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Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com architecture as revolution www.Ebook777.com architecture as revolution by luis e carranza Foreword by Jorge Francisco Liernur episodes in the history of modern mexico roger fullington series in architecture University of Texas Press austin Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Publication of this book was made possible in part by support from Roger Fullington and a challenge grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Copyright © 2010 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2010 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713-7819 www.utexas.edu/utpress/about/bpermission.html ∞ The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper) library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Carranza, Luis E., 1968– Architecture as revolution : episodes in the history of modern Mexico / by Luis E Carranza ; foreword by Jorge Francisco Liernur — 1st ed p cm — (Roger Fullington series in architecture) Includes bibliographical references and index isbn 978-0-292-72195-1 (cloth : alk paper) Architecture and society—Mexico—History— 20th century Modernism (Aesthetics)—Mexico— History—20th century Architecture—Mexico— History—20th century Mexico—History— Revolution, 1910–1920—Monuments I Title II Title: Episodes in the history of modern Mexico na2543.s6c35 2010 720.1'0309720904—dc22 2009053617 www.Ebook777.com For Denise Alison Clemente [La historia hay que leerla] como si se estuviera en reuniones familiares en la cocina al amor de los fogones Ahí es frecuente que la tradición desfigure la historia para hacer leyendas; que la historia recobre su sentido popular tan olvidado; que las diosas del séptimo arte aparezcan vivitas y coleando y que en las noches de plenilunio se tiemble la sombra del padre sin cabeza carmen vázquez mantecón, prologue to sucedió en san ángel: viđetas históricas, by ernesto vázquez lugo Foreword ix by Jorge Francisco Liernur Acknowledgments introduction xiii Mexico, Modernity, and Architecture after the Revolution if walls could talk 14 José Vasconcelos’ Raza Cósmica and the Building for the Secretaría de Educación Pública la ciudad falsificada 56 The Avant-Garde and the Literary City colonizing the colonizer contents 86 The Mexican Pavilion at the 1929 Ibero-American Exposition against a new architecture 118 Juan O’Gorman and the Disillusionment of Modernism monumentalizing the revolution Notes 201 Bibliography Illustration credits Index 237 225 236 168 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com english-speaking readers have not had many opportunities to learn about the architectural culture that characterized Mexico as a result of its Revolution It is not strange, therefore, that the reaction to the book that one is about to read could be similar to that of the anonymous prologue writer of the first book dealing with this theme, now a classic, The New Architecture in Mexico, with wonderful photographs by Esther Born and essays by Justino Fernández The comments began by noting that “this book shows modern architecture in Mexico, chiefly in Mexico City” and that if “the quantity of it comes as a surprise the energy displayed and the up-to-the-minute quality are doubly astonishing.” In 1961, Max Cetto’s Architecture in Modern Mexico reintroduced some of the buildings known through Born’s book The focus of Cetto’s book, however, was not much different from that of its predecessor, as it stressed the importance of the built work over the ideas or debates behind