Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Pragmatics & Beyond New Series (P&BNS) Pragmatics & Beyond New Series is a continuation of Pragmatics & Beyond and its Companion Series The New Series offers a selection of high quality work covering the full richness of Pragmatics as an interdisciplinary field, within language sciences For an overview of all books published in this series, please see http://benjamins.com/catalog/pbns Editor Associate Editor Anita Fetzer Andreas H Jucker University of Augsburg University of Zurich Founding Editors Jacob L Mey Herman Parret University of Southern Denmark Belgian National Science Foundation, Universities of Louvain and Antwerp Jef Verschueren Belgian National Science Foundation, University of Antwerp Editorial Board Robyn Carston Sachiko Ide Deborah Schiffrin Thorstein Fretheim Kuniyoshi Kataoka University of Trondheim Aichi University Paul Osamu Takahara John C Heritage Miriam A Locher University College London Japan Women’s University University of California at Los Angeles Universität Basel Susan C Herring Indiana University Masako K Hiraga Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Sandra A Thompson Sophia S.A Marmaridou University of Athens University of California at Santa Barbara Srikant Sarangi Teun A van Dijk Cardiff University St Paul’s (Rikkyo) University Georgetown University Marina Sbisà University of Trieste Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Yunxia Zhu The University of Queensland Volume 243 Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics Edited by Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas H Jucker and Jukka Tuominen www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics Edited by Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki Andreas H Jucker University of Zurich Jukka Tuominen University of Helsinki John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984 CIP data is available from the Library of Congress Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, issn 0922-842X ; v 243 isbn 978 90 272 5648 (Hb ; alk paper) isbn 978 90 272 7071 (Eb) © 2014 – John Benjamins B.V No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher John Benjamins Publishing Co · P.O Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Table of contents Preface vii Introduction Diachronic corpus pragmatics: Intersections and interactions Andreas H Jucker and Irma Taavitsainen Words I had lost sight of them then for a bit, but I went on pretty fast: Two degree modifiers in the Old Bailey Corpus Claudia Claridge and Merja Kytö 29 Grammaticalisation of the Finnish stance adverbial muka, ‘as if, supposedly, allegedly’ Taru Nordlund and Heli Pekkarinen 53 From degree/manner adverbs to pragmatic particles in Japanese: A corpus-based approach to the parallel diachronic development of amari, bakari, and yahari Rumiko Shinzato Analyzing polysemy in Estonian: Täpselt ‘exactly, precisely’ − a word with many faces Annika Küngas On the development of the Italian truth adverbs davvero and veramente Davide Ricca and Jacqueline Visconti 77 107 133 Phrases and clauses “Strong churlish purging Pills”: Multi-adjectival premodification in early modern medical writing in English Jukka Tyrkkö 157 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics On the origin of clausal parenthetical constructions: Epistemic/evidential parentheticals with seem and impersonal think María José López-Couso and Belén Méndez-Naya 189 Tracing the history of deontic NCI patterns in Dutch: A case of polysemy copying Timothy Colleman and Dirk Noël 213 Front field negation in spoken Swedish: A regional archaism? Jan K Lindström 237 Utterances and dialogues Complimenting in the history of American English: A metacommunicative expression analysis Andreas H Jucker and Irma Taavitsainen 257 Exploring verbal aggression in English historical texts using USAS: The possibilities, the problems and potential solutions Dawn Archer 277 A matter of tradition and good advice: Dialogue analysis and corpus pragmatics in Old Spanish texts Angela Schrott 303 Language index Name index Subject index 329 331 333 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Preface The field of diachronic corpus pragmatics is a special branch of historical pragmatics It studies the development of the use of language in the course of time, and it uses corpus methodology to so Since its inception in the 1990s, the field of historical pragmatics has made rapid progress in research methods and data treatment and has profited in particular from the methodological advances in corpus linguistics As a result it has added very significantly to our knowledge of language use in the past and of the dimensions of change in these usage patterns Historical analyses always depend on written material, and corpus-linguistic approaches depend on the availability of suitable electronic corpora Some twenty years ago, the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts was the first large-scale electronic corpus based on historical material Since then many more historical corpora have become available not just for English but for a large range of languages The present volume has its origins in a special topic panel at the 12th International Pragmatics Conference in Manchester (3–8 July, 2011) We felt that it was time to take stock of what we had learnt in the fifteen years of historical