Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies i Media and Cultural Studies ii Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham KeyWorks in Cultural Studies As cultural studies powers ahead to new intellectual horizons, it becomes increasingly important to chart the discipline’s controversial history This is the object of an exciting new series, KeyWorks in Cultural Studies By showcasing the best that has been thought and written on the leading themes and topics constituting the discipline, KeyWorks in Cultural Studies provides an invaluable genealogy for students striving to better understand the contested space in which cultural studies takes place and is practiced Nations and Identities: Classic Readings edited by Vincent P Pecora Media and Cultural Studies: KeyWorks (Revised Edition) edited by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner Black Feminist Cultural Criticism edited by Jacqueline Bobo Reading Digital Culture edited by David Trend The Masculinity Studies Reader edited by Rachel Adams and David Savran Theorizing Diaspora: A Reader edited by Jana Evans Braziel and Anita Mannur Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies iii Media and Cultural Studies KeyWorks Revised Edition Edited by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner iv Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham © 2001, 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2001, 2006 by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner to be identified as the Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher First published 2001 This revised edition published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Media and cultural studies : keyworks / edited by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner — Rev ed p cm — (Keyworks in cultural studies) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3258-9 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3258-2 (pbk.) Mass media and culture Popular culture I Durham, Meenakshi Gigi II Kellner, Douglas, 1943– III Series P94.6.M424 2006 302.23—dc22 2005014104 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/12.5pt Galliard by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies v Contents Preface to the Revised Edition viii Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies: Introducing the KeyWorks Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham ix Part I: Culture, Ideology, and Hegemony Introduction to Part I The Ruling Class and the Ruling Ideas Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (i) History of the Subaltern Classes; (ii) The Concept of “Ideology”; (iii) Cultural Themes: Ideological Material Antonio Gramsci The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Walter Benjamin The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception Max Horkheimer and Theodor W Adorno The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article Jürgen Habermas Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Towards an Investigation) Louis Althusser 13 18 41 73 79 Part II: Social Life and Cultural Studies 89 Introduction to Part II 91 (i) Operation Margarine; (ii) Myth Today Roland Barthes The Medium is the Message Marshall McLuhan 99 107 vi Douglas ContentsM Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham The Commodity as Spectacle Guy Debord 10 Introduction: Instructions on How to Become a General in the Disneyland Club Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart 11 Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory Raymond Williams 12 (i) From Culture to Hegemony; (ii) Subculture: The Unnatural Break Dick Hebdige 13 Encoding/Decoding Stuart Hall 14 On the Politics of Empirical Audience Research Ien Ang 117 122 130 144 163 174 Part III: Political Economy 195 Introduction to Part III 197 15 Contribution to a Political Economy of Mass-Communication Nicholas Garnham 16 On the Audience Commodity and its Work Dallas W Smythe 17 A Propaganda Model Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky 18 Not Yet the Post-Imperialist Era Herbert I Schiller 19 Gendering the Commodity Audience: Critical Media Research, Feminism, and Political Economy Eileen R Meehan 20 (i) Introduction; (ii) The Aristocracy of Culture Pierre Bourdieu 21 On Television Pierre Bourdieu 201 Part IV: The Politics of Representation 337 Introduction to Part IV 339 22 Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema Laura Mulvey 23 Stereotyping Richard Dyer 24 Eating the Other: Desire and Resistance bell hooks 25 British Cultural Studies and the Pitfalls of Identity Paul Gilroy 342 230 257 295 311 322 328 