China and indida the quest for energy resource in the 21 centurey

Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com ROUTLEDGE STUDIES IN THE MODERN WORLD ECONOMY China and India The quest for energy resources in the twenty-first century Zhao Hong www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com China and India The book sheds understanding on the relations between development and global energy security by looking at China and India It addresses the following issues: What is the new definition of energy security? How does it affect global politics and international relations? What are the energy security concerns of China and India, and what policies and approaches have they taken to deal with energy security issues? Since China and India are searching for oil and gas in the Middle East, Africa, and Southeast Asia, will their acquisition efforts conflict with the interests of other energy giants, such as the US and Japan, and will their growing overseas activities challenge US policy in those energy-­rich regions? The book provides insight into what the new global energy order may be and how the growth models and energy structures may shape the economic growth and energy It analyzes both the state-­centered approach and market-­oriented approach in the global quest for energy resources It also examines how China and India can adopt a cooperative approach for beneficial relations The book will be of interest to anyone who is keen to learn how the world, especially the US, can accommodate and adapt to the new global energy dynamics and how China and India operate as new players in global energy markets Zhao Hong is Senior Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute (EAI), National University of Singapore Before coming to EAI, he was Professor at the Research School of Southeast Asian Studies, Xiamen University, where he taught International Political Economy, Big Power Relations, and Southeast Asian Economy His research interests are mainly China–ASEAN economic integration, China–India energy competition and cooperation, and East Asian community Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Routledge studies in the modern world economy    Interest Rates and Budget Deficits A study of the advanced economies Kanhaya L Gupta and Bakhtiar Moazzami    World Trade after the Uruguay Round Prospects and policy o ptions for the twenty-­first century Edited by Harald Sander and András Inotai    The Flow Analysis of Labour Markets Edited by Ronald Schettkat    Inflation and Unemployment Contributions to a new macroeconomic approach Edited by Alvaro Cencini and Mauro Baranzini    Macroeconomic Dimensions of Public Finance Essays in honour of Vito Tanzi Edited by Mario I Blejer and Teresa M Ter-­Minassian    Fiscal Policy and Economic Reforms Essays in honour of Vito Tanzi Edited by Mario I Blejer and Teresa M Ter-­Minassian    Competition Policy in the Global Economy Modalities for co-­operation Edited by Leonard Waverman, William S Comanor and Akira Goto    Working in the Macro Economy A study of the US labor market Martin F J Prachowny    How Does Privatization Work? 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and Stagnation in Post-­War Japan Edited by Koichi Hamada, Keijiro Otsuka, Gustav Ranis, and Ken Togo   92 Multilateralism and Regionalism in Global Economic Governance Trade, investment and finance Edited by Junji Nakagawa   93 Economic Growth and Income Inequality in China, India and Singapore Trends and policy implications Pundarik Mukhopadhaya, G Shantakumar and Bhanoji Rao   94 Foreign Direct Investment in China Spillover effects on domestic enterprises Deng Ziliang   95 Enterprise Forms and Economic Efficiency: Capitalist, cooperative and government firms Kazuhiko Mikami   96 Diversity and Transformations of Asian Capitalism Edited by Boyer, Uemura and Isogai   97 Knowledge Transfer in the Automobile Industry Global–local production networks Dessy Irawati Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com   98 Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Asia Selected issues and policy options Ramkishen S Rajan   99 Singapore, the Energy Economy From the first refinery to the end of cheap oil, 1960–2010 Ng Weng Hoong 100 China-­India Economics Challenges, competition and collaboration Amitendu Palit 101 Case Studies on Chinese Enterprises Edited by Donglin Xia 102 Argentina’s Economic Growth and Recovery Michael Cohen 103 The Korean Labour Market After the 1997 Economic Crisis Edited by Joonmo Cho, Richard B Freeman, Jaeho Keum and