 moral philosophy, 14–15, 57, 128–129, 141, 238 Morals (Seneca), 14 Moreau, Jacob Nicolas, 85–90 Mémoire Contenant le Précis des Faits avec Leurs Pieces Justificatives, 86–90 Memorial Containing a Summary View of Facts 89–90 Mystery Reveal’d; or, Truth Brought to Light, 90 Morris, Robert, 202, 271 Morristown, NJ, 173, 185 Index Mouffle d’Angerville, Private Life of Lewis XV, 193 Mount Airy, 137, 141, 205 Mullett, Thomas, 207–8, 219 Murray, William V., 290 Museum Rusticum, 122, 124,190 music, 47–48, 97, 149, 158, 168, 270 Mystery Reveal’d (Moreau), 90 mythology, 23 “Nancy’s Complaint,” 58 Nancrede, Joseph, 305 Narrative of the Mutiny (Bligh), 297 Natchez Indians, 267 Native Americans alliance with France, 78 culture, 68, 75 diplomacy, 70 See also Indian treaties folkways, 47–48, 199 oratory, 86, 199–200 natural histories, 11, 36–37, 58–59, 78, 113, 116, 134, 194–95, 199, 220, 305 Natural History of Barbados (Hughes), 36–37, 58–59 Natural History of Carolina (Catesby), 113, 116 navigation textbooks, 25–26 “Neanthe” (Bolling), 151 Neutrality Proclamation, 265, 279 New-Jersey Journal, 293 New Kent County (VA), 111 New Law-Dictionary (Jacob), 32 New Help to Discourse (Winstanley), 21 New Principles of Gardening (Langley), 94–96 New System of Agriculture, 94–95 New System of Fortification (Young), 182 New Treatise on the Diseases of Horses (Gibson), 94, 97, 103 New Windsor, NY, 187 New York, NY as U.S capital, 261–65 booksellers and printers, 87, 89, 194, 252, 275, 292 British troops in, 170, 173 defense of, 157, 169–70 GW in, 85, 203, 261–65, 285, 297–98 imprints, 275, 283, 292 383 New York Committee of Safety, 166 New-York Journal 152, 155 New York Society Library, 264 Newburgh, NY, 188, 190–92, 195–96, 200, 203 newspapers, 19, 64, 289–90, 308 Newton, Issac, 33, 105 Nicholas, Robert Carter, 146–47, 231–32 Norman, John, 180 Northern Neck, VA, 31, 35–36, 62 Notes on the Slave Trade (Benezet), 239 Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 287 novels, 32, 38, 52, 57, 90, 115, 124, 127, 175, 230, 249–53, 255–56, 267, 271, 295, 315 Obama, Barack, Audacity of Hope, 287 Observations in Husbandry (Lisle), 98, 100 Occasional Reflections (Boyle), 10 Odyssey (Homer), 119 Of Plymouth Plantation (Bradford), 288 Official Letters to the Honorable American Congress (Washington), 274–86, 280–87 “Oh Dear, What Can the Matter Be,” 97 Ohio valley, 62–78, 82, 103, 200, 220 Olivet, abbé d’, 132 “On Christmas Day” (Teft), 17–19 On the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the North Governments (Williams), 210 Oram, James, 290 Oration upon the Moral and Political Evil of Slavery (Buchanan), 239 Orbis Pictus (Comenius), 127 Ormond, John, 296 Orrery, Charles Boyle, earl of, Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Jonathan Swift, 38 Otway, Joseph, 178 Quebec City, 177–79 Ovid, Metamorphoses, 23 Oxford University, 35 Page, John, 146–147 Paine, Robert Treat, 158, 233 Paine, Thomas comes to Philadelphia, 163 correspondence with GW, 202 384 Index Paine, Thomas (continued) edits Pennsylvania Magazine, 165 embedded reporter during the Revolutionary War, 170–71 natural gas experiment, 202–203 writings American Crisis, 171–72 Common Sense, 157, 157, 165–67, 171 style of compared to GW’s, 169 painting, 38, 122, 135, 138, 221–27, 246 Pamela (Richardson), 48 pamphlets, 19, 43, 86, 90, 101, 139, 143–56, 159, 166–67, 171, 182–83, 204, 212–14, 229, 231–33, 235–36, 239–40, 274–75, 284, 290–93, 296, 299, 301–2, 314 Pamunkey River, 93 Panegyrick to the Memory of His Grace Frederick, Late Duke of Schonberg (de Luzancy), 43 Panopticon (Bentham), 228, 240–41 Paradise Lost (Milton), 111, 147 Paradise Regained (Milton), 111 Paris, 116, 196, 218, 223, 237, 243–244, 253, 299, 306 Parke, John, “Virginia: A Pastoral