353 366 381 Adventures in Media and CulturalContents Studies vii 26 Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses Chandra Talpade Mohanty 27 Hybrid Cultures, Oblique Powers Néstor García Canclini 396 422 Part V: The Postmodern Turn and New Media 445 Introduction to Part V 447 28 The Precession of Simulacra Jean Baudrillard 29 Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism Fredric Jameson 30 Feminism, Postmodernism and the “Real Me” Angela McRobbie 31 Postmodern Virtualities Mark Poster 32 Quentin Tarantino’s Star Wars?: Digital Cinema, Media Convergence, and Participatory Culture Henry Jenkins 453 482 520 533 549 Part VI: Globalization and Social Movements 577 Introduction to Part VI 579 33 Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy Arjun Appadurai 34 The Global and the Local in International Communications Annabelle Sreberny 35 The Processes: From Nationalisms to Transnationalisms Jésus Martín-Barbero 36 Globalization as Hybridization Jan Nederveen Pieterse 37 (Re)Asserting National Television and National Identity Against the Global, Regional, and Local Levels of World Television Joseph Straubhaar 38 Oppositional Politics and the Internet: A Critical/Reconstructive Approach Richard Kahn and Douglas M Kellner 584 604 626 658 681 703 Acknowledgments 726 Index 730 viii Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham Preface to the Revised Edition We have produced a revised edition of KeyWorks to collect some of the new material that has appeared since the first edition and have also included material that colleagues have urged would be important additions to the Reader We are grateful to Blackwell for allowing us to select eight new essays and to offer a section on globalization With the constant proliferation of new media, there is a growing amount of analyses, debates, and conflicting positions and we attempt to capture some of the ferment in media and cultural studies today by including fresh material These changes are reflected in the expanded and revised introduction to the KeyWorks Choices were extremely difficult and we were forced to exclude much important material We appreciate comments by readers and users of the text that have helped with the revision, and the support of our Blackwell editors Jayne Fargnoli and Elizabeth Swayze Thanks, as well, to Cameron Laux and Erin Pfaff We also gratefully acknowledge the ongoing support and encouragement of our spouses and families; heartfelt thanks to Rhonda Hammer, and Frank, Sonali and Maya Durham MGD & DMK About the Editors Meenakshi Gigi Durham is Associate Professor of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Iowa She has published widely on feminist media studies and related critical approaches, especially those of race, class, and sexuality Douglas M Kellner is George F Kneller Chair in the Philosophy of Education at UCLA and is the author of many books on social theory, politics, history, and culture, including Television and the Crisis of Democracy (1990), The Persian Gulf TV War (1992), Media Culture (1995), Media Spectacle (2003), and From September 11 to Terror War (2003) Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies ix Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies: Introducing the KeyWorks Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham It is increasingly clear that media and culture today are of central importance to the maintenance and reproduction of contemporary societies Societies, like species, need to reproduce to survive, and culture cultivates attitudes and behavior that predispose people to consent to established ways of thought and conduct, thus integrating individuals into a specific socio-economic system Forms of media culture like television, film, popular music, magazines, and advertising provide role and gender models, fashion hints, lifestyle images, and icons of personality The narratives of media culture offer patterns of proper and improper behavior, moral messages, and ideological conditioning, sugar-coating social and political ideas with pleasurable and seductive forms of popular entertainment Likewise, media and consumer culture, cyberculture, sports, and other popular activities engage people in practices which integrate them into the established society, while offering pleasures, meanings, and identities Various individuals and audiences respond to these texts disparately, negotiating their meanings in complex and often paradoxical ways With media and culture playing such important roles in contemporary life, it is obvious that we must come to understand our cultural environment if we want