Sunwoong Kim 104 China and India The quest for energy resources in the twenty-­first century Zhao Hong www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com China and India The quest for energy resources in the twenty-­first century Zhao Hong Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 152   Notes 69 Cited in Nilova Roy Chaudhury, “Experts say left helping China, Pak,” Hindustan Times, August 21, 2007 70 Pranab Mukherjee, “Statement by Minister regarding new framework for the US– India defense relationship,” Lok Sabha Debates, New Delhi, July 28, 2005 71 Indian Prime Minister’s statement of March 6, 2006, in the Indian Parliament on India’s vote at the IAEA on Iran’s nuclear program 6  Case study II: Africa   Jeffrey Ball, “Angola possesses a prize as Exxon, rivals stalk oil,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2005   Michael Klare and Daniel Volman, “America, China and the scramble for Africa’s oil,” Review of African Political Economy, No 108, pp. 297–309   The China Commerce Yearbook, 2008   “Why is China chasing African oil?” Reuters News, November 3, 2006   “China’s CNPC targets overseas integration deals,” Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, January 23, 2006   “Friend or forager?” Financial Times, February 23, 2006   Henry Lee and Dan A Shalmon, “Searching for oil: China’s oil initiatives in the Middle East,” Faculty Research Working Papers Series, March 2007   Sanusha Naidu, “India’s Africa relations: in the shadow of China?” in The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, edited by Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi, Zed Books, 2010   Ibid 10 Ruchita Beri, “Prospects of India’s energy quest in Africa: insights from Sudan and Nigeria,” Strategic Analysis, Vol 34, No 6, November 2010 11 Gill Bates, Chin-­hao Huan, and J Stephen Morrison, “China’s expanding role in Africa,” Center for Strategic and International Studies Report, January 2007, www.csis.org 12 Benoit France, “China makes headway in Angola with multiple trade ties,” Dow Jones International News, November 30, 2006 13 Financial Times, December 28, 2006 14 Harry G Broadman, Africa’s Silk Road: China’s and India’s New Economic Frontier, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007, p. 275 15 “China in Africa: never too late to scramble,” The Economist, October 26, 2006; “China and Angola strengthen bilateral relationship,” Power and Interest News Report, June 23, 2006 16 “CNPC in Sudan,” www.cnpc.com.cn 17 Ibid 18 BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2010 19 General Administration of Customs of China, China Customs Statistics Yearbook, 2009 20 Zha Daojion, “An opening for US–China cooperation,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 2006 21 Adam Wolfe, “China adjusts its approach in Africa,” The Power and Interest News Report, February 5, 2007 22 Michael Richardson, “China–Sudan ties: Beijing walks a tightrope,” The Straits Times, May 23, 2007 23 Adam Wolfe, “China claims success on Darfur,” The Power and Interest News Report, April 24, 2007 24 When visiting Khartoum in February 2011, Hu Jintao provided al-­Balshir with an interest-­free 100 million yuan loan to build a new presidential palace, and wrote off another 70 million yuan in debt 25 Michael Klare and Daniel Volman, “The African ‘oil rush’ and US national security,” Third World Quarterly, Vol 27, No 4, 2006 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Notes   153 26 US Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense, “The power of the People’s Republic of China,” Annual Report to Congress, Washington, DC, 2005, p. 10 27 Cyril Obi, “African oil in the energy security calculations of China and India,” in The Rise of China and India in Africa, edited by Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi, Zed Books, 2010 28 J Peter Pham, “The Indian tiger’s African safari,” World Defense Review, July 19, 2007, http://worlddefensereview.com/pham071907.shtml (accessed November 12, 2011) 29 Naidu, “India’s African relations: in the shadow of China?” 30 See “Two years on from the Forum Summit: the future of Africa–India engagement,” Chatham House Conference Report, April 2010 31 Naidu, “India’s African relations: in the shadow of China?” 