Drama,” 242–43 Parker, James, 87, 89 Parliamentary Register, 264–65 Parrish, Robert, 269 Parson’s Cause, 145 Partisan (De Jeney), 182 Patoun, Archibald, Compleat Treatise of Practical Navigation, 26 Paulding, James Kirke, Peale, Charles Willson, 135–136 Peale, Rembrandt, 223 Pendleton, Edmund, 148 Penn, John, 167 Pennsylvania Farmer, pseud See Dickinson, Jonathan Pennsylvania Gazette, 308 Pennsylvania Journal, 171 Pennsylvania Magazine, 165 Pennsylvania Packet, 308 Peregrine Pickle (Smollett), 38, 57, 60, 115 Peters, Richard, 202, 299 Agricultural Enquiries on Plaister of Paris, 299 petite guerre, 180–85 Philadelphia, PA as U.S capital, 269, 271 booksellers and printers, 171, 173, 175, 178–79, 209, 251, 264, 274, 284, 296 British attack, 170 GW visits, 15, 85, 87–88, 148–49, 153–155, 159, 188, 203, 205, 213, 215–16, 232–33, 243–47, 253, 271, 294–99, 307 imprints, 89, 175, 181, 212, 234, 236, 242, 258 theater in, 139 Philadelphia Academy, 129, 137 Philadelphia Gazette, 290 Philadelphia Vocabulary (Greenwood), 127 Philip II, king of Spain, 194 philosophy, 14, 78, 129, 134, 141–42, 192–94, 208–9 Pickering, Timothy, 284–86, 305, 310 Pinckney, Thomas, 279 Pine, Robert Edge, 22–23, 246 America, 222, 246 Descriptive Catalogue of Pictures Painted by Robert Edge Pine, 223 Piney Creek, 76 Piper, David, 17 Piscataway, NJ, 102 Plain Dealer (Wycherley), 176 Plan for the General Arrangement of the Militia of the United States, 266 Plato, 105 plays, 7, 60, 114–15, 138–39, 175–76, 196, 234, 242–43, 267–68 Pleasants, Robert, 233, 235–36, 240 Plutarch, Lives, 114 Pococke, Richard, Description of the East, 195 Poem, Addressed to the Armies of the United States (Humphreys), 185–86 Poem on the Happiness of America (Humphreys), 224 Poems (Milton), 111 Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous (Warren), 268–69 Poetical Works (Pope), 111, 119, 196 Index poetry, 7, 17–20, 25, 34, 40, 44, 58, 61, 84, 111, 118–19, 130, 149–51, 192, 196, 201, 223–24, 242–43, 245–46, 248–49, 268–69 Pope, Alexander, 7, 105, 111, 118–19, 196, 224, 264 “Essay on Criticism,” 119 “Essay on Man,” 119 Homer’s Odyssey, 119 Poetical Works, 111, 119, 196 Pope’s Creek, Potent Enemies of America Laid Open (Benezet), 233 Potomac River, 6, 17, 31, 32, 96, 136, 205, 220–21, 242–43, 262, 302 Powel, Samuel, 269 Practical Husbandman, 106 Practical Navigation (Seller), 25–26 Practical Treatise of Husbandry (Duhamel), 106–8, 115–16, 118 Practice of Manoeuvring a Battalion (Young), 183 Preceptor (Dodsley), 126 Presentation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery (Sharp), 229 President Washington’s Resignation (Washington), 290 President’s Address to the People of the United States (Washington), 290, 293 Price, Richard, 205, 219 Prince George County (VA), 28 Prince George’s County (MD), 136–37 Prince, Thomas, Chronological History of New-England, 26–27 Princeton, NJ, 173, 183, 185, 200, 203, Princeton (College of New Jersey), 139, 301, 308 Principles of Agriculture (Home), 98, 100 Private Life of Lewis XV (Mouffle d’Angerville), 193 Privy Council, 35–36 Proceedings of the Hon House of Assembly of Jamaica, on the Sugar and Slave-Trade, 239 Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 287 Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania (Franklin), 129 385 Prussian Evolutions in Actual Engagements (Hanson), 180 Publius, pseud., 253–54 Quaker (Kotzebue), 234 Quakers, 202, 2078, 22841 Rabelais, Franỗois, 250 Raleigh, Walter, 271 Ramsay, Andrew Michael History of Viscount de Turenne, 194 Travels of Cyrus, 57, 194 Ramsay, William, 139 Ramsay, William, Jr., 139 Randolph, Edmund, 102, 144, 243, 263, 279 Randolph, Peyton, 144, 148, 153, 156, 180 Rapin de Thoyras, Paul, History of England, 49 Rappahannock River, 6, 31 Rawlins, George, 