control over our lives Yet there are many approaches to the study of media, culture, and society in separate disciplines and academic fields Often critics take a single perspective and use a specific method and theory to understand, make sense of, interpret, or criticize media and cultural texts Others eschew all methodological and theoretical critical strategies in favor of empirical description and analysis We would advocate the usefulness of a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of media, culture, and society Yet we not believe that any one theory or method is adequate to engage the richness, complexity, variety, and novelty displayed in contemporary constellations of rapidly proliferating cultural forms and new media We have therefore assembled what we consider some KeyWorks of current theories and methods for the study of the abundance and diversity of culture and media in the present age The texts we have chosen are “Key” x Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham because we believe that the perspectives and theorists which we have included in this volume are among the most significant and serviceable for engaging the forms and influences of contemporary media and culture The material in this reader provides “keys” which help unlock the domain of meaning, value, politics, and ideology in familiar forms of cultural artifacts and practices They furnish prisms which enable critical readers to see cultural texts and phenomena in a new light, generating insight into the sometimes hidden production processes and ideological constraints of media culture Key theories and methods help unlock and unveil structural codes and organizing conventions of media texts, their meanings and values, and often contradictory social and political effects Understanding culture critically also provides insight into the ways that media and culture construct gender and role models, and even identities, as the populace come to pattern their lives on the celebrities and stars of media culture These readings are also “key” in that they open novel theoretical directions and formulations of culture and society; at the time of their writing, they presented inventive and sometimes revolutionary directions in the study of media and culture The texts selected are “works” in that their methods and theories enable mediainvolved readers to engage in the activity of analysis, interpretation, criticism, and making sense of their cultural and social worlds and experiences The theories and methods presented provide tools for critical vision and practice, helping to produce active creators of meaning and interpretation, rather than merely passive audiences The KeyWorks thus empower those who wish to gain skills of media literacy, providing instruments of criticism and interpretation They provide essential elements of becoming intelligent and resourceful cultural subjects, discriminating readers, and creative users and producers of contemporary culture The texts assembled in this book can therefore help cultural consumers to become critics and creators Our introduction will accordingly attempt to demonstrate how the diverse approaches and texts that we have assembled provide valuable keys to cultural criticism and interpretation, helping to produce more competent and discriminating critics We discuss below how the specific groupings of the KeyWorks provide different approaches to the study of media and culture and point to the contributions and limitations of each perspective In this opening introduction, we accordingly furnish overviews of each distinctive way of seeing and engaging culture and media More detailed presentation of the theorists and critics we have chosen, along with explications of the key concepts, theories, and methods selected, will head each of the five sections we have delineated Theory/Method/Critique: A Multiperspectival Approach There is only a perspective seeing, only a perspective “knowing”; and the more affects we allow to speak about one thing, the more complete will our “concept” of this thing, our “objectivity,” be – Friedrich Nietzsche 748 Index photorealism, 503 Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, xxxvi, 580–1, 658–80, 683 piracy, 222, 612, 614, 713 Pirandello, Luigi, 26, 27 Pirzada women in purdah, 405 Pius XII, Pope, 115–16 Podestá Circus, 642 political economy, xii, xxvi–xxxi, 197–200; conservative hegemony, xvi, 96; and cultural studies, xxx–xxxi; and culture industry, 48–50, 66–7; and feminism, xxix–xxx; and hybrid cultures, 439–43, 633; hybridization and globalization, 663, 669–71; and mass communications, 