it Through a collection of essays written by various authors covering a period of a halfcentury, Edward Burian’s Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico (1997) provides an opportunity to learn particular aspects of that culture Among the essayists, Antonio Mendez-Vigatá specifically discusses the impact of the Revolution and its politics on architecture In 2007 Patrice Elizabeth Olsen released her Artifacts of Revolution: Architecture, Society, and Politics in Mexico City, 1920–1940 In it, the author extracts clues from Mexico City’s urban context and selected buildings that allow her to explain important aspects of the society and politics of the period analyzed In relation to these earlier works, the present book focuses on Mexican architectural foreword production as an expression of the idea of the Revolution This is at the center of Luis E Carranza’s reflections and not “What is the architecture of the Revolution?” Instead, and above all, the author asks, “What is the Revolution?” or, more precisely, “What are the complex and multiple expressions of the myth of the Revolution, and how are these revealed in the equally multiple approaches present in the architectural culture of Mexico in those years?” This is an enormous and ambitious effort that, challenging typical discussions of stylistic appearances, goes beyond them in order to discover the intentions and unexpected aspects of the multifaceted character of that myth Here, Carranza examines the problematic relationships between the “revolution of life,” the “revolution in politics and the state,” and the “revolution in art.” These not necessarily coincide in aims and even less in time What is more, the author shows how an occasional happy concurrence of these facets of revolution does not in itself lead to “happy” results for the people or for architecture The “Mexican” lesson reveals its importance within the historical context of modern architecture in Latin America, given that in no other country can we find such an intense and radical series of architectural positions In Mexico these not only varied but also opposed each other with similar vehemence In this way, if indigenist, Hispanist, or avantgardist positions were supported with vigor from the various levels of the revolutionary state, they were also supported with equal rigor from those modernizing sectors that, with no less intensity, saw the United States as a model to imitate In other Latin American countries, “revolution” was a word that called architects as well as other cultural producers to action There we can find similar positions to those explored in Mexico What cannot be found, however, is a similar superimposition of ver- www.Ebook777.com jorge fr ancisco liernur ——— Marxism and Communism in TwentiethCentury Mexico Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992 Carranza, Luis E “Chopin to the Electric Chair!: The Mexican Avant-Garde and the Revolutionized City.” In Transculturation: Cities, Spaces, and Architectures in Latin America Amsterdam: Rodolpi, 2005 ——— “Contemplating Reason.” Casabella, May 2001 ——— “Narciso Bassols y Juan O’Gorman: La utopía arquitectónica del Nuevo Estado.” Block (2001) Carrillo Azpeitia, Rafael Pintura 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Originally published 1901 Zanco, Federica, ed Luis Barragán: The Quiet Revolution Milan: Skira, 2001 Zea, Leopoldo El positivismo en México Mexico City: Ediciones Studium, 1953 Zurián, Carla Fermín Revueltas: Constructor de espacios Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, 2002 235 www.Ebook777.com We thank