310–11 Ray, John, Wisdom of God, 11, 14, 195, 305 Raynal, abbé, 235 Reed, Joseph, 166–67 Red Stone Creek, 79–80 Rees, Abraham, 180, 219 Reform’d Coquet, 90 Resignation of His Excellency George Washington (Washington), 290 Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Jonathan Swift (Boyle), 38 Remembrancer (Almon), 276–77 Reveries; or, Memoirs Concerning the Art of War(Saxe), 174–75 Review of the Military Operations in North America (Smith), 78, 89 Revolutionary War, 23, 39, 45, 75, 114, 119, 138–39, 157–89, 196, 197, 208, 211–12, 214, 215, 217, 219, 223–24, 229, 231, 234, 241, 249, 257, 265, 266, 268, 274, 276–78, 285, 293, 297 Richard I, king of England, 42–43 Richardson, Samuel, Pamela, 48 Richmond, VA, 156, 223, 225, 254 Rind, Clementina, 143, 148 Rittenhouse, David, 146, 165 Rivington, James, 152, 275, 284 Rivington’s Gazette, 275 386 Index Robins, Benjamin, Anson’s Voyage 52, 54–55, 117 Robinson, John, 37 Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 52, 56, 118 Rochambeau, Jean-Baptise Donatien de Vimeur, comte de, 186–87 Rocky Hill, NJ, 200–202 Rodgers, John, Divine Goodness Displayed, in the American Revolution, 203 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 125 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 194 Route to India (Jenour), 297 “Royal Comet” (Sterling), 104 Royal English Grammar (Greenwood), 24–25 Royal Society of London, 146 Royle, Joseph, Virginia Almanack 102 “Rules of Civility” (Washington), 20–22, 24, 71 Rush, Benjamin, 146, 153–54, 165–66 Travels Through Life, 153 Ruskin, John, Lectures on Architecture and Painting, 257 Russell, John, 290–92 Saint John’s College (MD), 308 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, Studies of Nature, 305 Saintsbury, George, 38, 250 Salmon, William, 112 Saxe, Marshal, Reveries; or, Memoirs Concerning the Art of War, 174–75 Saxton, Christopher, 113 Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann von, 43 Schomberg (slave), 43 science, 11, 19, 33, 61, 112, 114, 153, 192, 194, 203, 244, 254, 269, 296, 299 Scioto River, 65 Scotland, 48, 51, 61, 103, 106, 125, 238, 300, 304 Scott, John, Christian Life, Scott, Walter, 136 Seabury, Samuel, Free Thoughts, 151–52, 154 Seasons (Thomson), 130, 249, 299 Seelye, John, 67, 103 Seller, John, Practical Navigation, 25–26 Seneca, 14, 15, 105, 189 Epistles 189 Morals, 14 Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (Sterne), 214, 228 Series of Indostan Letters (Burges), 269–70 Serious Address to the Rulers of America (Cooper), 235, 239 Serious Considerations on Several Important Subjects (Benezet), 234, 239–40 Sermon, Preached before the Congregation (Coombe), 159 Sermon on the Present Situation of American Affairs (Smith), 159 Sermon Preached before the Honorable House of Representatives (Gordon), 161 sermons, 1–5, 7–8, 36, 141, 158–62, 196, 203, 214, 272, 295 Sermons (Clarke), Seven Years’ War, 14, 78–79, 83, 86, 87, 93, 119, 155, 176, 178, 179, 182 Seymour, Richard, Compleat Gamester, 120 Shakespeare, William, 7, 32, 105, 110, 125, 138, 232, 287 Hamlet, 138 Henry IV, Part I, 287 Henry V, 138 Henry VIII, 110, 120 Merchant of Venice, 232 Romeo and Juliet, 125 Tempest, 139 Twelfth Night, 138 Sharp, Granville, 228–29 Appendix to the Representation, 229 Law of Retribution, 229 Presentation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery, 229 Sherman, Roger, 233 Shenandoah valley, 35, 46, 48, 58 Shingas, 68 Shires of England and Wales (Lea), 113, 116 Shirley, William, 85, 87 Short Discourse (Comber), 13–14 Short Observations on Slavery (Benezet), 235, 239 Short Treatise on the Game of Whist (Hoyle), 121 Simes, Thomas, Military Guide for Young Officers, 175 Index Sinclair, John, 299–305, 315 Account of the Origin of the Board of Agriculture, 