197–8, 201–29; national development in Latin America, 626–55; and spectacle, xxiii; State Ideological Apparatuses, 79–84, 209, 210, 211; state-controlled media, xix–xx; see also capitalism; globalization political public sphere, 73 politics of hybridity, 669–71 politics and media: “audiovisual democracy,” 425–6; internet and oppositional politics, xxxvi, 581, 703–25; in Latin America, 627, 636–48; news media, 267, 268–70, 278–83 politics of representation, xxxi–xxxiii, 339–41 politics of signification, 173 polysemy, 169, 608 popular culture, 94, 251; aesthetic populism, 483–4, 508–9; black music in Brazil, 643–6; and globalization, 580; and new technologies in Latin America, 653; see also mass culture; participatory culture; populism popular press in Latin America, 646–8 populism: aesthetic populism, 483–4, 508–9; and hybrid cultures in Latin America, 423–4; media and national cultures in Latin America, 636–48; and national development in Latin America, 630, 631–6, 638 pornography and simulation, 471–2 Portantiero, J C., 635, 636 Portman, John, 508–11 postcolonialism, 520, 525, 665, 668, 689–90 Poster, Mark, xxxiv, 449–50, 533–48 postindustrial society, 483–4, 506, 507 postmodern pedagogy, xxxvii–xxxviii postmodernism: and cultural domination, 298, 309, 484–6, 512; and feminism, 449, 520–1, 525–31; globalization theories, 579, 605, 621; hybrid cultures, 436, 439–43; hybridity theories, 667–9; in late capitalism, 482–519, 605; nostalgia mode, 494–6; postmodern turn, xxxiii–xxxv, 96, 447–51; pro-modernist critiques, 520–9; transition to, 482–3; videos, 430–1 poststructuralism: and globalization, 580; hybridity theories, 667; and mass communications, 540–1 Potempkin, Harry, 563 poverty: feminization of poverty, 410; and news media propaganda, 293n Powell, Judge Lewis, 274 power: audience power, 233, 236–41, 245; obliqueness of power, 439–43; representations of “third world women,” 396–419; simulation and real, 466–71; soft power, 300, 305; see also corporate power; patriarchy; state precession of simulacra, 453, 464 preferred meanings, 169–70 press, xviii–xix, 4, 16, 27–8, 328; advertising and news media propaganda, 198, 266–70; audience as commodity, 236, 248–9, 267; Bourdieu on journalism and TV, 331–6; built-in obsolescence, 222; Disney comic strips and US imperialism, xxiii, 93–4, 122–9; industrialization, 259; and national cultures in Latin America, 646–8, 651; newspaper pricing, 236; and political economy, 207, 211, 212; political patronage, 223, 232; and public sphere, 76, 77; radical working-class press, 258–9, 267, 646–7; see also journalism pricing for audience power, 236–8 prime-time television commodity, 317 primitive: Western fascination, 366–80 print culture, xxii, 328; in developing countries, 620; medium and message, Index 749 110, 111–15; “print capitalism,” 585; and reproduction of art, 19; threat from television, 331–4; see also press private sphere: and State Ideological Apparatuses, 80; see also public sphere theory privation of history, 101, 105 Probot Productions, 569 product of media culture, 230–1 production: base and superstructure, 132–3, 207–8, 212, 252–3; critical theory as consumption, 141–2; of media culture, xxvi–xxix, xxx, 4–5, 230–1; mental production and political economy, 206, 207, 209, 213–26; national television, 697–8; political economy of mass communications, 163–4, 204–5, 206–7, 212–26; production fetishism, 595–6; productivity of text, 176–7; and simulation, 468, 470–1; and spectacle, 118, 120, 121; see also labor; mass production; modes of production professional code, 171–2 professionalism and economic reality, 215–16 profit orientation, 198 propaganda: and public sphere, 77; see also Disney comic books; news media and propaganda proverbs, 103 pseudoindividuality, 63 psychiatry: detribalization by literacy, 113 psychoanalysis: critical theory as consumption, 141–2; and film, 30–1, 339, 342–52; and simulation, 455 public information and news media, 257–8, 270–5, 280 public opinion, 5, 73–4; and Disney, 124 public service broadcasting, 210–11, 287n public sphere, xv, xviii–xix, 5, 60, 73–8, 80, 423 Pudovkin, W., 37n Pulido, González, 642–3 Pulp Fiction (film), 571, 572–3 Pulp Phantom (amateur film), 572–3 punks as subculture, 152–8 purdah system, 405, 408, 409–10 qualitative audience research, 175–81, 182 quantification of quality, 92, 102–3 Qui-Gon Show, The (amateur film), 567–8 race: constructed ethnicities, 585; creolization of culture, 666; and cultural studies, 96; and hegemony, xv; and identity, 340, 385; and ideology, xiv; racial difference and Other, 366–80 racism, xxv, xxxii, 199; cinematic treatment, 