pragmatics and to push our knowledge even further by probing new research questions and new methodologies We invited contributions both on English and on other languages with the focus on the advances in corpus-linguistic methodology and their applications to pragmatic research questions on historical material At the same time, we wanted to go beyond synchronic descriptions of language use in earlier periods and focus on diachronic pragmatics, which was even more challenging We invited contributions that use corpus-linguistic methodologies to trace the diachronic development of pragmatic units, such as specific speech acts, discourse markers or (im)politeness phenomena across time, as well as contributions that use such methods to uncover pragmatic motivations of language change in general We had an excellent response, and many of the presentations served as pilot studies for the articles in this volume We subsequently invited additional scholars who were working on diachronic corpus pragmatics to contribute to this volume in order to achieve an even broader coverage of languages The articles have gone through a double peer reviewing system, first by our two anonymous reviewers, and then by two referees appointed by the series editor The articles have improved a great deal in this process, and we are grateful both to the reviewers who devoted time and effort to this enterprise and to the contributors Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics who diligently went through several rounds of revisions We would like to extend our thanks to other colleagues who helped us in this project by discussing issues of methodology and corpus developments, and we are also grateful to English Philology/Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change at the University of Helsinki for financial aid Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas H Jucker, Jukka Tuominen Helsinki and Zurich, September 2013 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Introduction Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Dialogue analysis and corpus pragmatics in Old Spanish the protagonists of the Libro amply reflect on how to distinguish good from bad advice and how to be a wise counsellor From these deliberations on good advice it follows that wisdom and good judgement, as reflected in the high frequencies of seso and sabio, are equally an important issue in counselling contexts The element of confidentiality (puridat) that was most prominent in the Cantar is also represented in the Libro A remarkable finding is the high frequency of the connector onde that is closely linked to argumentation and introduces conclusions This result underlines the fact that in the Libro the giving of advice includes reasoning and argumentation From the log-likelihood ratios and their interpretation it follows that the metapragmatic expressions (consejo, buen consejo) are in the very centre of the cluster; onde as well as the component of wisdom (seso, sabio) and puridat can be situated close to the centre, whereas pregunta and placer are in the periphery of the cluster The comparison of the lexical clusters of the Cantar de mio Cid and the Libro del Caballero Zifar shows a difference in complexity Whereas the cluster of the Cantar is focused on the single concept of confidentiality represented by poridat, the cluster of the Libro is more complex and has a strong metapragmatic core (consejo, buen consejo, aconsejar) that is accompanied by high-frequency lexemes relating to the concepts of wisdom and argumentation (seso, sabio, onde); the element of confidentiality is also present (puridat) but it is far less dominant than in the Cantar Moreover, the higher test statistics in the Libro del Caballero Zifar also point to the fact that the lexical affinities are much stronger than the ones found in the Cantar de mio Cid Thus, the lexical clusters support the philological interpretations and illustrate that counselling dialogues in the Libro have a more elaborated and a more distinctive profile than in the Cantar de mio Cid Conclusion The qualitative philological analysis shows that counselling dialogues vary significantly between the Cantar and the Libro: whereas the Cantar offers a concise minimal pattern of counselling that aims at the confirmation of a consensus, the Libro illustrates a far more sophisticated technique of counselling which is presented in an elaborate mise en abyme of “counselling within counselling” The dialogue patterns found in the qualitative analysis are mostly reflected in the quantitative approaches As for the quantitative tests, Treecloud proved to be an effective tool for the visualisation of lexical structures and co-occurrence patterns but it lacks exactitude when it comes to comparing frequencies between a partial text and the text as a whole For this comparison the log-likelihood ratio test performed much better, as it gives a more precise indication of the different degrees of affinity and Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Angela Schrott thus can be considered a very useful tool for identifying lexical clusters Whereas the co-occurrences presented in Treecloud reveal their deeper relations only in the light of a profound text knowledge, the log-likelihood ratio test discloses affinities that stand for themselves and add useful complements to the qualitative