32 Ibid 33 Export–Import Bank of India, Annual Report 2005/06 34 The Indian Minister of State for Commerce, Jairam Ramesh, noted at the 2008 India-­ Africa Forum Summit 35 S Shukla, “The African oil rush,” India Today, April 4, 2008, http://indiatoday intoday.in/story/The+African+oil+rush/1/6601.html (accessed November 12, 2011) 36 Cyril Obi, “African oil in the energy security calculations of China and India,” in The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, edited by Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi, Zed Books, 2010 37 “India in Africa: moving beyond oil,” South Asia Monitor, Center For Strategic & International Studies, June 10, 2008 38 Harry G Broadman, “China and India to Africa: new deals in a developing world,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2008 39 “India’s Africa engagement: prospects for the 2011 India-­Africa Forum,” Programme Paper: AFP 2010/01, Chatham House 40 R Beri, “Africa’s energy potential: prospects for India,” Strategic Analysis, Vol 29, No 3, July–September 2005 41 A Vines and E Sidiropoulos, “Quiet India could offer lessons to continent,” allAfrica.com, April 6, 2008, http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200804070001.html (accessed June 20, 2011) 42 “Minister reassures India about its oil investments in Sudan,” Sudan Tribune, November 2, 2010 43 Cyril Obi, “African oil in the energy security calculations of China and India,” in The Rise of China and India in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, edited by Fantu Cheru and Cyril Obi, Zed Books, 2010 44 Sethuraman, D “Can oil unite the Elephant and the Dragon?” Rediff News, May 21, 2005, www.rediff.com/money/2005/may/21guest.htm (accessed June 20, 2011) 45 S Dutta, “Government to set up energy security panel to counter China,” Times of India, March 7, 2007, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/ india/27880560_1_energy-­security-mbd-­imports (accessed November 12, 2011) 46 Alex Vines, “India’s Africa engagement: prospects for the 2011 India–Africa forum,” Chatham House, Programme Paper: AFP 2010/01 47 Ahmed Hassan, “India contributions in development of the Sudan,” Sudan Version Daily, September 15, 2007, www.sudanvisiondaily.com/modules.php?name=News&f ile=article&sid=49447 (accessed November 12, 2011) 48 BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2010 49 The GNPOC was formed in December 1996, comprising the CNPC, Petronas, Sudapet and Araxis 50 Azim Nathoo, “Peaceful Sudan set to be major oil producer,” Financial and Investment, July 7, 2005, www.gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/MAIN/Mainnews.asp?id=1537 (accessed November 12, 2011) Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 154   Notes 51 “India’s oil contracts will be honored: south Sudan,” Indo-­Asian News Service, April 28, 2011, http://twocircles.net/2011apr28/indias_oil_contracts_will_be_honoured_ south_sudan.html (accessed June 12, 2011) 52 Hassan, “India contributions in development of the Sudan.” 53 Ruchita Beri, “Prospects of India’s energy quest in Africa: insights from Sudan and Nigeria,” Strategic Analysis, Vol 34, No 6, November 2010 7  Case study III: Southeast Asia   IEA, Energy Outlook 2009, p. 548   APEC Energy Overview   EIA, Country Analysis Briefs, December 2010 www.eia.gov/countries/cab cfm?fips=MY (accessed November 12, 2011)   EIA, Country Analysis Briefs, South China Sea, March 2008, www.eia.gov/countries/ regions-­topics.cfm?fips=SCS (accessed November 12, 2011)   Cao Yunhua, “dongnanya guojia de nengyuan anquan” [Energy security of Southeast Asian countries], Journal of Contemporary Asia-­Pacific, September 2000   EIA, Country Analysis Briefs, South China Sea   Li Tao and Liu Zhi, “Shixi Zhongguo dongmeng nengyuan hezuo” [An analysis of China–ASEAN energy cooperation], Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol 3, 2006   I.J Storey, “China a major player in S-­E Asia pipeline politics,” Singapore Straits Times, October 23, 2009   Michael Richardson, “A southward thrust for China’s energy diplomacy in the South China Sea,” China Brief, Vol VIII, No 21, November 7, 2008 10 Francine R Frankel and Harry Harding, The India–China Relationship: Rivalry and Engagement, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 341 11 S Devare, India and Southeast Asia: Toward Security Convergence, ISEAS, 2006 12 C.R Mohan, “India’s geopolitics and Southeast Asian security,” Southeast Asian Affairs 2008, edited by Daljit Singh and Tin Maung Maung, ISEAS 13 See Francine R Frankel, “The breakout of China–India strategic rivalry in Asia and the Indian Ocean,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol 64, No 2, Spring/Summer 2011 14 David Brewster, “India’s security partnership with Singapore,” The Pacific Review, Vol 22, No 5, December 2009, pp. 597–618 15 The Inaugural ADMM Plus held in Hanoi on 12 October 2010 was a milestone in ASEAN’s history For the first time, the defense ministers of the ten ASEAN countries gathered together with their counterparts from the eight Dialogue Partners, namely Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Russia, and the US 16 Frankel, “The breakout of China-­India strategic rivalry.” 