374–5; immigration in Britain, 392–3 radicals: as news media source, 274–5; working-class press, 258–9, 267, 646–7 radio, 92; audience as commodity, 236, 239–41, 248–9; as culture industry, 42, 66; and developmentalism in Latin America, 650, 651–2; and national cultures in Latin America, 638, 641–3, 651 radionovela, 642 Ramses II mummy, 459–60 rap music, 376–7 Raphael: Sistine Madonna, 36–7n Rather, Dan, 717 ratings: Bourdieu on morality of, 335–6; and commodity audience, 314–20 rationalism: and impulse purchasing, 245–6; and print culture, 112 Read, Sir John, 158 Read, W H., 692 Reagan, Ronald, xvi, 276, 277, 283n, 285n real: and simulation, 466–71, 478–9, 504; see also authenticity “real labor process,” 213 “real me,” 522–3, 524–5, 529–31 reality television, 330–1, 471–4 Rear Window (film), 350 reception theory and global media, 618, 619 recognition and ideology, 85 regionalism, 662–3, 683, 695, 699–700; see also local regulation of media, xxvi–xxvii, 265–6 Reinhardt, Max, 25 relativism, 523–4 religieuse, La (film), 359–61 750 Index religion: and hybridity, 668, 672; Ideological State Apparatus, 80, 81, 83; and public sphere, 74–5; and simulacra, 455–6, 457; and “third world women,” 405–6 Remedy (activist), 718 representation: politics of, xxxi–xxxiii, 339–41; and public sphere, 74; and simulation, 456–7; spectacle as, 117–21 Repressive State Apparatus, 79, 80–1 reproduction: of art, xvii–xviii, 4, 18–40, 221, 429–31, 507; cultural reproduction and globalization, 597–9; see also culture industries; simulation and simulacra research: retrenchment in UK, 521; see also audiences/audience research residual cultures, 137–8, 140 resistance, xxiv–xxv, 94, 96; oppositional politics and internet, 703–21; and racism, 373–7; through style, 152; to cultural imperialism, 307–9, 691 reterritorialization, 433, 438–9 reverse cultural imperialism, 607 Rheingold, Howard, 541, 542–3, 711 rhetoric: and mythologization, 92, 100–4, 147; and propaganda, 198 Ribeiro, Darcy, 629 Richards, I A., 141 Richeri, Giuseppe, 252 Ricoeur, Paul, 448 Riegl, Alois, 325 Riesman, David, 246 ritual and art, 22 Robertson, Roland, 660, 662, 665, 681, 687, 689, 690, 693, 696, 699 Rock, Paul, 356 role and stereotypes, 354 Romero, José Luis, 626, 632, 633 Romero, L A., 632 Rosaldo, Michelle, 400, 403 Rosaldo, Renato, 369, 435–6 Rosenau, James N., 663 Rosengren, Karl Erik, 178 Rosmini, Antonio (Rosmini-Serbati), 14 Ross, Andrew, 373 Rostow, W W., 110 Rouse, Roger, 435 Rowse, A L., 113–14 Roy, Jules, 99 Rubio, Kevin, 552, 565 ruling class, xiii, 3, 9–12; bourgeois as, 100–6, 157, 628–9, 633; high culture, 251; ideology of, 81, 150, 216–17; and stereotyping, 356; see also domination/ subordination; elites and culture; social class Rushdie, Salman, 525, 669 Saadawi, Nawal el, 416n sadism and film, 348–9, 350–1 Sahlins, Marshall, 462 Said, Edward, 393, 415, 669 St Paul, 84 Saint-Michel de Cuxa cloister, 460 sameness and identity, 386–7, 388, 389 Sansom, G B., 114 Sarnoff, General David, 109–10 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 92–3, 102, 502–3 satellite television, 685, 686 satellites, 476 Saudi Arabia: US in, 299, 300, 301, 307 Saussure, Ferdinand de, xxii, 146, 153 scapes of global cultural economy, 588–95, 599, 600, 605, 663 Scarry, Elaine, 376 schematism and culture industries, 44, 46, 52 Schiller, Herbert I., xxx, 95, 197, 198–9, 232, 295–310, 311 schizophrenia and signifying chain, 499–503 Schlesinger, P., 694, 698 Schmucler, H., 652–3 Schoenberg, Artur, 493 Scholes, Robert, 361 Schramm, Wilbur, 115, 311, 606 scientific management, 233 scopophilia in film, 344–5, 346, 348–52 Scott, J W., 530–1 Scream, The (Munch), 489–90, 491, 492 Screen ( journal), 176–7, 177–8, 203, 339, 342 Seaton, Jean, 258–9, 266 second media age, 534–46 Second World: cultural domination, 295, 296, 308 second-wave feminism, 317 Seekins, Steven V., 276 Index 751 selective perception, 170 self: “real me” in postmodern discourse, 522–3, 524–5, 529–31; see also identity; subjectivity Selye, Hans, 109 semiology/semiotics, xxii, 6, 70, 94, 166, 178; and subcultures, 146–7, 149, 151; see also Barthes, Roland; signs and signification semi-periphery, 663 sensationalism, 14 sensationalist press in Latin America, 646–8 sense perceptions, 21–2 sensibility, 141 separation and spectacle, 93, 117, 118, 121 separatist movements, 593–4 Séverin-Mars, 25 Sex Pistols, 154, 160–1n sexism, xiv, xxv, 199, 401; and commodity audiences, 318–19, 320 sexual difference: “third world women” construction, 398, 407, 414 sexual division of labor and “third world women,” 410–11 sexuality: and Other, 366, 367–8; postmodern feminism, 