interpretation In each corpus text, we have a cluster of lexemes that figure more prominently in the counselling sequences than in the rest of the text Moreover, each text favours a different cluster of lexemes, and these differences strengthen the counselling profile that was established through the philological approach Furthermore, the results show that the log-likelihood ratio test is not only a means of confirmation but that it can discover affinities that easily pass unnoticed in a qualitative analysis that is focused on the semantics of the topics treated in a text The key example here is the connector onde whose marked presence shows that the interlocutors are focused on argumentation and reasoning, and that counselling in the Libro del Caballero Zifar is no longer a question of decision-making but a process of argumentation Thus, onde is an indicator for a discourse tradition of argumentation that is representative of the type of counselling we find in the Libro As the case of onde demonstrates, the quantitative method has the advantage of giving a purely data-based analysis of the text that is free of any predetermined concept of counselling This is especially useful for medieval texts in which patterns of counselling differ considerably from modern concepts so that the interpretation must carefully avoid starting from contemporary models of giving advice Here, quantitative tests can also function as a regulans or fail-safe for the philological interpretation The lexical clusters established are not only a characterisation of the Cantar de mio Cid and the Libro: what is more, the lexeme clusters offer the possibility to track counselling dialogues or even specific types of counselling dialogues in large electronic corpora Whereas a single lexeme alone would not be a trustworthy indicator of counselling dialogues, using clusters increases the probability of identifying counselling dialogues and represents simple and effective search criteria Therefore, in a next step, the clusters could be used to identify text passages that contain counselling dialogues and they could indicate whether a dialogue type belongs rather to the type prominent in the Cantar or to the dialogue profile that dominates in the Libro del Caballero Zifar With counselling dialogues as a testing ground, this study shows that the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is an asset for both In interpreting the quantitative findings, the patterns revealed by pragmaphilological analysis have a strong explanatory power Therefore, a quantitative tool, like log-likelihood ratio tests of co-occurrence, should be accompanied by a qualitative reading; if an analysis of the complete text is not possible, at least representative text fragments should be selected for a holistic philological interpretation On the other hand, a www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Dialogue analysis and corpus pragmatics in Old Spanish corpus-driven quantitative method like log-likelihood ratio tests can disclose hidden affinities and discover “blind spots” of traditional hermeneutic interpretations Thus, the combination of both approaches can serve as a methodological fail-safe for each of them This is especially useful for the study of small corpora where quantitative methods that are usually based on larger datasets can only have a limited performance In the case of a small and heterogenous corpus, as it is the case for a text language like Old Spanish, the study leads to the buen consejo that qualitative analysis should have a leading role, while quantitative methods should have a supporting function As a framework for my study, a model of three perspectives of (historical) pragmatics was introduced Whereas historical pragmatics can concentrate either on the language and its language-specific traditions (linguistic structures and their functions) or on discourse traditions, diachronic corpus pragmatics always has a natural focus on the linguistic material and is therefore primarily concerned with language-specific traditions However, corpus pragmatics is at the same time closely linked to the study of discourse traditions As mentioned above, discourse traditions manifest themselves through the selection of linguistic material that is typical of a text or text genre In order to characterise a discourse tradition, it is therefore essential to describe that selection as precisely as possible – and this is the point where corpus pragmatics has an important role as its quantitative methods can be used to pin down tendencies of selection Thus, the fact that onde is highly typical of counselling contexts and selected with high frequency in the verbalisation of consejos, leads us to the conclusion that strategies of explicit argumentation are an essential discourse tradition for counselling in the Caballero Zifar, whereas this cultural tradition is not present in the Cantar Diachronic corpus pragmatics is therefore at the very centre of reflections on how cultural traditions are linked to language-specific traditions and how the interface between language and culture can be reconstructed from texts Acknowledgements Thanks for insightful comments on the presentation of this study at the IPra 2011 go to the members of the panel, especially Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Irma Taavitsainen, Andreas Jucker and Horst Simon I