302 Specimens of Statistical Reports, 300 Statistical Account of Scotland, 300 Smalbroke, Richard, 147 Smibert, John, 146 Smith, Adam, 237–38, 304 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 238 Wealth of Nations, 237–38, 304 Smith, Godfrey, Laboratory; or, School of Arts, 122 Smith, John, Captain, 27, 83 Description of New England, 288 Smith, William (1727–1803), 158–60 Sermon on the Present Situation of American Affairs, 159 Smith, William (1728–1793), Review of the Military Operations in North America, 78, 89 Smith, William Stephens (1755–1816), 190, 192–95, 200 Smollett, Tobias, 38, 57, 60, 115, 144, 210, 252 Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, 38, 57, 60, 115 Complete History of England, 115, 144 Society of the Cincinnati, 212–14 Solleysel, Jacques Labessie, Complete Horseman, 98 Sotweed Factor (Cook), 151 Sparhawk, John, 250–51 Sparks, Jared, 247, 285 Specimens of Statistical Reports (Sinclair), 300 Spectator, 7, 35, 39–42, 45, 147, 307 Spenser, Edmund, 105 Spillane, Mickey, 23 St John’s Church (Richmond, VA), 156 Stamp Act, 145, 149 Statistical Account of Scotland (Sinclair), 300 Steele, Richard, 7, 39, 41 Spectator, 7, 35, 39–42, 45, 147, 307 Sterling, James, “Royal Comet,” 104 Sterne, Laurence, 214–15, 228 Beauties of Sterne, 214–15 Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, 214, 228 387 Tristram Shandy, 215, 250 Yorick’s Sermons 214 Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin, baron von, Letter on the Subject of an Established Militia, 266 Stevenson, Roger, Military Instructions for Officers, 180–83 Stith, Buckner, 28, 100–101 “Treatise on Tobacco,” 101 Stobo, Robert, 176 Stockton, Annis Boudinot, 201 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 76 Strictures on a Pamphlet (Lee), 15–55 Stuart, Charles, 184 Stuart, Gilbert, 255, 309 Studies of Nature (Saint-Pierre), 305 Styner, Melchior, 171 Suetonius, History of the Twelve Caesars, 66 Sufficiency of a Standing Revelation (Blackall), 1–5, 7–8, 12, 27, 196 Sugar Creek, 72 Summary of the Law of Nations (Marten), 264 Summary View of the Rights of British America (Jefferson), 143–45 Supreme Court, U.S., 263, 272 surveying manuals, 29, 34 Sweitzer, Henry, 296 Swift, Jonathan, 10, 38, 103, 105, 111, 119, 121, 215, 224 “Ballad on Quadrille,” 121 Beauties of Swift, 215 Gulliver’s Travels, 52, 56, 118 “Meditation on a Broomstick,” 10 Miscellanies, 111, 121 “Written in a Lady’s Ivory TableBook,” 103 Tanacharison (Half King), 68–74, 86–87 “Task” (Cowper), 91 Teft, Elizabeth, “On Christmas Day,” 18–19 Tempest (Shakespeare), 139 Terence, 31 Brothers, 30 Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 238 Thermopylae, 44–45 388 Index Thévenot, Jean de, Travels into the Levant, 113–14, 195 Thompson, Thomas, 29 Thomson, Charles, 148, 261–62 Thomson, James, Seasons, 130, 249, 299 Thoughts upon Slavery (Wesley), 233–34 Tilghman, Tench, 108–9 Tindal, Nicholas, 49 Toland, John, Tom Jones (Fielding), 57 Toner, J M., George Washington as an Inventor, 274 Tour in Ireland (Young), 190, 192 Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain (Defoe), 48–52, 63 Towers, Joseph, 218 Towers, Joseph Lomas, 218 Traité sur la Cavalerie (Drummond de Melfort), 187 travel literature, 5, 32, 39–40, 46–61, 63–64, 68, 71–72, 74–75, 79, 106–7, 113–14, 117–18, 124, 132–33, 153, 167, 185, 187–88, 190–92, 194–95, 197, 207–8, 210, 214, 220, 243, 267, 269–70, 297, 314–15 Travels (Bartram), 269 Travels into the Levant (Thévenot), 113–14, 195 Travels of Cyrus (Ramsay), 57, 194 Travels through Life (Rush), 153 Travels through Louisiana (Bossu), 199–200 Treatise of Military Discipline (Bland), 176–77, 182 Treatise on the Military Service, of Light Horse, and Light Infantry (Grandmaison), 187 “Treatise on