17 Panchali Saikia, “Manmohan Singh in Southeast Asia,” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, October 27, 2010, www.ipcs.org/article/southeast-­asia/manmohan-­singh-in-­ southeast-asia-­3267.html (accessed June 12, 2011) 18 Harsh V Pant, “Rise of China prods India–Korea ties,” Japan Times, September 7, 2010, www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20100907a1.html (accessed November 13, 2011) 19 Rajeev Sharma, “India–Japan ties poised for advance as both nations eye China,” The Asia-­Pacific Journal, September 6, 2010 20 In May 2006 India and Japan put in place a structured framework of dialogue for defense cooperation and exchanges during the Indian Defense Minister’s visit to Japan In December 2006 a new chapter opened in India–Japan relations with the establishment of the Japan–India Strategic and Global Partnership In August 2007 Japanese Prime Minister Abe Shinzo and his Indian counterpart Manmohan Singh unveiled a Roadmap for New Dimensions to the Strategic and Global Partnership Since then there has been incremental progress in India–Japan bilateral ties and the www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Notes   155 two nations are engaged in a number of official dialogue mechanisms, covering a range of subjects (See Sharma, “India–Japan ties poised.”) 21 Ge Lide, “Yindu haishang dakuojun” [Indian navy’s big building-­up], Liaowang, November 6, 2000, pp. 28–29 22 G.V.C Naidu, Indian Navy and Southeast Asia, Knowledge World, 2000, p. 192 23 Brewster, “India’s security partnership with Singapore.” 24 Zhang Guihong, “Jing zhen yu he zuo: di qu shi jiao xia de zhong yin guan xi” [Competition and cooperation: Sino-­India’s relations in regional perspectives], Dang Dai Ya Tai [Contemporary Asia-­Pacific, Beijing], December 2006 25 Ibid 26 India’s former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh suggested that Sino-­India’s competition in Southeast Asia can become a sort of “healthy competition.” Siddharth Srivastava, “India’s flexible approach at ASEAN,” Jakarta Post, December 19, 2005 27 Myanmar is the country formerly known as Burma The change was decreed by the military junta in June 1989, when many states, divisions, towns, streets, mountains and rivers were also given new English names Rangoon became Yangon This chapter falls in line with the junta’s changes For the period up to 1989 it uses Burma and associated names For the period after 1989 it uses Myanmar and associated names 28 Indian Maritime Doctrine, INBR 8, Ministry of Defense, 2004, pp. 63–64 29 A total of 46 onshore blocks and 25 offshore blocks had been apportioned as of 2000 30 “Zhongmian hezuo jiang zai mandele jian xin lianyouchang” [China and Myanmar will cooperate to build a new refinery factory in Mandalay], Ministry of China, February, 23 2011, http://mm.cofcom.gov.en/article/jmxw/201102/2011027415056.html (accessed June 12, 2011) 31 Kong Lingan and Li Jiating, China’s Development of the Western Region: The Action Plan of Yunnan, Yunnan People’s Press, 2001, p. 22 32 Myanmar Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, Central Statistical Organization, www.csostat.gov.mm/S07MA0202.asp (accessed February 8, 2011) 33 Wu Lei， “xioujian zhongmian shiyou guandao: ba Yunnan jianshe cheng woguo zhongyao de shiyou chucun jidi” [China–Myanmar oil pipeline construction: building Yunnan into China’s important oil storage base], Research Report, Yunnan University, July 2005 34 “Corridor of Power: China’s Trans Burma Oil and Gas Pipelines,” Shwe Gas Movement, September 2009, p. 38 35 China’s investments in Myanmar are difficult to assess as many of them have been local or indirect ventures that are not included in the official statistics 36 There are at least 45 Chinese companies involved in 63 hydropower projects throughout Myanmar 37 Tin Maung Maung Than, “Myanmar and China: a special relationship?” Southeast Asian Affairs, ISEAS, 2003, pp. 189–210 38 In late July 1956, more than 1,000 Chinese troops entered the Wa State from Yunnan and remained entrenched following two bloody clashes with Burmese troops along the disputed border in November 1955 and April 1956 U Nu’s appeal to Chairman Mao during his visit to Beijing in October 1956 diffused the tense border situation and resulted in the withdrawal of the Chinese troops from Burmese territory by the end of the year Such an incident was not repeated as the border issue was settled within the next four years 39 Tin Maung Maung Than, “Myanmar and China.” 