would also like to thank Noah Bubenhofer for inspiring remarks concerning the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods Further thanks go to Sandra Issel-Dombert for her highly competent practical support with the corpus tools (especially Treecloud) as well as to Sưnke J Siemßen for his buen consejo in matters of statistics Special thanks go to Verena Jung for the proofreading of the English version Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Angela Schrott References Corpus texts and tools AntConc (3.2.4u, Linux version) 2011 Computer software by Laurence Anthony Tokyo: Waseda University Online: http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/software.html Cantar de mio Cid 1993 Edición, prólogo y notas de Alberto Montaner 2nd ed Barcelona: Crítica Cantar de mio Cid 2013 Ed by Matthew Bailey University of Texas at Austin Online: http:// www.laits.utexas.edu/cid/ Libro del Caballero Zifar 1990 (1982) Edición de Joaqn González Muela Madrid: Clásicos Castalia Libro del Caballero Zifar Electronic text based on the edition by Joaquín González Muela, 1990 Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes Online: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/libro-del-caballero-zifar 0/html/ The Poem of My Cid 1991 Translated and with an Introduction and Commentary by Peter Such, and John Hodgkinson 2nd ed Warminster: Aris and Phillips Treecloud (online version) 2007–2012 Computer software by Philippe Gambette, visualisation concept by Jean Véronis Online: http://www.treecloud.org Secondary sources Althoff, Gerd 1990 “Colloquium familiare – Colloquium secretum – Colloquium publicum: Beratung im politischen Leben des frühen Mittelalters.” Frühmittelalterliche Studien 24: 145–167 Amstutz, Delphine, and Philippe Gambette 2010 “Utilisation de la visualisation en nuage arboré pour l’analyse littéraire.” In JADT 2010: Statistical Analysis of Textual Data: Proceedings of 10th International Conference Journées d’Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles, 9–11 June 2010 – Sapienza University of Rome, ed by Sergio Bolasco, Isabella Chiari, and Luca Giuliano, 227–238 Milano: LED Online: http://lexicometrica.univ-paris3.fr/jadt/jadt2010/ allegati/JADT-2010-0227-0238_029-Amstutz.pdf Andersen, Gisle 2011 “Corpus-based Pragmatics I: Qualitative Studies.” In Foundations of Pragmatics, ed by Wolfram Bublitz, and Neal R Norrick, 587–627 Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton Bondi, Marina 2010 “Perspectives on Keywords and Keyness: An Introduction.” In Keyness in Texts, ed by Marina Bondi, and Mike Scott, 1–18 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Bubenhofer, Noah 2009 Sprachgebrauchsmuster: Korpuslinguistik als Methode der Diskurs- und Kulturanalyse Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Coseriu, Eugenio 1988 Sprachkompetenz: Grundzüge der Theorie des Sprechens Tübingen: Francke Curtius, Ernst Robert 1953 Europäische Literatur und lateinisches Mittelalter 2nd ed Tübingen/ Basel: Francke Deist, Rosemarie 2003 Gender and Power: Counsellors and Their Masters in Antiquity and Medieval Courtly Romance Heidelberg: Winter www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Dialogue analysis and corpus pragmatics in Old Spanish Diederich, Catherine, and Nicole Höhn 2012 “‘Well it’s not for me to advise you, of course ’: Advice and advise in the British National Corpus of English.” In Advice in Discourse, ed by Holger Limberg, and Miriam A Locher, 333–358 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Dunning, Ted 1993 “Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence.” Computational Linguistics 19 (1): 61–74 Felder, Ekkehard, Marcus Müller, and Friedemann Vogel 2012 “Korpuspragmatik: Paradigma zwischen Handlung, Gesellschaft und Kognition.” In Korpuspragmatik: Thematische Korpora als Basis diskurslinguistischer Analysen, ed by Ekkehard Felder, Marcus Müller, and Friedemann Vogel, 3–30 Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Fetzer, Anita 2011 “Pragmatics as a Linguistic Concept.” In Foundations of Pragmatics, ed by Wolfram Bublitz, and Neal R Norrick, 23–50 Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Mouton Fleischman, Suzanne 2000 “Methodologies and Ideologies in Historical Linguistics: On Working with Older Languages.” In Textual Parameters in Older Languages, ed by Susan C Herring, Pieter van Reenen, and Lene Schøsler, 33–58 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Fritz, Gerd 1995 “Topics in the History of Dialogue Forms.” In Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English, ed by Andreas H Jucker, 469–498 Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Gambette, Philippe, and Jean Véronis 2010 “Visualising a Text with a Tree Cloud.” In Classification as a Tool for Research: Proceedings of the 11th IFCS Biennial Conference and 33rd Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V., Dresden, March 13–18, 2009, ed by Hermann Locarek-Junge, and Claus Weihs, 561–570 Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Online: http://www2.lirmm.fr/~gambette/treecloud/ Grzybek, Peter 2007 “Semiotik und Phraseologie.” In Phraseologie: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung, ed by Harald Burger, Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Peter Kühn, and Neal R Norrick, 188–208 Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Harney, Michael 1993 Kinship and Polity in the “Poema de mio Cid” West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press Hindelang, Götz 1977 “Jemanden um Rat fragen.” Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik (1): 34–44 Jacob, Daniel, and Johannes Kabatek (eds) 2001 Lengua medieval y tradiciones discursivas en la Península Ibérica: Descripción gramatical – pragmática histórica – metodología Frankfurt am Main/Madrid: Vervuert Jacobs, Andreas, and Andreas H Jucker 1995 “The Historical Perspective in Pragmatics.” In Historical Pragmatics: Pragmatic Developments in the History of English, ed by Andreas H Jucker, 3–33 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Jucker, Andreas H., Gerd Fritz, and Franz Lebsanft 1999 “Historical Dialogue Analysis: Roots and Traditions in the Study of the Romance Languages, German and English.” In Historical Dialogue Analysis, ed by Andreas H Jucker, Gerd Fritz, and Franz Lebsanft, 1–33 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Kallmeyer, Werner 1985 “Handlungskonstitution im Gespräch: Dupont und sein Experte führen ein Beratungsgespräch.” In Grammatik, Konversation, Interaktion, ed by Elisabeth Gülich, and Thomas Kotschi, 81–122 Tübingen: Niemeyer Kallmeyer, Werner 2000 “Beraten und Betreuen: Zur gesprächsanalytischen Untersuchung von helfenden Interaktionen.” Zeitschrift für qualitative Bildungs-, Beratungs- und Sozialfor schung (2): 227–252 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Angela Schrott Koch, Peter 1997 “Diskurstraditionen: Zu ihrem sprachtheoretischen Status und zu ihrer Dynamik.” In Gattungen mittelalterlicher Schriftlichkeit, ed by Barbara Frank, Thomas Haye, and Doris Tophinke, 43–79 Tübingen: Narr Kytö, Merja 2010 “Data in Historical Pragmatics.” In Historical Pragmatics, ed by Andreas H Jucker, and Irma Taavitsainen, 33–67 Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton Lebsanft, Franz 2005 “Kommunikationsprinzipien, Texttraditionen, Geschichte.” In Historische Pragmatik und historische Varietätenlinguistik in den romanischen Sprachen, ed by Angela Schrott, and Harald Völker, 25–44 Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen Leech, Geoffrey N 1983 Principles of Pragmatics London: Longman Locher, Miriam A., and Holger Limberg 2012 “Introduction to Advice in Discourse.” In Advice in Discourse, ed by Holger Limberg, and Miriam A Locher, 1–27 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Manning, Christopher D., and Hinrich Schütze 1999 Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Marcos Marín, Francisco 1992 “Spanisch: Periodisierung/Periodización.” In Lexikon der Roma nistischen Linguistik, vol VI/1: Aragonesisch/Navarresisch, Spanisch, Asturianisch/Leonesisch, ed by Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, and Christian Schmitt, 602–607 Tübingen: Niemeyer Milfull, Inge B 2004 “Advice: Performative Expression in Middle Scots.” In Anglistentag 2003: Proceedings, ed by Christoph Bode, Sebastian Domsch, and Hans Sauer, 57–70 Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Muntigl, Peter 2004 Narrative Counselling: Social and Linguistic Processes of Change Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Piccus, Jules 1962 “Consejos y consejeros en el Libro del Cauallero Zifar.” Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 16: 16–30 Rayson, Paul, and Roger Garside 2000 “Comparing Corpora Using Frequency Profiling.” In Proceedings of the Workshop on Comparing Corpora, Held in Conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2000), ed by Adam Kilgarriff, and Tony Berber Sardinha, 1–6 New Brunswick, NJ: Association for Computational Linguistics Ridruejo, Emilio 2002 “Para un programa de pragmática histórica del espol.” In Actas del V Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Española, ed by María Teresa Echenique Elizondo, and Juan P Sánchez Méndez, 159–177 Madrid: Gredos Rieger, Dietmar 1998 “‘E trait sos meillors omes ab un consel’: Émotion, mise en scène et ‘consi lium’ féodal dans Girart de Roussillon.” Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 114 (4): 628–650 Scharloth, Joachim, and Noah Bubenhofer 2012 “Datengeleitete Korpuspragmatik: Korpusvergleich als Methode der Stilanalyse.” In Korpuspragmatik: Thematische Korpora als Basis diskurslinguistischer Analysen, ed by Ekkehard Felder, Marcus Müller, and Friedemann Vogel, 195–230 Berlin/Boston, MA: De Gruyter Schrott, Angela 2006 Fragen und Antworten in historischen Kontexten: Ein Beitrag zur histo rischen Dialoganalyse und zur historischen Pragmatik am Beispiel altspanischer literarischer Texte Habilitationsschrift, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Schrott, Angela 2011 “Von der Lebendigkeit der Heiligenleben: Traditionen der Dialoggestal tung bei Gonzalo de Berceo.” In Redeszenen in der mittelalterlichen Großepik: Komparatistische Perspektiven, ed by Monika Unzeitig, Nine Miedema, and Franz Hundsnurscher, 193–212 Berlin: Akademie Verlag www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Dialogue analysis and corpus pragmatics in Old Spanish Schrott, Angela 2013 “Consejos y consejeros: Tradiciones del consejo como secuencia ilocutiva en textos medievales.” In Actas del XXVI Congreso Internacional de Lingüística y Filología Románicas (Valencia, 6–11 September 2010), ed by E Casanova Herrero, and C Calvo Rigual, 639–650 Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Schrott, Angela, and