Tobacco” (Stith), 101 Treaty Held with the Indians of the Six Nations, at Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, June, 1744, 70 Trenchard, John Cato’s Letters, 114–15 Independent Whig, 114–15 Trenton, 170–73, 183, 282 Tristram Shandy (Sterne), 215, 250 “True Happiness,” 18–20, 27 Trumbull, John, 274, 307 Tull, Jethro, Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, 101–2 Turpin de Crisse, Essay on the Art of War, 178–79, 182 Turenne, Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne, vicomte de, 194 Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 138 Twells, Leonard, Twenty-Four Sermons, 36 Twenty-Four Sermons (Twells), 36 Two-Penny Act, 145 Tyler, Moses Coit, 158, 218 Tyler, Royall, Contrast 267–69 Unalechtigo, 68 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 76 United States Gazette, 284 Universal History, 38 Valley Forge, PA, 115, 185, 230 Valliscure, Stephen, 197 Van Braam, Jacob, 64, 74 Vassal, John, 161 Vattel, Emmerich de, Law of Nations, 264–65 Vaughan, Samuel, 203–4 Venango, PA, 65, 68, 71–74 Vernon, Edward, Vertot, abbé de, 193–94 History of the Revolutions in Portugal, 193 History of the Revolutions in Sweden, 193 History of the Revolutions in the Roman Republic, 193–94 View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany (Moore), 190–92 View of Society and Manners in Italy (Moore), 190–92 View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States (Monroe), 305–7, 310 Village Messenger, 290 Virgil, 90, 105, 127, 129 Aeneid, 90 Virgil (Dryden), 269 Virginia Almanack (Royle), 102 “Virginia: A Pastoral Drama” (Parke), 242–43 Index “Virginia Centinel” (Davies), 104 Virginia Convention, 143–46, 148, 156 Virginia Council, 32, 37, 61 Virginia Gazette, 19, 100–101, 115, 126, 254 Virginia Society for the Advancement of Useful Knowledge, 146 Vision of Columbus (Barlow), 245–46 Voltaire, 79, 133, 192–93 Age of Louis XV, 192–93 Candide, 133, 192 History of Charles XII, 192 Letters from M de Voltaire, 192 Voyage from Calcutta (Forrest), 297 Voyages (Dampier), 117–18 Walter, Richard, Anson’s Voyage 52, 54–55, 117 War of Jenkins’s Ear, War of the Austrian Succession, 91 War of the Spanish Succession, 104 Ward, Samuel, 154 Waring, John, Letter to an American Planter, 231–32, 239 Warren, James, 268 Warren, Mercy Otis, Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous, 268–69 Washington, Anne, 34 Washington, Augustine, 5–8, 20 Washington, Austin, Washington, Bailey, 43 Washington, George Columbia’s Legacy, 296 diaries, 15, 58, 60, 65, 72, 75, 86, 101–3, 153, 222, 234, 262–64, 266, 290 Epistles Domestic, Confidential, and Official, 284–85 Farewell Address, 287–98 Fort Necessity journal, 81–82, 88–90 Journal of Major George Washington 62–77, 83, 87, 199, 282 letter in London Magazine, 79 letters agricultural correspondence, 107, 299–302 as keepsakes, 289 book requests, 192, 197, 209–10 character sketches in, 65, 272 combat correspondence, 79, 83–84, 168–69, 216–17, 281–82 389 edited for publication, 274–86 educational theories in, 128–31, 134, 137, 142 literary allusions in, 115, 138–40, 201, 209, 215 reading recommendations in, 181–82, 253 recognition of importance of, 25, 216, 274–86, 312 self-fashioning in, 83, 87, 208, 261, 268, 280, 282 spurious, 274–75, 283–85 thank-you letters, 201, 243, 259 tone of, 83, 208, 215, 244, 261, 280 Letters from General Washington to Several of His Friends, 275, 284 library catalogues, 110–20 marginalia, 3, 26, 33, 48–50, 107, 118, 217, 280, 306 Official Letters to the Honorable American Congress, 274–86, 280–87 poetry, 44 President Washington’s Resignation, 290 President’s Address to the People of the United States, 290, 293 reading notes, 39–41, 44, 101–102, 106–8, 204, 267 Resignation of His Excellency George Washington, 