those individuals, families, and institutions that have authorized us to reproduce their images We regret, however, that in some cases, it was not possible to contact the rights holders of some of these images The author has made every effort to respect the rights of the right holders illustration credits Albertina, Vienna: 5.5 Jorge Ramón Alva de la Canal: 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.13, 2.15, 2.16, 2.18 The Architectural Record: 4.10, 4.12, 4.13, 4.23– 4.27, 4.29, 4.31, 4.33 © 2008 Artist Rights Society (ars), New York/ adagp, Paris/flc: 4.32 © 2009 Banco de México Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Av Cinco de Mayo No 2, Col Centro, Del Cuauhtémoc 06059, México, D.F.: 1.23, 1.24, 1.25 Luis E Carranza: 1.23, 4.3, 4.14, 4.15, 4.22, 4.27, 4.30, 5.2, 5.9, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.15, 16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24 cemex: 4.4 © Jean Charlot Estate llc, With the permission of the Jean Charlot Estate llc: 2.5, 2.6 Gilberto Chen: 5.25, 5.26 Colección Ing Silvestre Revueltas: 5.25, 5.26 Le Courrier de l’Exposition: 3.3, 3.4 Mireya Cueto: 2.1, 5.6, 5.14 Edificios Construidos por la Secretaría de Educación Pública: 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 1.10–1.12, 1.14– 1.22, 1.26–1.28 Archivo Histórico Fundidora, Parque Fundidora: 5.3 gta archiv/eth Zurich, Bequest of Hans Schmidt: 4.34, 4.35 Victor Hinojosa: 4.36 Ashley Hyatt: 3.5, 4.11, 5.26 conaculta.-inah.-mex (Reproducción Autorizada por el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia): 4.36 Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes: 1.13 Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes, Dirección de Arquitectura y Conservación del Patrimonio Artístico Inmueble: 1.4, 4.5, 4.7, 5.7, 5.8 Elizabeth Lessig: 1.5, 1.8, 3.2, 4.16–4.21 Eric List: 2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.12, 2.17 El Maestro: Revista de Cultura Nacional: 1.2, 1.29, 1.30 Mireya Maples Vermeersch: 2.5 Esther McCoy Papers, 1896–1989, Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institute: 4.1, 4.2 María Elena O’Gorman Carstensen: 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 4.28, 5.1 El Pabellón de Mexico en la Exposición IberoAmericana de Sevilla: 3.1, 3.6–3.19 Maynard Parker, Photographer Courtesy of the Huntington Library, San Marino, California: 4.2 Museo de Arte Moderno, conaculta, inba: 5.1 Museo Nacional de Arte, conaculta, inba: 2.2, 2.11, 2.14 Museo Nacional de la Revolución: 5.4 Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations abc Group, 164 Aburto, Álvaro, 153 Academia de San Carlos, 7, 122, 138, 207n113 academic vs technical architecture, 153, 156–157, 214n24 Acevedo, Jesús T., 32–34, 35, 207n105; definition of Mexican architecture, 33, 206n90 Actual No 1, 60–64, 61, 212n33 Adorno, Theodor, 12, 165–166; “Functionalism Today,” 161 “Ahora más que nunca,” 124, 127 Alba Guadarrama, Ramón, 150 Almeida Crespo, Cirilo: Simón Bolivar, 31, 44, 44 Alva de la Canal, Ramón, 61, 74, 75, 77, 78 Alva de la Canal, Ramón, works by: El Café de Nadie, 79, 79; Chimeneas, 78, 78; El movimiento estridentista (cover for), 82; Postes, 78, 78; Radiópolis, 80–81, 81, 83, 84; El viajero en el vértice (cover for), 76; Viñeta estridentista, 79, 80 Alvarado, Salvador, 113 Amábilis, Manuel, 8, 13, 87, 90, 95–112, 114, 115–117, 131, 153; and the Pláticas sobre Arquitectura, presentation for, 99–100; regulating lines in Maya architecture, analysis of, 98–99, 98, 215n32 Amábilis, Manuel, works by: La arquitectura precolombina de México, 95–99, 105–106; Donde, 100–101; Mística