526; psychoanalysis and film, 342–52; representations of “third world women,” 401–2, 404, 409–10; repression and culture industry, 53–5; stereotyping and film, 353–65 Shadows of the Empire (amateur film), 567 Shakespeare, William: on new media, 108–9 Sharabi, Hisham, 667 shareware, 713, 714 Shevchenko, Arkady, 274 Shohat, Ella, 667–8, 669 signs and signification: encoding/ decoding, 166–73; signifying chain and postmodern, 499–501; and simulation, 456–7; and spectacle, 118; see also semiology/semiotics Simon, Julian L., 234, 238 simulation and simulacra, xxxiv, 447–8, 450, 453–81; fetishism of the consumer, 596; and postmodernism, 494, 503, 504, 507, 513; and virtual reality, 538 Sistine Madonna (Raphael), 36–7n Situationist International, 92–3, 494, 581, 720 slave labor in Brazil, 643–4 slave mentality, 116 Smith, Adam, xi Smith, Allen, 572–3 Smith, Anthony D., 665 Smith, Dana, 564 Smith, Kevin, 571–2 Smythe, Dallas W., 197, 198, 211, 230–56, 313–14, 316 Snow, C P., 113–14 soap operas, 42, 317, 690; from Brazil, 304–5, 434, 690–1 social class: base and superstructure model, 138–41; in British cultural studies, xxiv; class struggle and State Ideological Apparatus, 81; creole class in Latin America, 628–9; and cultural capital, 200, 215, 322–6; identity and cultural studies, 388–94; and mass communications, 209, 216–17; massification in Latin America, 631–6; national bourgeoisie in Latin America, 628–9; and sign, 151; see also ruling class; working classes social life and cultural studies, xxi–xxvi, 91–7 social movements: in Latin America, 631–6, 637–8; oppositional politics and internet, xxxvi, 581, 709–20 social networking portals, 708, 715–20 social self: feminism and postmodernism, 529 social software, 719–20 social transformation, xxiv social types, 355, 363 social welfare state and public sphere, 77–8 socialism, 515–16 society of the spectacle, xxii–xxiii, 92–3, 117–21 sociology: Bourdieu on, 334–5; global sociology, 675 soft power, 300, 305 solidarity and identity, 387, 388, 389 Some of my Best Friends Are (film), 363–4 Sontag, Susan, 504 Sorel, Georges, 17n 752 Index sources of information, 257–8, 270–5, 280 South America see Latin America space: hybrid spaces, 664 “space race,” 475–6 Spain: political activism, 706, 707, 711–12 special effects in amateur Star Wars films, 565, 566, 568, 570 spectacle, xxii–xxiii, 92–3, 117–21 spectators see audiences; spectacle Spielberg, Steven, 565 Spinoza, Baruch, 86 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 522, 527, 529 spontaneity and culture industry, 42–3, 44 spoof film trailers, 562–3; see also parody sporting events: spectators, xviii; sponsorship, 305–6 Squeff, E., 629 Sreberny(-Mohammadi), Annabelle, 580, 604–25 stage acting, 26 Star Wars film series: and media convergence, 553–4; participatory culture, 448, 549–52, 554, 558–73, 574 stars: “death of the subject,” 496; and gay stereotyping in film, 361–2 state: audience as commodity, 233; and nation, 593–4, 626–7, 628–31; national television, 695–8; as news information source, 257–8, 270–5, 280, 283n; patronage of cultural production, 222, 223–4, 225–6; and propaganda in media, 198; and public sphere, 73–4, 75; regulation of media, xxvi–xxvii, 202, 265–6; state-controlled broadcasting, xix–xx, 209, 257; subaltern groups, 13–14; see also nation-states State Apparatus (SA), 79 State Ideological Apparatuses, 6, 79–84, 209, 210, 211 state-monopoly capitalism, xvi, xix statements of fact, 103 Steedman, Carolyn, 522 Steeve, H Leslie, 312 Stephenson, Marylee, 247 stereotyping and film, xxxii, xxxiii, 339–40, 353–65 Sterling, Claire, 273, 274, 281 Sternberg, Josef von, 349 Stone, A R., 543 Straubhaar, Joseph, 581, 681–702 Stravinsky, Igor, 493–4 “stress” theory of disease, 109 structural hybridization, 662–5, 675 structural Marxism, xx, structuralism, xx, 6, 142, 500, 523; French critical theory, xxii structuration theory and world television, 681, 685–9, 696–8, 700 style/stylization: in culture industries, 46, 47–8; in subcultures, 151–2, 154–5, 155–6 subaltern groups, xv, 13–14, 441 subcultures, xxiv–xxv, 95–6, 151–8; internet activism, 708–9, 721 subjectivity: and audience research, 183–5; and culture industries, 42, 44; feminist theory and postmodernism, 525–31; identity and cultural studies, 384–6; individuals and ideology, 84–7; and mass communications, 541–2; of mythologist, 105; and State Ideological Apparatuses, 82–4; Western feminism and “third world women,” 413–14 sublime in postmodernism, 504–5, 507, 515 subordination see domination/subordination Sunday Bloody Sunday (film), 361, 362 Sunkel, Guillermo, 632, 646–8 superficiality of postmodern, 489 