40 “Foreign policy of the Union of Myanmar,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www scribd.com/doc/7291330/Foreign-­Policy-Myanmar (accessed November 12, 2011) 41 Translated version of President Thein Sein’s Inaugural Speech, The New Light of Myanmar, Volume XVIII, No 344, March 31, 2011 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 156   Notes 42 Ma Yangbing, “Yinmian guanxi de fazhan ji dui zhongguo de yingxiang” [Indian– Myanmar relations and the impact on China], Asia & Africa Review (Beijing), Vol 6, 2009 43 Tuli Sinha, “Myanmar–China energy engagement: implications for India,” Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Issue Brief, New Delhi, December 2009 44 BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011 45 “India Urges Burma to Release Opposition Leaders,” Reuters, August 4, 1989 46 Siddharth Varadarajan, “India not interested in exporting ideology,” Times of India, May 20, 2007 47 Gideon Lundholm, “Pipeline politics: India and Myanmar,” Power and Interest News Report, September 10, 2007 48 Ibid 49 Sinha, “Myanmar–China energy engagement.” 50 Sudha Ramachandran, “India hedges its bets in Myanmar,” Asia Times, July 15, 2011 51 IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 2010 52 Kong Bo, “The geopolitics of Myanmar-­China oil and gas pipelines,” Pipeline Politics in Asia, NBR Special Report No 23, September 2010 53 Tanvi Madan, “India’s international quest for oil and natural gas: fueling foreign policy?” India Review, Vol 9, No 1, January–March, 2009, pp. 2–37 54 “Myanmar second top leader’s India visit further cement bilateral ties,” Xinhua, April 7, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/07/content_7933469.htm (accessed November 13, 2011) 8  Conclusions   Truman, Edwin, “A blueprint for sovereign wealth fund best practices,” Peterson Institute Policy Brief, PB08-3, April 2008   David G Victor and Linda Yueh, “The new energy order: managing insecurities in the twenty-­first century,” Foreign Affairs, January/February 2010   BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2010, p. 8 and p. 24   See UN population statistics, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-­Data/population.htm (accessed November 13, 2011)   IEA, World Energy Outlook 2007, p. 114   IANS, “India will face more competition from China on energy: PM,” Thaidian News, June 11, 2008, www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/india-­will-face-­morecompetition-­from-china-­on-energy-­pm_10059180.html (accessed November 13, 2011)   Bhupendra Kumar Singh, “Energy security and India–China cooperation,” International Association for Energy Economics, 2009, www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=92   “Indian plans to sovereign wealth fund for energy assets abroad,” The Economic Times, February 20, 2008   Reserve Bank of India, Annual Report 2008–2009 10 See Bhupendra Kumar Singh, “Energy security and India–China cooperation.” 11 Toufiq Siddiqi, “China and India: more cooperation than competition in energy and climate change,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol 64, No 2, spring/summer 2011 12 Gao Ziping, “Symposium on Sino-­Indian energy dialogue held in Shanghai,” , June 15, 2007, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, www.sass.org.cn/szyjy/artcleshow jsp?dinji=86&.artid=14145 (accessed November 13, 2011) 13 Ibid 14 Richard McGregor, Jo Johnson, and Carola Hoyos, “China and India forge alliance on oil,” Financial Times, January 12, 2006 15 The current energy security system was created in response to the 1973 Arab oil www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Notes   157 embargo to ensure coordination among the industrialized countries in the event of a disruption in supply, and to encourage collaboration on energy policies Its key elements are the Paris-­based IEA, whose members are the industrialized countries; strategic stockpiles of oil, including the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve; continued monitoring and analysis of energy markets and policies; and energy conservation and coordinated emergency sharing of supplies in the event of a disruption In the near future, China and India are unlikely to join the IEA, which requires membership of the OECD and the maintenance of emergency oil stocks equivalent to at least 90 days of net oil imports 16 See Wenran Jiang, “China’s global quest for energy security,” in Energy Issues in the Asia-­Pacific Region, edited by Amy Lugg and Mark Hong, ISEAS, 2010 17 Victor and Yueh, “The new energy order.” Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index Page numbers in italics denote tables, those in bold denote figures Abul Kalam, A.B.J 37 Africa: business relations 103–4; China’s energy strategy 102–7; Chinese approach to 104–5, 107–8; Chinese diplomatic aid 102–3; Chinese investment 8–9; Chinese links with 98–101; developing country FDI 99; importance of 98; increased Indian involvement 110–11; Indian aid 108, 108; Indian and Chinese economic activity 109–10; Indian foreign policy 107–8; India’s energy strategy 107–11; India’s links with 101–2; Indo-Chinese cooperation 110; international rivalry 105–7; mergers and acquisitions (M&As) 100; oil exports 133; resource exploitation rights 133 air pollution 49 Angola 134; and India 110 ASEAN: and India 117–18; inward FDI 126 ASEAN–China energy ties 115–16 Asian century Asian Development Bank (ADB) 13 Bangdung conference 98–9, 101 Bangladesh 129; and China 45 Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar regional economic cooperation 122 BASIC group 135 biomass power 22, 31 Brown, Gordon 33 Burma 127; see also Myanmar business relations, Sino-African 103–4 capital formation 16 Chen Jin Hua 59 China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation 103 China Investment Corporation 66 China–Myanmar pipeline 120–4 China’s oil and gas pipelines 121 clean energy 136–7 climate change 32–3; CO2 emissions 48; emissions 49; and energy security 47–9 CNOOC 62–3, 73, 120 CNPC 62–3, 69, 73, 74, 83–4, 91, 104, 120 CO2 emissions 6, 7, 7, 47–8, 49–50; China 50; by region 48; see also greenhouse gas emissions coal: China 23–4, 49; dependence on 21–2; India 24–5, 49 coal reserves 51 competition and cooperation 134–8 competitive populism 18–19 conflict: arising from competition for resources 9–10; and energy resources 74; mitigation 139–41 cooperation: areas for 136–7; between oil companies 138; reasons for 135; strengthening dialogues 137 crude oil imports: China 79; India 81; US and China 82 Daqing oil field 25 Darfur 105 decarbonization 53 decentralization, fiscal 21 defense cooperation, India–US 96–7 defense diplomacy, India 89 Delhi Declaration 102 deregulation 75 Devare, Sudhir 117 diplomatic aid, China to Africa 102–3 diversification, energy 54–6 domestic prices www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index   159 Downs, Erica 96 economic growth: Asia 1; basis of 20; China 1–2; India 1–2 economic growth models: Chinese perspective 17–19; differences 15–17; Indian perspective 19–21; understanding 15–21 economic interests, common 135 emerging economies 132 emissions 141 energy conservation 53–4 energy consumption 6, 49–50, 51; China 49; India 50; pressure on China 50–2 energy demand 4–5; drivers of 12–21; and GDP growth 12–14; growth of 21–3; and population growth 14–15; predictions 22, 23; shift eastwards 5–8; and transportation expansion 15, 22 energy diplomacy: China 59–60, 74; India 60–1, 74 energy diversification 54–6 energy exploration abroad 67–70 energy exploration and production 136 energy governance 63 energy imports, security risks 33 energy partnerships 140–1 energy policy administration: China 72; India 73 energy prices, and regional stability 34 energy production, underinvestment 133 energy relations, competition and cooperation 134–8 energy reserves, distribution 35 energy resources: and conflict 74; diversification 64; energy diplomacy 59–61; energy exploration abroad 67–70; going out strategy (China) 10–11, 58–60; national oil companies (NOCs) 61–5; South China Sea 114–15 energy security: challenges and constraints 56–7; China 35–6; climate change 47–9; concerns 38–52; defining 32–3; diversification 54–6; energy and emissions 49–50; energy conservation 53–4; energy consumption 49, 49–51, 50; ensuring 52–6; equity oil 67, 69; import dependence 38–41, 39; import dependence and international relations 34–5; India 36–7; India’s concerns 45–7; meanings and dimensions 35–8; military component 84; policies 52–3; and political instability 34–5; risk from imports 33; role of China and India 132–3; sea lanes security 42–7 energy structure 6–8, 21–2 energy supply 23–31; coal 23–5; gas 28–30; non-fossil energy 30–1; oil 25–8; private sector 63–4; and security 9–10, 11 energy transport: China’s concerns 43–4; Gwadar 44–5; Indian Ocean 