de la Revolución Mexicana, 101–102; El Pabellón de México en la Exposición Ibero-Americana de Sevilla, 90, 103–105, 112 Amauta, 113, 216n71 American Houses Inc., 159–161 Amero, Emilio, 74 Anderson, Stanford, 165 Anza, Antonio M., 93 See also Mexican Pavilion (Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889) Apollonian and Dionysian, 18 Aragón Echeagaray, Enrique, 13, 187, 189–193, 198–199 See also Monument to Álvaro Obregón Arlt, Roberto, 115 Arquitecto, El (Mexico), 124–125, 151–153, 220n82 art: collective reception of, 48–50, 57, 71; communicability of, 8, 49, 169 (see also Estridentismo) Artaria, Paul, 164 See also Schmidt and Artaria “Arte a Máquina,” 127 Asor Rosa, Alberto, 10 Asúnsolo, Ignacio, 13, 15, 38–39, 187–194, 224n53 See also Monument to Álvaro Obregón Asúnsolo, Ignacio, works by: Álvaro Obregón, 190; Apollo and Dionysus flanking Minerva, 31, 40, 41, 55; Eagle, 189; Raza Blanca, 38, 40, 207n114; Sacrifice, 188, 189; Triumph, 188, 189; Work and Fecundity, 188, 189 Ateneo de la Juventud, 6, 17, 32, 201n5, 202nn3–4 Atlantis: Maya as descendants, 97–99; myth of, 95–96, 97–99, 105, 112, 115, 116; and Vasconcelos, used by, 24–25, 208n115; avant-garde: definition, 4, 11, 15, 57, 60–61; and ideology, 11; and negativity, 10, 57–58; similarity of Mexican and European, 97, 116, 130; techniques, 196 Azuela, Mariano, 6, 82–83; Los de abajo, 6, 82, 195; and Estridentistas, influence of, 82–83; La malhora, 82 Barragán, Luis, 158 Barreda, Gabino, 21 Barthes, Roland, 65 Bassols, Narciso, 144–148, 150, 151, 152, 178, 179; on utopian value of architecture, 145 Batres, Leopoldo, 93 Baxter, Sylvester, 35, 206n100, 207nn106–107 Behne, Adolf: The Modern Functionalist Building, 139 Benjamin, Walter, 8, 11, 212n29; “Author as Producer,” 49; on the perception of art, 23, 54–55 Bernard, Emile, 173, 175; Legislative Palace, 174 Best Maugard, Adolfo, 42, 47, 53 Blas Miya, Alarife See Amábilis, Manuel Borges, Jorge Luis, 70, 115 Brenner, Anita, 158; Your Mexican Holiday (1932), 130; Your Mexican Holiday (1935), 130 Bürger, Peter, 12; Theory of the Avant-Garde, 11, 62 Calles, Plutarco Elias, 171, 177–178, 181, 184; influence (see Maximato) Calquetzani, Tepoztecaconetzin See Rodríguez, Francisco Campos, Mauricio M., 153 Cárdenas, Lazaro, 179, 185, 188 Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 113–114, 209n134 Castellanos, Julio, 150 caudillismo, 170–171, 177, 178, 184, 193–194, 196, 199 Çelik, Zeynep, 87 Cemento, 125–126, 128, 217n22 Centro Educativo Belisario Domínguez, 35–36 Centro Escolar Revolución, 150 Centurión, Manuel, 15, 31, 38–39 Centurión, Manuel, works by: Architecture, 39, 40; Culture of India, 38, 39; Greek Culture, 38; Mexican Culture, 38; Spanish Culture, 38, 39 Charlot, Jean, 47, 48, 61, 74, 75; Urbe, illustrations for, 69, 73, 73, 77 Charnay, Désiré, 93, 214n14 Chávez, Carlos, 47, 208n133 Chichén Itzá, 106–108 Contemporáneos, Córdova, Arnaldo, 9, 11, 221n125 creacionismo, 8, 60, 62, 66 See also Huidobro, Vicente cubism, 77, 79, 97 index architecture as revolution Cueto, Germán, 175–176, 185, 223n23, 224n53 Cueto, Germán, works by: Estridentopolis en 1975, 59–60, 59, 73, 81; Monument to Álvaro Obregón project, 185, 186; Monument to the Revolution project, 176, 176 Cuevas, José Luis, 130–131, 137 Dadaism, 76 Das Neue Frankfurt, 165 de la Cueva, Amado, 47, 48 de la Paz Pérez, Gonzalo: El fascismo y el clero contra la cultura, 136 de la Torre, Guillermo, 60 Dewey, John: American pragmatism of, 21 See also Vasconcelos, José: and Dewey’s educational system, critique of Díaz, Porfirio, 3, 173; approach to art and architecture, 5, 