superstructures, 15, 18–19; see also base and superstructure supervision and public sphere, 76 surplus value, 223–5, 250 Surrealism, 160n surveillance: and internet, 537, 709, 712, 716–17; and “verité” television, 472–3 Sweezy, P., 232 symbolic capital, 200 Symbolic order, 343, 348, 351, 519 syncopation, 63 syncretism, 667–9, 689–90 synecdoche and gay stereotyping, 358 synergy strategies, 552, 553 Synge, J M., 113 taboos, 153 Tarantino, Quentin, 571, 572–3 Tasaday people as simulacra, 457–8 Index 753 taste, 141, 200, 322–3, 324–6 tautology, 92, 102, 119 technology, xxvii; anti-design, 654–5; and culture industries, 42; and globalization, 589–90, 608–9, 685–6; media convergence, 553–4; media effects, 618–19, 654; and postmodernism, xxxiv, 505–7, 513; see also new technologies technopolitics, 721n technoscapes, 589–90, 605 Telefon Hirmondó, 540 telenovela, 615, 687, 691 telephone, 42, 540; see also cell phones television, 92; advertising and news media, 268–70; American model and globalization, 692–3; audience as commodity, 236–41, 248–9, 268, 314–20; Bourdieu on, 328–36; corporate power, 202–3; and cultural imperialism, 297, 304–9, 607–8, 614–16, 682, 692–3, 699; as culture industry, 43–4; and developmentalism in Latin America, 650–2; economic factors and technology, 686; encoding/decoding of message, 164–5, 169–73, 177, 190n; and globalization, 581, 681–700; mass communications studies, xxi, 210–11, 212, 216; multilevel approach to globalization, 682–5; national programming, 696–8; national television and globalization, 581, 684–5, 686–7, 690–1, 693–4, 695–700; national television production, 697–8; news ownership, 260; politics of audience research, 95, 174–94; programming quotas, 613–14; programming track record, 316, 688–9; ratings, 314–20, 335–6; research on effects, 115; and simulation, 471–4; structural analysis of world television, 685–7, 696–8 temporality see time/temporality Terni, P., 170 Terrero, Patricia, 641 territorial culture, 672, 673 terrorism: experts on, 273–4; internet sites, 712; war on terror, 704, 705–6, 712, 713 text messaging and activism, 706, 707, 711–12 Thatcher, Margaret, xvi theatre: bourgeoisie and myth, 102–3 Theatre of Cruelty, 479 Theobald, Robert, 110 theoria, xi theory, x–xiii; and audience research, 230–1; critical theory, xii, 141–2, 512–19 Third World: cultural domination, 295, 296, 308; global and local in international communications, 604–21; “third world difference,” 398, 414, 415; “third world women,” 340–1, 396–419; use of term, 416n; see also colonization; cultural imperialism; development theory; Latin America Thomas, Clive Y., 232 Thompson, E P., xxv, 94, 147, 205, 340, 389–90, 391, 393 ThumbWars (film), 571 Tie-Tanic (amateur film), 567 Tijuana, Mexico, 436–8 Time Warner Inc., xxix, 610, 613–14 time/temporality: and globalization, 687; and hybridization, 664, 675–6; and postmodern, 499–504; and virtual reality, 538; see also nostalgia; periodization Tinker, Grant, 268 Tinker, Irene, 406 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 49, 111–12 Tomlinson, John, 660, 661, 671, 684, 687, 692, 698, 699 Torgovnick, Marianna, 366–7, 374 Total Information Awareness project, 709 totality of social practices, 133–5 town-planning, 41 Toynbee, Arnold, 114–15 toys: action figure films, 567, 568–71 Tracy, Destutt de, 17n trade barriers and global media flows, 613–14 tragedy and culture industry, 61–2, 63 Trailervision.com, 562–3 transdisciplinary theory, xxxvii–xxxviii translocal culture, 672–3, 674 transnational corporate cultural domination, 297–309 transnationalization and developmentalism in Latin America, 649–55 754 Index tribal culture and literacy, 113 Trooperclerks (amateur film), 572 Tunstall, Jeremy, 615 Turkey: guest-workers, 592, 695; and news media propaganda, 279–80 Turkle, Sherry, 449, 450 Tweeds catalogue, 372–3 types and stereotyping in film, 354, 355–7 Ukiyo school, 672 unions in Latin America, 635–6 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 302, 606, 611, 613, 616–17, 684, 692–3 United Nations International Conferences on Women, 416n United States: cultural domination, 295–310, 580, 586, 587, 684, 692; Disney comic strips and imperialism, xxiii, 93–4, 122–9; Disneyland as simulacra, 460–2; global media firms, 611–12; and internet, 537; political imperialism, 299–301, 671; presidents and simulation, 462–3, 465–6, 468–9; television model and globalization, 692–3; see also Americanization; cultural imperialism universalism: and globalization, 659; responses of religion, 459; “third world women,” 409–12, 414 Until the End of the World (film), 545–6 urbanization: and discontinuity in Latin