42–3; see also sea lanes security equity oil 67, 69, 109; China 69 Exclusive Economic Zone (India) 46 Export–Import Bank (China) 103 exports, China to Middle East 80, 80 fiscal decentralization 21 five year plans (China) 23, 52, 53 five year plans (India) 26–7 foreign currency reserves 73 foreign direct investment (FDI) 5, 66; in Africa 98, 99; in ASEAN 126; China 65–7, 66, 83–4, 85; India 67, 68; in Myanmar 122–4, 125 foreign policy: China 83; India 61, 107–8; Myanmar 126–7 Forum on China–Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 99, 101 Framework Agreement on Economic Cooperation 89 gas: ASEAN 115–16; China 28–9, 29; competition for 9–10; demand for 6; import dependence 40–1, 41, 41; imports by source 79; increased demand 22; increased importance 6–7; India 30, 30; Iran 90–1, 94; Middle East 76; production 29; security risks 33 Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL) 63–5 gas imports 41, 41 gas production: Myanmar 122; Southeast Asia 114 gas reserves 6, 51, 77; distribution 35; Myanmar 119; Southeast Asia 112, 113 GDP growth, and energy demand 12–14 GDP growth rates 13 global financial crisis 13–14, 66 global trade expansion, drivers of global trade expansion, drivers of global trade in goods and services, shares in going out strategy (China) 10–11, 58–60 goods and services, shares in global trade governance 63 Greater Mekong Sub-region development scheme 122 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 160   Index green facts (China) 52 green targets (China) 52–3 greenhouse gas emissions 47, 49–50; pressure on China 50–2; see also CO2 emissions Gross Domestic Product (GDP) gross national income Gross National Income (GNI): China 2; China, India, Japan and US 3; India 1–2 Gross National Product (GNP) growth model, China Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)–India Industrial Conference 89 Gwadar 44–5, 84 Hu Jintao 35, 44, 103, 105 hydropower 22, 31 import dependence, and international relations 34–5 income elasticity, of oil consumption 13 India–Africa Framework for Cooperation Forum 102 India–Africa Hydrocarbon Conference 102 India–Africa summit 102 Indian Ocean, sea lanes security 42–3 Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) 63–5 Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) program 108 Industrial Policy Resolution 1948 (India) 26 industrialization, and energy demand 28, 34 international relations, and import dependence 34–5 Iran: and China 91–2; Chinese investment 93; energy politics 90–1; and India 80, 92, 94; investment and assistance 133; nuclear development 95–6; oil and gas production and consumption 90; petroleum exports 91 Japan: and India 118 Jiang Zemin 84, 87 joint bidding 136 liberalization policies, India 19–20, 67, 75 liquid natural gas (LNG) see gas “look east” strategy 116–18 Malacca Strait 43–4, 118 Malaysia, and India 117 Maloney, Suzanne 96 maritime intelligence, India 46–7 memorandums of understanding (MoUs) 64 mergers and acquisitions (M&As) 5, 66; Africa 100 Middle East: challenges to US policy 95–7; China’s energy strategy 82–7; Chinese FDI 85; Chinese interests 78, 95–6; energy cooperation, China 84–7; importance of 76–8; Indian interests 80–1, 96–7; Indian response to Chinese influence 88–90; India’s policies 87–8; looking east 81–2; resource exploitation rights 133; trade with 83; US and India 88 military: and energy exploration abroad 70; India–Myanmar relationship 128–9, 131 military influence, South China Sea 118–19 Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India) 60 Mukherjee, Pranab 107 mutual understanding 135 Myanmar: and China 45; China–India gas competition 119–31; China–Myanmar pipeline 120–4; energy cooperation, India 130; foreign policy 126–7; gas production 122; importance of 119–31; Indian exports to 130; infrastructure 124; inward FDI 122–4, 125; relationship with China 124–7; relationship with India 127–9; strengthening relations 130–1; and Thailand 122–3; trade with China 123; see also Burma Myanmar–Bangladesh–India pipeline 129, 129 National Climate Change Strategy (China) 52 National Development and Research Commission (NDRC) (China) 52, 71 National Energy Administration (NEA) (China) 71 National Energy Commission (NEC) (China) 71 national oil companies (NOCs) 61–5; China 62–3, 69, 75, 78, 91; China vs India 71–5; cooperation 138; India 63–5 natural gas see gas natural resources, competition for 9–10 New Exploration Licensing Policy (India) 75 non-fossil energy 30–1 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Index   161 nuclear development: India 