124–125, 198; dictatorship, 3, 7, 9, 16, 18, 29, 58, 92–93 disinterested experience, 20–23, 26–27, 35, 41, 49, 52; and contemplation, 20 division of labor: separation of art from life, 11, 15, 20, 74 Duiker, Jan, 164 Edificación, 159 Eliade, Mircea, 200 Elizondo, José, 184 El Lissitzky: Tatlin Working on the Monument, 79; The Constructor, 79 Escuela Nacional de Arquitectura, 131 Estridentismo, 6, 7, 12, 57–85, 148, 175–176; and city, 59, 73–74; and communicability of art, 81, 213n46; exhibition at Café de Nadie, 74–76, 75; members, 60, 74–76, 77; and metropolitan environment, 67–74, 82; and perception, transformation of, 62, 76, 77, 80, 85; and plastic arts, 61, 74–82; reconceptualization of art, 65; Second Manifesto, 65, 77; techniques, 63–67; and typography, use of, 66–67 Fanon, Frantz, 88 Fernández, Justino, 91 Flores, Pablo, 131 Ford, Henry, 161 Forestier, Jean-Claude Nicolas, 89 Forma (Mexico), 133 Foucault, Michel, 169 Frente a Frente, 84, 159, 213n56 functionalism, 13, 99–100, 119, 135, 136–138, 151– 158, 220n103; history of, in Mexico, 119–131 Futurism, 60, 62–64, 71, 72, 77, 79 238 Galindo, Juan, 153 Gallardo, Salvador, 60, 75 Gamio, Manuel, 90–92, 95, 96; Forjando patria, 90–92 García Canclini, Nestor, 4, 58; on modernity in Latin America, 4, Garnier, Tony, 134 Gill, Irving, 125, 217n16 Gómez Echeverría, José, 124 González, Xavier, 74 Granados de la Vega, José, 90 Gran Comisión de Patronato del Monumento a la Revolución, 172, 178, 185 Grupo ¡30-30!, 83, 213nn51–52 Guerrero Galván, Jesús, 150 Guerrero, Xavier, 47 Guzmán, Martín Luis: El águila y la serpiente, 196; La sombra del caudillo, 196 hispanoamericanismo, 114–115 history, monumentalizing of, 169–170 Horizonte, 77, 81 Huidobro, Vicente, 60, 62–63, 211n10; Epoch of Creation, 63 See also creacionismo Ibero-American Exposition (1929), 87–90, 114–115; character of, 89–90; grounds, 89–90, 90, 213n5; Parque María Luisa, 89; Plaza de América, 89; Plaza de España (Seville), 89 See also Mexican Pavilion (Ibero-American Exhibition in Seville) ideology: and architecture, 119–123, 158, 201n15; of concrete construction, 144; of functionalism, 160–67 indigenismo, 113 International Expositions: character of, 87–89 Irradiador, 77 Jiménez, Víctor, 199 Jitrik, Noé, 169–170 Katzman, Israel, 103, 125–126 Kinney, Leila, 87 Kristeva, Julia, 211n23 La Bombilla, 184 Lasso de la Vega, Rafael, 60 Laugier, Marc Antoine, 99 Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret), 13, 62, 129, 135, 136, 139, 160, 164; Amédée Ozenfant House and Studio, 141, 162, 163; Maison Citrohan, 141, 162; Vers une architecture, 7, 134, 189 Legarreta, Juan, 119, 153, 216n4, 219n70 Leighton, Fredric W., 48–49 Léon Toral, José de, 184 L’Espirit Nouveau (Paris), 62 Liernur, Jorge Francisco, 23, 35 Liga de Artistas y Escritores Revolucionarios (lear), 83–84, 114, 151, 159 List Arzubide, Germán, 59–60, 64, 75; Ciudad Número 1, 68–69, 68; El movimiento estriden- tista, 74; El viajero en el vértice, 66, 77, 78 Lombardo Toledano, Vicente, 9, 159, 172, 198, 219n75, 222n13 Loos, Adolf, 125, 175; Town Hall in Mexico City, 175, 175, 222n18 López Rangel, Rafael, 154 Lukács, Georg, 21 Lunacharskii, Anatolii, 21, 52–54, 202n26 Lund, Macody: Ad Quadratum, 98 Macedo y Arbeu, Enrique, 32, 52, 205n84 Machete, El (Mexico), 122 Madero, Francisco I., 3, 31, 175 Malevich, Kazimir, 185 Mallarmé, Stephane: Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard, 66–67 Maples Arce, Manuel, 57, 60–64, 75, 79, 81, 198; Canción desde un aeroplano, 67; function of art, 57, 81; Prisma, 66; Urbe: Super-poema bolchevique en cantos, 69–74, 69 See also Actual No