Harald Völker 2005 “Historische Pragmatik und historische Varietätenlinguistik: Traditionen, Methoden und Modelle in der Romanistik.” In Historische Pragmatik und historische Varietätenlinguistik in den romanischen Sprachen, ed by Angela Schrott, and Harald Völker, 1–22 Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen Searle, John R 1969 Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Stubbs, Michael 2010 “Three Concepts of Keywords.” In Keyness in Texts, ed by Marina Bondi, and Mike Scott, 21–42 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Taavitsainen, Irma, and Susan Fitzmaurice 2007 “Historical Pragmatics: What It Is and How to Do It.” In Methods in Historical Pragmatics, ed by Susan M Fitzmaurice, and Irma Taavitsainen, 11–36 Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter Taavitsainen, Irma, and Andreas H Jucker 2010 “Trends and Developments in Historical Pragmatics.” In Historical Pragmatics, ed by Andreas H Jucker, and Irma Taavitsainen, 3–30 Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton Verschueren, Jef 1995 “The Pragmatic Perspective.” In Handbook of Pragmatics: Manual, ed by Jef Verschueren, Jan-Ola Östman, and Jan Blommaert, 1–19 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Verschueren, Jef 1999 Understanding Pragmatics London: Arnold Wierzbicka, Anna 2012 “‘Advice’ in English and in Russian: A Contrastive and Cross-cultural Perspective.” In Advice in Discourse, ed by Holger Limberg, and Miriam A Locher, 309–331 Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Wynne, Martin 2008 “Searching and Concordancing.” In Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook, vol 1, ed by Anke Lüdeling, and Merja Kytö, 706–737 Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Language index A Afrikaans 193 n.8 Aunus Karelian 59 C Chinese 16, 264–265, 268 D Danish 193, 209, 238 Dutch 11, 16, 19–20, 213–235, 238 Early Modern 221 Middle 218 Modern 218, 223–228 Present-day 19, 213–214, 216, 218, 223–226, 230–231 E English 3, 5, 11, 13–17, 19–20, 29–52, 81, 98, 157, 159–160, 164, 173, 189–216, 218–219, 221–222, 227, 229–232, 238, 258, 271, 277–301, 306 n.6 American 21, 190, 202 n.19, 257–276 British 258–260, 273 Early Modern 11, 15, 18–19, 30–32, 38, 157–187, 191, 199, 201, 204 n.22, 208, 222 Irish 265, 268 Late Modern 160 Middle 14–15, 31–32, 35, 59, 160, 199, 201, 204 n.22, 208, 294 Old 12, 14, 19, 31–32, 48, 191, 202, 204, 208, 293 New Zealand 274 Present-day 12, 164 n.11, 191 n.3, 202 n.19, 209, 216, 219, 258, 274 Estonian 11, 16–18, 59, 107–132 F Finnish 11, 16–17, 53–75, 110, 237–239, 251 French 136–137, 140–142, 145, 150 n.7 Middle 222 Old 10 G German 48, 58, 110, 127, 238, 265, 268 Germanic languages 16, 53, 59, 109 I Italian 11, 16, 18, 133–153 Old Italian 18, 133–134, 137–141, 145 J Japanese 11, 16–17, 77–105 K Karelian 59 Korean 77–79, 101–102 L Latin 58–59, 165, 204, 215, 221 Ludic 59 N Native American languages 55 O Old Norse 19, 190 R Romance languages 16, 53 Russian 16, 127, 306 n.6 S Sami languages 238 Scandinavian languages 238 Scots 13, 306 Slavic languages 53 Spanish 16, 48, 145, 303 n.1 Modern 319 n.19 Old 12–13, 21, 303–327 Swedish 11, 16, 20, 48, 58–59, 61–64, 71, 127, 193 n.8, 237–253 Finland Swedish 20, 237, 239–241, 245–248, 250–251 Sweden Swedish 20, 239–241, 245, 250–251 V Veps 59 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Name index A Alexander, Marc 293 Amstutz, Delphine 318 Archer, Dawn 9, 12–13, 16, 21, 279–280 Atkinson, Dwight 160 B Bache, Carl 160 Bacon, Francis 182 Baker, Paul 171 Bergner, Heinz 10 Bergroth, Hugo 240, 250 Biber, Douglas 81–82, 158–160, 171, 173–175 Blake, Norman F. 10 Bolinger, Dwight 29, 41 Borst, Eugen 31–32 Boye, Kasper 193, 209 Brems, Lieselotte 30–31, 47 Brinton, Laurel J. 59, 189, 192–193, 209 Bryson, Alexander 288–289 Burke, Amy 160 Busse, Beatrix 10 Busse, Ulrich 10 Bybee, Joan L. 71 C Cao, Jing 165 Channel, Joanna 30 Chen, Rong 264–265 Chen, Yu-Hua 171 Cheng, Dongmei 265 Claridge, Claudia 11, 13, 16 Clausen, Sten Erik 123 Cocles, Bartholomeus 165 Cock, Thomas 178 Colleman, Timothy 11, 13, 19, 216, 228, 230 Cooper, Thomas 31 Cornillie, Bert 67 Coseriu, Eugenio 304–305 Crespo García, Bega 160 Culpeper, Jonathan 280–281 D Dasher, Richard B. De Cesare, Anna-Maria 137, 143, 149 Defour, Tine 137, 145 Deutschmann, Mats 258 D’Hondt, Ulrique 137 Diessel, Holger 200 Dirven, René 160 Dixon, Robert M W. 160 Duinhoven, A M. 218 F Fanego, Teresa 145 Fang, Alex Chengyu 165 Feist, Jim 160 Finegan, Edward 174 Fischer, Andreas 99 Fischer, Olga 221 Fleischman, Suzanne 10 G Gambette, Philippe 318 Garrow, William 277, 284, 286–292 Gast, Volker 214, 228–229 Gil-Salom, Luz 179 Goffman, Erving 280 Golato, Andrea 265 Goldoni, Carlo 134, 146, 149–150 Gray, Bethany 160, 174 H Harder, Peter 193 Harvey, Gideon 178, 181 Heine, Bernd 214, 228–229 Held, Gudrun 143–144 Hengeveld, Kees 140 Herder, Johann Gottfried von 59 Herman, Vimala 242 Hill, Thomas 165 Holmer, Arthur 237–238 Holmes, Janet 261, 263, 267, 271–272, 274 Huddleston, Rodney 172, 190 Huldén, Lars 240 I Inoue, Fumio 100 J Jacobs, Andreas 82 Jauss, Hans Robert 10 Josephson, Olle 250 Jucker, Andreas H. 12–13, 82, 145, 258–259, 263, 278–279 K Kangasniemi, Heikki 56 Kearns, Kate 193, 209 Kim, Hijean 101 Kirchner, Gustav 30 Koch, Peter 81 Kohnen, Thomas 259, 261 Krug, Manfred G. 98–99, 102 Kuiri, Kaija 56 Küngas, Annika 11, 17 