America, 628; and hybrid cultures, 422–44, 633; hybrid sites in Latin America, 664; massification and populism in Latin America, 423–4, 631–6; see also cities Urry, John, 588 uses and gratifications research, 176, 178–81, 185, 186 Utopian in art of Van Gogh, 487, 489 utterance and new technologies, 544, 545 Valéry, Paul, 20, 39n Van Gogh, Vincent, 491; Peasant Shoes, 486–9 VandenBerghe, Jason, 569 Vargas, Getulio, 634 Vargas Llosa, Mario, 641 Varis, Tapio, 614, 692–3, 695 Vasconcelos, José, 630–1 Veblen, Thorstein, 246 veil in Muslim societies, 409–10, 620 Venturi, Robert, 483 “verité” television, 471–4 Verón, Eliseo, 425 Vertigo (film), 350–1 Victim (film), 361, 362 victimization of women, 401–2 video store aesthetic, 572 videocassette recorders, 430; and amateur filmmaking, 555, 563–4 videos: games, 431; and hybrid cultures, 430–1, 432; hyperreality, 545–6; piracy, 614; video industry, 203 Vietnam war, 277, 477–8, 511–12 violence: audience research, 166, 202; gendered violence in media, 598; Repressive State Apparatus, 79, 80–1; sympathy for perpetrator, 113; and “third world women,” 401–2, 409 virtual reality, 449–50, 538–40, 545–6; virtual communities, 541–3, 556, 719; see also internet Volosinov, V N., 149, 151, 168 voyeurism and film, 344–5, 348–9, 350–2 Walkerdine, Valerie, 189 Wallerstein, I., 688 war: aesthetics and politics, 34; medium and message, 116; Vietnam as postmodern war, 511–12 War on Terror, 704, 705–6, 712, 713 Warblogging, 716 wardriving, 713 “warez,” 713 Warhol, Andy, 491; Diamond Dust Shoes, 488–9 Watchblogs, 717–18 Watergate scandal, 448, 462–3, 469 Waters, John, 378 Watt, Ian, 361 Web see World-Wide Web Welles, Orson, 47, 251 Wellner, Damon, 569 Weltanschauung and spectacle, 118 Wenders, Wim, 545–6 Werfel, Franz, 25 Index 755 Western feminist discourse and “third world women,” 396–419 westernization: globalization and modernity, 659–61; resistance to, 691; see also Americanization; cultural imperialism; ethnocentrism white supremacy: desire and Other, 366–9, 371 “white writing,” 498 wi-fi technology, 713, 718 Wikipedia, 719 wikis, 708, 715, 718–19 Williams, Raymond, xxiv; base and superstructure, 94, 130–43, 206–7, 214; culture and society, 144, 145, 147, 486; and demand management, 232; identification, 390; political economy and mass communications, 201–2, 206–7, 328, 646; Smythe on, 253–4n; working-class culture, xxv–xxvi, 94, 145–6 Williamson, Kevin, 571, 572 Willis, Paul, 189 Winant, Howard, 375 wire services, 284n wireless technology and activism, 713, 718 Wishnow, Jason, 549, 552, 568 Without You I’m Nothing (film), 378–80 WNET (TV station), 268 Wolf, Eric, 599 Wölfflin, Heinrich, 325 women: as category of analysis, 399–416; and cultural reproduction, 598; and culture industry, 53, 57; internet politics, 706; psychoanalysis and film, 339, 342–52; representations, 340–1; “third world women,” 396–419 “women of Africa” construction, 402–3 Women in International Development (WID) school, 401, 406–8 work: audience work, 230–1, 233, 239, 243–4, 246–51; and simulation, 470–1; see also housework/housewives; labor; production Workers’ Educational Association, 114 working classes: in Frankfurt school critical theory, xvii; identity and cultural studies, 388–90, 391–4; and political economy of mass communications, 209, 215; populism in Latin America, 630, 631–6; radical press, 258–9, 267, 646–7; and “the Other,” 367; working-class culture and British cultural studies, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 94, 145–6 World Bank, 606 World Health Organization (WHO), 302 world-system theory, 659 world television, 681–700 World Wide Web, 543–4; extremist sites, 712; participatory culture, 555–6, 560–74; social networking, 715–20; see also internet Wright Mills, C., 175 Yahoo, 709 youth subcultures, xxiv–xxv, 95–6, 151–8 Zanuck, Darryl F., 47 Zed Press Women series, 399, 412 Zeldin, Theodore, 646 Zhdanovism, 105, 516 Zimmerman, Patricia R., 563–4 Allie Allie Allie Allie Allie Allie Allie ... of leading theories, methods, and themes within the terrain of media and cultural studies Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies xxi Social Life and Cultural Studies But certainly for the... Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies ix Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies: Introducing the KeyWorks Douglas M Kellner and Meenakshi Gigi Durham It is increasingly clear that media and culture... Braziel and Anita Mannur Adventures in Media and Cultural Studies iii Media and Cultural Studies KeyWorks Revised Edition Edited by Meenakshi Gigi Durham and Douglas M Kellner iv Douglas M Kellner and