Mariátegui, José Carlos, 112–113 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, 60, 65, 73; Futurist Manifesto, 63; Mots en Liberté, 66 Mariscal, Federico E., 32–34, 153, 177; on the resurrection of colonial architecture, 33 Marquina, Ignacio, 95, 102, 103 Martínez, Oliverio, 181–182, 223n47 Martínez, Oliverio, works by: La independencia, 183, Las leyes agrarias, 183; Las leyes de reforma, 183; Las leyes obreras (Redemption of the Worker), 182, 183 Marx, Karl, 144 Massieu, Wilfredo: Instituto Técnico, 29 Maximato, 171–173, 184 Maya: socialist tendencies, 13, 112–113, 216n69, 216n73 Méndez, Leopoldo, 61, 74, 76, 77; cover for Horizonte, 80, 81 Méndez Rivas, Federico, 15, 30–32, 52, 205n80 Mendiola, Vicente, 126 Mérida, Carlos, 15; Caperucita Roja, 49, 50 mestizaje, 6, 28, 92 metropolis, 4; Estridentista interest in, 85; metropolitan experience, 196; and perception/ individual, effects on, 57, 58–59 Mexican Folkways, 151 Mexican Pavilion (Ibero-American Exhibition in Seville), 13, 87–117, 88, 104–110; competition for, 102–103, 215n49, 215n56; description of project, 105–112; Itza project, 87, 103, 104 Mexican Pavilion (Paris Universal Exhibition, 1867), 93, 116 Mexican Pavilion (Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889), 93–95, 94 Mexican Revolution, 3, 11, 177–178, 201n1; contradictions of, 9; educational needs after, 17; effects on architectural publications, 123–130; effects on architecture, 7–8, 11–13, 96–97, 122, 127, 213n55; ideology of, 197; influence of, 70, 95, 100–102; sublimation of, 224n77 Meyer, Hannes, 220n99 miscegenation, 25, 27 Moctezuma, Mariano, 141 Modernismo, 65, 69; defined, 5–6 Modotti, Tina, 61, 77 Montenegro, Roberto, 15, 31, 41–47, 51, 52 Montenegro, Roberto, works by: Alegoría del mundo indígena, 45–47, 46; Arbol de la Vida, 42; Descanso y Trabajo, 44–45, 45; Rito Budista, 42–43, 43; Rito Cristiano, 43–44, 43 Monument to Álvaro Obregón; 13, 173, 184–194, 185–191, 193, 199–200 See also Aragón Echeagaray, Enrique; Asúnsolo, Ignacio; Cueto, Germán; Revueltas, Fermín Monument to the Revolution, 8, 13, 169, 172–184, 173, 181, 182, 199–200, 224n50 See also Martínez, Oliverio; Obregón Santacilia, Carlos Moro, Cesar: Armando Zegri, 79, 79 Muñoz, Antonio, 175 index Negri, Antonio, 9–10; “Keynes and the Capitalist Theory of the State,” neocolonial architecture, 125, 130; in California, 35, 207n104, 217n16; Vasconcelos’ interest in, 32 neo-Porfirismo, 9, 172, 198 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 28, 200; Birth of Tragedy, 18, 41 Novel of the Revolution, 194, 196, 197 Obregón, Álvaro, 170–171, 173, 184–194 Obregón Santacilia, Carlos, 13, 103, 131, 132–133, 135, 152–153, 173–177, 179–184, 198–199, 201n1; Centro Educativo Benito Juárez, 29, 30, 125, 132; Edificio Santacilia, 132, 132, 135, 218n51; El maquinismo, la vida y la arquitectura, 179–182; El monumento a la Revolución, 180–184 See also Monument to the Revolution Observador, El (Mexico), 175 October group, 138 O’Gorman, Juan, 7, 13, 119–123, 129–167; “Arquitectura capitalista y arquitectura socialista,” 159, 160–161; “Arquitectura técnica versus arquitectura tradicionalista,” 159–160; disillusionment with architecture, 119, 158–161, 221n112, 221n122; on functionalism, 141–144, 154–158, 220n99 O’Gorman, Juan, works by: Julio Castellanos House and Studio, 164, 164; Cinematographers Union Headquarters, 151; La Ciudad de México, 169–170, 170, 200, 222n1; ctm Headquarters, 151; Escuela Técnica Tres Gue- 239 architecture as revolution rras, 149; Ernesto Martínez de Alba House, 135–136, 136; Cecil O’Gorman House, 119, 136–137, 137–139, 141, 