Kuteva, Tania 214, 228–229 Kytö, Merja 11, 13, 16 L Lakoff, George 174 Lass, Roger Lindquist, Hans 77 Lindstrưm, Jan K. 11, 20 López-Couso, María José 6, 11, 13, 19 Lundström, Gudrun 240 Lyons, John 138 M Mair, Christian 77 Manes, Joan 259, 263 Méndez-Naya, Belén 6, 11, 13, 19 Miège, Guy 32 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics Moskowich, Isabel 160, 165 Mulac, Anthony 189, 191–193, 208 Rissanen, Matti 30–32, 48 Rodríguez Somolinos, Amalia 137, 142 N Nevalainen, Terttu 30–32 Noël, Dirk 11,13, 19, 216, 222, 227–228, 230–231 Nordlund, Taru 11, 17, 60 Q Quirk, Randolph 29, 161, 173 S Saari, Mirja 251 Salmelainen, Eero 60–62, 66 Scheibman, Joanne 100 Schneider, Iris 264–265, 268 Schneider, Klaus P. 264–265, 268 Schrott, Angela 10, 12–13, 21–22 Searle, John R. 257 Shakespeare, William 10 Sharp, Jane 180 Shinzato, Rumiko 11, 13, 17, 82, 99 Smith, Sara W. 145 Sohn, Sung-Ock 99 Soler, Viviana 160 Soler-Monreal, Carmen 179 Stoffel, Cornelis 32 Strauss, Susan 99 Suzuki, Ryoko 88 Swales, John M. 160 R Radden, Günter 160 Ramat, Paolo 138 Rein, Thiodolph 63 Ricca, Davide 11, 18, 138 T Taavitsainen, Irma 12–13, 179, 183, 258, 278–279 Tagliamonte, Sali A. 32 Taylor, Michael 287 O Oesterreicher, Wulf 81 Ono, Tsuyoshi 88 P Pahta, Päivi 183 Paradis, Carita 49 Pekkarinen, Heli 11, 17 Peters, Hans 30–31 Poldauf, Ivan 30 Poulsen, Mads 193, 209 Pullum, Geoffrey K. 172, 190 Thompson, Sandra A. 189, 191–193, 208 Thor Helle, Anton 110 Tikkanen, Paavo 63 Tomasello, Michael 200 Traugott, Elizabeth Closs 8, 32, 49, 133–134, 148, 151, 222, 227 Tryon, Thomas 168, 180–182 Tyrkkö, Jukka 11, 13, 15, 18 U Ueno, Satoko 102 V van der Auwera, Johan 214, 222, 227–229, 231 Visconti, Jacqueline 11, 18, 218 Völker, Harald 10 W Warner, Anthony 221 Whittaker, James 287, 289 Wiedemann, Ferdinand Johann 110 Wolfson, Nessa 259, 263 Y Yuan, Yi 263 Z Zajicek, Jacques 216, 218 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Subject index A academic genres/writing 157– 158, 160, 164–166, 172–174 address terms 11, 90 adjacency pair 288, 307 adverbialization 32, 49, 201 affect 69, 158, 178, 183, 249–250 ambiguity 38–40, 44, 50, 198–200 annotation 6, 14–16, 21, 277–279, 288 archaism 20, 65, 178, 218, 237, 239, 251 argumentation 60, 70, 158, 175, 178, 282, 314, 317–318, 321–323 audience parameter 19, 183 autosemantic word/use 109, 126 B borrowing 59, 190, 222, 228 n.6 bridging context 18–19, 64, 109, 112, 115–117, 126, 134, 145, 151 C calque 221, 230–232 cantares de gesta 309, 311 collocation analysis 15, 36, 46, 85–86, 88–89, 114–115, 122–124, 138, 317 colloquial register 237, 247 commitment 54–55, 57, 60, 63–64, 67–68, 138, 140, 145, 191 communication 7–8, 14, 158, 260, 304–305 communicative distance 81, 251 communicative situation/setting 10, 58, 70, 82, 305 communicative task 21, 305, 307 contrastive studies 8, 213 conversation 8, 79–82, 99–100, 239–241, 250–251, 313, 316–317; see also dialogue implicatures 8, 91 correspondence 13, 81, 135, 202 correspondence analysis 123–126 cotext 9, 218, 288 cultural competence 303–305 D data collecting methods audio and video recordings 6–7, 56, 65, 79, 239, 263 diary 263, 274 discourse completion tasks 264 interviews 6, 56, 65, 70, 248 questionnaires 6, 72 transcriptions 7, 10, 64–65, 277–279 dialect 15, 31, 53–54, 64–71, 239–240, 250 dialogue 57, 82, 136, 239–240, 242–250, 303–304, 306–315, 317, 320–322 discourse community 182 marker 3, 9–12, 92, 95–98, 100–101, 107 n.1, 316–317 traditions 305–308, 314, 322–323 downtoning 29–31, 38–39, 45, 47–48 drama 31, 135–136, 146–147, 149–150, 239, 242–250 dummy it 192 n.6, 194–197, 201–202 E ethnographical method 259–261 evidentiality see meaning exemplum 313–314 expletive 11, 249 F face 55, 148, 151, 280–283, 287–290, 292–293 facework 279, 282, 289 fairy tale 60–62 felicity condition 257; see also speech acts fiction 79–80, 109, 112, 122–123, 136, 240–241, 258, 264–265, 273–274 filler 85–89, 92–94, 96–98, 198 formal language 33, 82, 85, 157, 218, 241, 243 formulaic language 170–173 fossilization 201 fronting 199, 237–241, 243–251 G gender 16, 263–265, 267–274 genre 5, 14, 59–60, 71–72, 80–81, 122–123, 126, 158, 174, 240–241, 250, 273, 308–309, 323 grammaticalization 3, 5, 17–20, 29, 31, 33, 49–50, 53–54, 59, 71–72, 77–78, 88, 97–98, 101–102, 108, 112, 116, 125–126, 191–193, 208–209, 213–214, 222, 227–229, 231–232 H hedging 45, 101, 143 n.5, 157, 159, 174–175, 182 hierarchical cluster analysis 174–176 I iconicity 77–78, 98–99 ideology 58–59, 71 illocutions 16, 140, 143, 145–146, 150–151, 257, 310, 314, 319–320; see also speech acts illocutionary force indicating device (IFID) 258–259 impoliteness 279–284, 286, 294 indirectness 54, 62, 66, 251, 280–281, 283–286 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Diachronic Corpus Pragmatics interaction 8, 16, 82, 133–134, 151, 239, 242, 250–251, 303–308 counselling 303–304, 306–311, 314–323 interjections 11, 94, 249 intersubjectivity 8, 49, 68, 70–71, 78, 88, 95, 98, 100, 102, 133–134, 137, 148, 151 inversion see word order Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change irony 7, 9, 36, 49–50, 70–71, 262 K keyword analysis 7, 15, 319 L language contact 228–229, 231, 238–239, 251 layered structure 78, 100 legal documents/texts 13, 81, 137, 241 lexical clustering 174–177, 290, 314–315, 318–322 lexicalization 248 literary language 109, 244, 250 logistic regression analysis 123, 126, 129–132 