96–7; Iran 95–6 nuclear power 22, 30–1, 55, 55–6 Reserve Bank of India 134 risk management, energy security 32 road transport 15 Obama, Barack 33 oil: ASEAN 115–16; China 25–6, 26; competition for 9–10; import dependence 38–9, 39; India 26–8, 28; Iran 90, 93–4; security risks 33 oil and gas pipelines, China 121 Oil and National Gas Corporation (ONGC) 63–5, 72, 110 Oil and Natural Gas Directorate (India) 26 oil consumption 54, 133; income elasticity of 13 oil demand: growth of 22; world structure oil imports: China 39, 86; India 40 oil reserves 6, 51, 77; Africa 98; control of 8; distribution 35; Middle East 76; Myanmar 119; Southeast Asia 112, 113 oil strategies 8–11; impacts of 10–11; production and purchase agreements Oil Supply Securities Index (OSSI) 63, 63 Oman, and India 80, 89 ONGC Videsh 109 OPEC 34 outward FDI 5, 66; in Africa 98, 99; China 65–7, 66, 83–4, 85; India 67, 68 overseas investments 8, 64 Saudi Arabia: and China 78, 81–2, 84, 87 Saudi Aramco 78–9, 87 sea lanes security 42–7, 84, 107; China’s concerns 43–4; China’s responses 44–6; Indian Ocean 42–3 security, and energy supply 9–10, 11 security challenges 62–3 Sein, Thein 127 Sen, Ronan 96–7 Sharma, Anand 110 Shwe gas project 120 Singapore, and India 117 Singh, Jaswant 118 Singh, Manmohan 37, 60, 89, 94 Sinopec 62–3, 66, 78–9, 83, 87, 120 Smith, Christopher 106 social pressures 20 soft power 83 solar power 31 South China Sea: energy competition 116; energy resources 114–15; military influence 118–19 South Korea: and India 117 Southeast Asia: China–ASEAN energy ties 115–16; China–India gas competition, Myanmar 119–31; China–Myanmar pipeline 120–4; China–Myanmar relationship 124–7; energy competition in South China Sea 116; energy resources 114–15; gas production 114; India–Myanmar relationship 127–9; India’s “look east” strategy 116–18; infrastructure 130; military competition, South China Sea 118–19; oil and gas 112–14; resource exploitation rights 133; strengthening relations with Myanmar 130–1 sovereign wealth funds 8; India 134 Special Commonwealth African Assistance Programme (SCAAP) 108 Sri Lanka: and China 45 State Asset Supervision and Administration Commission 62 state-owned enterprises (China) 62 Strait of Hormuz 43, 90 “string of pearls” strategy 45–6 structural adjustment 16 sub-regional organizations 130 Sudan: and China 104–5; and India 109–11; investment and assistance 133 Pakistan: and China 44–5, 84 petroleum exports, Iran 91 pharmaceuticals 109 Planning Commission’s Vision 2020 on Energy and the Environment (India) 54 policy administration: China 72; India 73 political instability, and energy security 34–5 political structure, and economic growth 18–19 population, aged 0–14 years 19 population growth 14, 133; and energy demand 14–15 port development, China 45–6 poverty reduction 20–1 purchasing power parity (PPP) 1–2 Qatar: and India 80 Rajagopalan, Rajeswari 94 regional development 122 renewable energy 31, 56–7, 136–7; capacity 137 Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com 162   Index supply routes 34 suspicion 134 sustained productivity 16 technical collaboration 141 territory disputes 34 Thailand: and Myanmar 122–3 trade: China and India 135; China and Myanmar 122–3, 123; India and Iran 94 transportation expansion, and energy demand 15, 22 Tyagi, Air Chief Marshall S.P 70, 89 underinvestment 133 United States: energy partnerships 140–1; energy policy 33; Middle East and India 88; Middle East policy 95–7; relations with India 131; rivalry with China in Africa 105–7; and Saudi Arabia 81–2; working with China and India 138–9; world role and position 42–3 urbanization, and energy demand 28 vertical integration 109 Vietnam: and India 117 Wen Jiabao 35, 66, 71, 103, 124 wind power 31, 56; producers 56 world economy, role in 2–5 world energy sectors, growing importance of China and India 132–3 Yunnan 122 Zha DaoJiong 43 www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.ebook777.com www.ebook777.com ... US intercepting oil moving into or out of China. 23 China? ??s and India’s oil strategies and their impacts These studies mainly appeared after the 1990s, when China? ??s and India’s oil demand rose and. .. primary energy demand in China and India As the population increases and urbanization grows, the power sector share of primary demand will reach 46 percent in 2030 in China and 45 percent in India... Commerce on the one hand, and the agriculture and finance ministries on the other.18 The fundamental difference between China and India is that in China there is no opposition party and political