164; Juan O’Gorman House (Pedregal), 119, 120–121; Retablo de la independencia, 166; Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo Studio, 138–141, 139–140, 142–143, 148, 162, 162; school designs for the sep, 129, 144–151, 146–148, 150; student project, 132, 133; Frances Toor House, 151; unam Library, 119, 121, 166–167 O’Higgins, Pablo, 150 ornamentation, critique of, 143–144, 147 Orozco, José Clemente, 52 Ortiz Hernán, Gustavo, 123; Chimeneas, 123 Ortiz Monasterio, Manuel, 141, 153 Ortiz Rubio, Pascual, 172 Pacheco, Máximo, 74, 150, 219n79 Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of Fine Arts), 177 Palacio Legislativo (Legislative Palace), 130, 169, 173–177 See also Bernard, Emile Palafox, Silvano, 153 Pallares, Alfonso, 125; “La Revolución y la arquitectura,” 125; and Vasconcelos, critique of, 32 Pani, Alberto, 175, 176–179, 181; La Higiene en México, 133–134 Partido Nacional Revolucionario (pnr), 170–172, 178, 180 Partido Revolucionario Institucional (pri), 9, 170–173 Paz, Octavio, Peimbert, Angel, 175 Peñafiel, Antonio, 93 See also Mexican Pavilion (Paris Universal Exhibition, 1889) Perret, Auguste, 132 Pláticas sobre Arquitectura, 99–100, 151, 153–158 Poesía Pura, 123, 135 Posada, José Guadalupe, 4, 60, 77 positivism: Comte’s “Law of the three stages,” 18; in Mexico, effects, 17, 202n10; vs Hispanicism, 17–18 pre-Hispanic architecture: influence, 187; interest, 81, 87, 93, 97, 112 pre-Hispanic Mayan architecture: mythical history, 13 Prieto y Souza, Luis, 103 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 114 Quintanilla, Luis (a.k.a Kyn Taniya): Avión, 67 240 Rama, Ángel, rationalist architecture, 139 Reforma Social, 192 reinforced concrete, 125, 134 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, 129 Revueltas, Fermín, 61, 74, 75, 77, 188–189; La justicia social, 191; La Revolución, 190–191 Revueltas, Silvestre, 61 Reyes, Victor M., 103–105, 108–111, 114; El Trabajo, 109, 109, 111; murals in staircase for Mexican Pavilion (1929), 111 Reyes Pérez, Roberto, 150 Rivera, Diego, 8, 116, 208n134, 209n137, 209n146, 219n79; and Estridentismo, 61, 77; influence on other Mexican artists, 109–112; and O’Gorman, 138–141, 144, 162; work for Vasconcelos and the sep, 15, 31, 39, 42, 47–49, 51, 52 Rivera, Diego, works by: La creación, 48, 57; La salida del tiro, 48, 48; El trapiche, 48, 48; staircase mural, 42, 46, 47 Rodchenko, Aleksander, 80 Rodríguez, Abelardo, 177–178, 184 Rodríguez, Francisco, 93–95 Roisin, Maxime, 130 Rolland, Modesto, 126 Roncal, Salvador, 153 Rulfo, Juan, 170, 194–198, 199–200; Pedro Páramo, 79, 194–198 Ruskin, John, 22 Saenz, Aaron, 185, 192–193 Sala, Rafael, 74 Salazar, Luis, 93–94 Sánchez Fogarty, Federico, 125, 130, 141; “Utilidad,” 126–127 Sant’Elia, Antonio: Citta Nuova, 72 Sarlo, Beatriz, 74, 78 Schmidt and Artaria: Double House, 164, 165 Schmidt, Hans, 164 Schneider, Mario, 60, 71, 76–77 School of Construction Technicians, 119, 131, 151, 152, 154, 159 Scott-Elliot, William, 95, 98 Secretaría de Educación Pública (sep), 15–16, 92, 119, 123, 178, 187, 205n76, 210n155; critique of its architectural program, 206n86; division, 52, 210n154; and functionalist architecture, 144–148; El Maestro: Revista de Cultura Nacional, 21, 21 Secretaría de Educación Pública building, 12, 15, 16, 28–32, 31, 37–52, 44, 54, 205n77, 207n112, 219n71; Court of Labor (also known as Court of Races), 31, 31, 37, 48, 53; Court of Fiestas, 31, 48; critique of, 205n77; history, 30–31; mural program, 41–50, 209nn140–141 Segura, Juan, 103 Sierra, Justo, 177 Simmel, Georg, 57–58, 124, 127, 155, 180 Sindicato de Obreros Técnicos, Pintores