290 “Rules of Civility,” 20–22 school exercises, 17–30 Shenandoah journal, 46–48 Washington, Jane, Washington, John, 86 Washington, John Augustine “Jack,” 34, 79, 83, 163 Washington, Lawrence, 5–6, 8, 34, 57–61, 66, 70, 129, 176 Washington, Lund, 141, 195–96, 199–200 Washington, Martha appreciates Sterne’s Sentimental Journey, 214 behavior toward her children, 130, 137, 141, 205 compared to a Spartan mother, 148 correspondence, 185 courtship and wedding, 91–93 hospitality, 207 manuscript cookbooks, 96–97 390 Index Washington, Martha (continued) moves to Mount Vernon, 93, 197 portraits of, 136, 223 presence at GW’s death, 308–14 presence at GW’s winter quarters, 163, 200 returns to Mount Vernon after GW’s presidency, 294, 299, 301 returns to Mount Vernon after Revolutionary War, 203, 205 serves as first lady, 271 Washington, Mary Ball, 5, 6, 8–13 Watson, Elkanah, 228–31 Watson, Robert, History of the Reign of Philip II, 194 Watts, Issac, 1, 39, 215 Beauties of Watts, 215 Improvement of the Mind, Way Down East (Griffith), 76 Wayne, Anthony, 173–75, 180 Wealth of Nations (Smith), 237–38, 304 Webb, Thomas, Military Treatise, 173, 179–80, 183 “Wedding Day,” 97 Weems, Mason Locke, Life of Washington, 221, 276 Wesley, John, Thoughts upon Slavery, 233–34 Westchester, NY, 152 Westmoreland County (VA), 6, 17, 29 “Westward the Course of Empire Makes its Way” (Berkeley), 106 Weyman, William, 87, 89 Wharton, Joseph, 238 Whiskey Rebellion, 279 White, William, 298 White Thunder, 71, 74 Wickliff, Robert, 3, Wignell, Thomas, 268 William, king of England, 42 William and Mary, king and queen of England, 144 Williams, John, On the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the North Governments, 210 Williamsburg, VA booksellers and printers, 26, 100–103, 176 delegates to Continental Congress return to, 153 GW’s friends in, 133, 146 GW leaves for wilderness mission, 63–64, 68 GW visits, 61, 73, 77, 111–12, 146 Henley settles in, 232 Jefferson sends Summary View to, 143–44 news of French aggression reaches, 78 Peale visits, 136 Willard, Joseph, 266 Wills Creek, 64–65 Winchester, VA, 64 Winstanley, William, New Help to Discourse, 21–22 “Winter Evening” (Cowper), 62 Wisdom of God (Ray), 11, 14, 195, 305 Witherspoon, John, 139–40 Wolfe, James, 176 Instructions to Young Officers, 182–83 Woodford, William, 181–82 Woolf, Virginia, 50 World Displayed, 194 “Written in a Lady’s Ivory Table-Book” (Swift), 103 Wroth, Lawrence, 70 Wycherley, William, Plain Dealer, 176 Wythe, George, 146 Xerxes, king of Persia, 44–45 Yates, Richard, 5–6 Yorick’s Sermons (Sterne), 214 Young, Arthur, 190–91, 300–302, 305 General View of the Agriculture of the County of Suffolk, 301 Tour in Ireland, 190, 192 Young, Edward, 16, 210 “Love of Fame,” 16 Young, William Essay on the Command of Small Detachments, 182–83 General Wolfe’s Instructions to Young Officers, 183 Manoeuvres (collection), 182 Manoeuvres (first edition), 183 Manoeuvres (expanded edition), 183 Manual Exercise 182 New System of Fortification, 182 Practice of Manoeuvring a Battalion 183 Young Clerk’s Guide, 176 Young Man’s Companion (Mather), 27–28 Youths Behaviour (Hawkins), 20–21 ... could hardly say anything against Washington? ??s mother His portrayal of Mary Washington as a saint is fairly typical of the hagiographic George Washington biographies that appeared during the nineteenth... the face of Spanish bravado.) An officer during the Cartagena expedition, Lawrence had participated as one of the leaders of a daring nighttime amphibious assault Once ashore, his troops attacked... read, understand, and make up his own mind about what Blackall had to say But what was a nine-year-old Virginia boy doing with a book filled with these heady ideas? Before he appreciated Blackall’s