log-likelihood ratio test 315, 318–323 M markedness 160, 237–238, 241 matrix clause hypothesis 189, 191–192, 207–208 meaning causal 55, 61–64, 70–71 deontic 213–214, 217, 219, 221–232 dubitative 53–56, 60, 63, 65–67, 69–70 epistemic 54–55, 174, 189–192, 214, 218, 222, 238, 248 evidential 55, 63–64, 71, 189–190, 216–217, 219, 221–223, 226–229, 231–232 mirative 57 negotiated propositional 98, 100, 108, 217, 222, 227 qualificational 217, 222, 227 quotative 55, 66, 69 reportative 54–57, 64–67, 69–71 volitive 227, 232 medical writing 13–14, 157–161, 175–183 metacommunicative expression analysis 12, 257–258, 260–261, 274 metapragmatic expressions 315, 317, 320–321 framing strategies 282–283, 289 morphological variants 77–78, 98–99, 101–102, 223 n.4 N narration/narrative 55, 62–63, 65, 80–81, 99, 240, 280, 289, 309 negation 41–42, 48, 85–89, 138, 140, 142, 145–147, 150 n.7, 237–241, 243–251 negotiability 7–8 newspapers 50, 57, 112, 122–123, 136–137, 219, 223–224, 241, 273 n-grams 13, 15, 170 non-fiction 224, 241, 273 P paradigm changes 9, 158 parentheticals 126, 189–193, 196–209 periphery 77–78, 89, 96, 98, 100, 102, 151, 189 n.1 philological method 9, 11, 13, 22, 259, 309, 321–322 phonology coalescence 78 expansion, lengthening 77– 78, 80–82, 85, 99, 101–102 reduction, truncation 77–78, 82, 85, 99–102 plays see drama politeness 12, 48, 101, 118, 144, 146, 251, 261, 283–284, 288–290; see also face polysemy 32, 107–109, 119, 126, 133, 142, 145, 213, 228–230 pragmalinguistics 304–306, 308 n.10 pragmaphilology 308–309, 314, 322 pragmatic implication 60, 63–64, 68–70 inference 54–55 marker 107–109, 112–113, 115–116, 122–123, 126, 189–190 particle 53, 58, 77–78, 85–98, 100, 102, 109 variables pragmatics 3–4, 6–9, 11, 33, 77, 81–82, 133, 303–309 precision (of searches) 15, 258–260 productivity 110, 173, 213, 216, 222, 230–232, 248 prosody 65, 109, 118, 161, 190, 198, 200 punctuation 10, 161–162, 198, 243 Q qualitative analysis 6–7, 9, 22, 71, 108, 134, 150, 158, 245, 249, 259, 294, 303, 307–309, 314, 318, 321–323 quantitative analysis 6, 22, 32, 71, 108, 119, 126, 134–136, 150–151, 158, 173, 241, 243, 245, 249, 259, 294, 303, 307–308, 314–315, 318–319, 321–323 question 16, 41, 56–58, 114–117, 149, 247–248, 251, 279–283, 286–289, 307 R reaction 87, 246, 249, 264, 267; see also response reassurance 246–247, 268 rebuttal 134, 142–146, 148, 150–151 register 5, 13, 31, 137, 157–158, 162, 179, 182, 224, 230–231, 237, 247 religious writing 13, 59 representativeness 65, 137, 242 response 53, 56–57, 114, 117–118, 124, 126, 158–159, 204, 245– 249, 264, 267–270, 273–274, 283, 287, 292 S science textbook 60–62, 71, 161, 166, 170, 173 semantic extension 54, 57, 108, 137, 228, 230–232 semantic field 30, 277–279 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Subject index space aggression 277–278, 284, 293–294 pragmatic 9, 278–280 speaker attitude 9, 56–58, 68–70, 116, 257, 279 speech acts 8, 12, 16, 20–21, 65, 133, 140, 149, 257–261, 274, 277–278, 284, 291–293, 306, 308, 320 apology 258–259 compliment 6, 12, 20–21, 257–265, 267–274 compliment response 264– 265, 267–269, 273–274 directive 6, 261 insult 9, 261, 279–280, 291–292; see also verbal aggression request 12, 258, 286, 307 speech act verb 66, 260–261 see also felicity condition, illocutions speech-related data 17, 19, 33, 191, 201–202 spelling 11–12, 15, 279, 292–293 stance affective 58, 70, 100, 249 epistemic 58, 68, 71 interpersonal 58, 70, 90, 92 stance adverbial 9, 53, 58, 64, 70 standard 15, 32, 56, 65 n.5, 162, 183, 239–240, 245, 250 written standard 58, 64, 242, 250 statistical methods 7, 11, 123–126, 129–132, 162–170, 174–175, 270–272, 318–321 style 10, 12, 157–159, 162, 172, 175, 178, 180–183, 237, 241, 250–251, 265, 273, 292 subjectification 8, 29, 36, 49–50, 100–101, 133–134, 148, 151 synsemantic word/use 107 n.1, 113, 126 syntactic positioning 98, 100–102, 108, 143–144, 150–151 T tagging 14, 16, 160–162, 259, 277–279, 284–286, 288, 291–294, 319 n.19 tertium comparationis 307 text type 133, 277; see also genre, register topicalization 204, 238, 249 translation 58, 60–64, 71, 165, 242, 244 Treecloud 315–318, 321–322 trial proceedings/transcripts 33, 202, 277–279, 290 turn-taking 133–134, 150–151, 316 typology 54, 135–136, 159, 173–174, 193–198 V vagueness 7, 10, 49, 116, 139–140, 145, 172 VARD (Variant Spelling Detector) 15, 292 variability 8, 14, 131 variation 5, 8, 15, 65 n.5, 81, 102, 195, 208, 238, 243 regional 102, 237–238, 241 stylistic 237, 241 verbal aggression 277, 279–281, 283–284, 291–292, 294; see also space verbs impersonal 189–190, 193–195, 200–208 matrix 216–217 P-C-U 214–216, 218–219, 231 see also speech acts W word order 237–241, 244, 246–247, 249–251 inversion 88, 192 n.6, 259 Z zero complements 191–193, 195, 198–200, 204, 207–208 ... historical A1 Diachronic A1B A1C Corpus based Historical historical A1BC pragmatics linguistics Diachronic corpus pragmatics AB AC ABC B Corpus pragmatics C BC Pragmatics Corpus linguistics Figure 1. ... aggression in the Old Bailey Corpus The articles in this volume At the beginning of corpus- linguistic research ? ?corpus linguistics was practically synonymous with English corpus linguistics” (Andersen... and corpus- linguistic approaches depend on the availability of suitable electronic corpora Some twenty years ago, the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts was the first large-scale electronic corpus