y Escultores, 47, 52, 96, 114, 122, 150, 193; manifesto, 47–49, 54 Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 122–123, 192–193 Sociedad de Arquitectos Mexicanos, 99, 131, 151–153, 157 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Sociedad de Conferencias, 16–17 Soto, Jesús S., 123 Spengler, Oswald, 155, 220n102; on culture vs civilization, 23–24, 28; on the decline of the West, 18, 26 Stacy-Judd, Robert, 98 surplus value: art and architecture as, 22, 156–157 syncretism in art and architecture, 8, 92 Tafuri, Manfredo, 10, 11, 57–58, 198–199; on laissez-faire city, 220n109 Tarditti, Carlos, 103 Tolteca, 125–130, 141; on O’Gorman, 141–143, 219n66 Tolteca Cement Company, 125, 128, 130, 158; advertising strategies, 128–130, 129, 218n218 Tommasi López, Leopoldo, 103–105, 108–109, 114, 115–116; decorative carvings for Mexican Pavilion (1929), 110 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 23 Torres Bodet, Jaime, 58–59 transculturation, 58; defined, Tzara, Tristan: Poèmes nègres, 216n81 ultraismo, 60, 70 Universidad Nacional, 17 Universidad Popular Mexicana, 17 Urquiaga, Vicente, 184 Vargas Salguero, Ramón, 133–134, 154 Vasconcelos, José, 9, 12, 13, 14–55, 92, 96, 101, 125, 171–172, 178, 182, 187, 201n1–202n2; and colonial architecture, 34–36, 204n69, 206n87; and communicative ability of art, 22–23, 53; “cosmic race” concept, 15, 25–26, 27, 204nn48–49; and cultures, development of, 25; on culture vs civilization, 23–24, 203n43; and Dewey’s educational system, critique of, 21–22, 203n30; educational model, 15, 23, 202n26, 203n39; “Law of the three states of energy,” 18, 23, 26–27, 40, 49; and Lunacharskii, influence of, 21, 52–54, 202n26, 203n30; Maya architecture, critique of, 206n102; and pedagogical quality of art/architecture, 34–35; philosophical and aesthetic positions, 18; and positivism, critique of, 18–19, 21, 203n28, 204nn63–64; and Pythagoras, understanding of, 19–20, 23, 24, 52, 202n18; and races, importance of, 25–28; and synthesis, importance of, 28; on Universópolis, 26; utopian proposal, 15, 37–38, 51–55 Vasconcelos, José, works by: Estudios indostánicos, 42; El monismo estético, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28; Pitágoras: Una teoría del rítmo, 19–20, 202n24; La Raza Cósmica, 12, 16, 18, 21, 23–29, 32, 38, 203–204n45, 204n70 Vela, Arqueles, 60, 64; El Café de Nadie, 75; Un crimen provisional, 65 Villagrán García, José, 32, 103, 126, 131, 133–135, 153; Granja Sanitaria, 133–135, 133, 136; National Stadium, 29, 49–50, 51, 52 Villaseñor, Salvador, 175 Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene, 108, 155 index Weston, Edward, 61 Williams, Raymond, 57–58 World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago), 93 Wright, Frank Lloyd: “Art and Craft of the Machine,” 127 Yucatán: politics after the Revolution, 113–114 Zamudio, Edmundo: Escuela Belisario Domínguez, 35–36, 36 Zárraga, Guillermo, 130–131, 137 241 www.Ebook777.com ... their traditions as well as the influences of time and past cultures Ultimately, it was synthesis that Vasconcelos advocated as the appropriate art for Latin America As early as 1918, in El monismo... realist painting as a direct way to incite class consciousness and revolutionary class struggle Finally, in the last chapter I discuss the monumentalization of the Revolution as exemplified in... well as contemporary conventions of mass dissemination quickly became the means to appease the masses demanding social change as a result of the Revolution This problematic transformation of Vasconcelos’

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