Inhabited information spaces living with your data ( 2004)

Inhabited Information Spaces: Living with your Data David N Snowdon Elizabeth F Churchill Emmanuel Frécon, Editors Springer Computer Supported Cooperative Work 011 011 011 011 11 Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong Milan Paris Tokyo i Also in this series Gerold Riempp Wide Area Workflow Management 3-540-7643-4 Ralph Schroeder (Ed.) The Social Life of Avatars 1-85233-461-4 Celia T Romm and Fay Sudweeks (Eds) Doing Business Electronically 3-540-76159-4 J.H Erik Andriessen Working with Groupware 1-85233-603-X Fay Sudweeks and Celia T Romm (Eds) Doing Business on the Internet 1-85233-030-9 Paul Kirschner, Chad Carr and Simon Buckingham Shum (Eds) Visualising Argumentation 1-85233-664-1 Elizabeth F Churchill, David N Snowdon and Alan J Munro (Eds) Collaborative Virtual Environments 1-85233-244-1 Christine Steeples and Chris Jones (Eds) Networked Learning 1-85233-471-1 Barry Brown, Nicola Green and Richard Harper (Eds) Wireless World 1-85233-477-0 Reza Hazemi and Stephen Hailes (Eds) The Digital University – Building a Learning Community 1-85233-478-9 Christopher Lueg and Danyel Fisher (Eds) From Usenet to CoWebs 1-85233-532-7 Kristina Höök, David Benyon and Alan J Munro (Eds) Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach 1-85233-661-7 Bjørn Erik Munkvold Implementing Collaboration Technologies in Industry 1-85233-418-5 Elayne Coakes, Dianne Willis and Steve Clark (Eds) Knowledge Management in the SocioTechnical World 1-85233-441-X Related Title Richard Harper (Ed.) Inside the Smart Home 1-85233-688-9 A list of out of print titles is available at the end of the book ii 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 David N Snowdon, Elizabeth F Churchill and Emmanuel Frécon (Eds) Inhabited Information Spaces Living with your Data With 94 Figures 011 011 011 11 iii David N Snowdon, BSc (hons) MSc, PhD Xerox Research Centre Europe, Chemin de Maupertius, 38240 Meylan, France Elizabeth F Churchill, BSc, MSc, PhD FX Palo Alto Laboratory Inc., 3400 Hillview Avenue, Building Paol Alto, CA94110, USA Emmanuel Frécon, MSc Swedish Insitute for Computer Science, Interactive Collaborative Environments Laboratory, Platforms for Collaborative Environments Group, Box 1263, 164 29 Kista, Sweden Series Editors Dan Diaper, PhD, MBCS Professor of Systems Science & Engineering, School of Design, Engineering & Computing, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK Colston Sanger School of Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Inhabited information spaces : living with your data – (Computer supported cooperative work) Human-computer interaction Interactive computer systems I Snowdon, David N., 1968– II Churchill, Elizabeth F., 1962– III Frécon, Emmanuel 004′.019 ISBN 1852337281 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the Library of Congress Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers CSCW ISSN 1431-1496 ISBN 1-85233-728-1 Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2004 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made Typeset by Florence Production, Stoodleigh, Devon, England Printed and bound in the United States of America 34/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper SPIN 10910238 iv 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 Foreword The Human Touch: Reflections on i3 011 011 011 011 11 The Machine-centred Mind Set At the Chicago World Fair of 1933, the official motto was: “Science Finds – Industry Applies – Man Conforms” To many of us today this seems quite shocking, yet it has been the driving force of much development in the last century In particular, if you look at the rise of computing over the last 50 years, you will see that, on the whole, development has been extraordinary, but fairly straightforward: it can be characterised as trying to make “faster and faster machines fit into smaller and smaller boxes” Starting from the time of the ENIAC, one of the colossal computers of the 1940s, most IT progress has been driven from the point of view of the machine Since then things have changed – but perhaps not really that much Even if computers can today calculate many times over what was possible a few years ago, and the machines have become somewhat less obtrusive, much of the “mind set” has stayed the same It is the visions of huge calculating machines spanning massive rooms, trying to recreate an absolute artificial intelligence, that still haunt much of the thinking of today Clearly, it is difficult to shake off old mind sets Alternatives Alternatives to the idea of fitting computing into ever smaller boxes can mainly be attributed to Mark Weiser In his paper, “The Computer for the 21st Century”, he outlined notions of how computing could become integrated into the fabric of everyday life by becoming completely distributed into the environment In this way computing would become “ubiquitous” More recently, similarly inspired work on “tangible media”, by Hiroshi Ishii has emerged from the MIT Media Lab Apart from this, the technological revolution of GSM and the mobile phone has also had its share of making information technology come out of its “traditional shell” Alternatives to the machine-centred view to computing were also starting around the same time, such as the “anthropocentric” ideas proposed by Mike v Foreword Dertouzos at the MIT Computer Science Lab; and in a similar vein, cognitive scientist, Don Norman has been pointing out the lack of well-designed information environments Roughly at the same time, but from a different perspective, we started thinking about how to give technology more of a “human touch” Now, in principle, this should not be that difficult, as technology is after all, made by humans In practice, however, one has to go quite far to break down the machine-centred and box-centred ways of thinking We decided that the only way to attack the problem with any significance was to try to invert the picture completely – that is, to start thinking from the human point of view and work outwards Our idea of “human centredness” was that it should nurture technological innovation but within a broader context of human values and aspirations This was not the same as “user” driven, or “defined by user needs”, all of which tend to become stuck in improving the status quo, but not growing beyond it At the same time, we also wanted to make sure to break out of the box-centred ways of thinking as much as possible and avoid doing “traditional HCI”, which was mainly involved in improving computers as they were Our ideas were designed to balance questions of technically “how”, with questions of “why?” and “what for?” And the aim was to see if we could start restoring the balance between people’s inventiveness to make new machines, with the essence of being human Our questions became rather: How can we reach a better and more fulfilling balance between technology and people? What could be new ways of thinking about the problems? What could be the new paradigms that could lay the paths for further research and development? The i3 Research Programme It is along these lines that we launched our first call for proposals back in 1995 Our general aim was to look at the relationship between people and information technology in the future: how could people access and use information, and exchange things with others using information technology as a medium? A clear break was needed to get out of stale thinking Therefore, we called for new paradigms of interaction and research on new interfaces between people and the world of information We also asked how such work could intertwine human, societal and technological elements into one dynamic research activity One of the main quotes from our call for proposals was: The goal of i3 is to research and develop new human-centred interfaces for interacting with information, aimed at the broad population (1996) To help define a specific research agenda, we first had a competition for more specific visions of the future “Connected Community” and “Inhabited Information Spaces” were selected as the two visionary themes on which we based a subsequent call for research projects Even though it took some time vi 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 Foreword ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● to have an extra layer of calls for proposals, in retrospect it was better to “reculer pour mieux sauter” The two selected themes had similar yet contrasting underlying philosophies The Connected Community theme, proposed by a team headed by Irene Mac William (Philips Design, Eindhoven) and Marco Susani (Domus Academy, Milan) asked: forget about virtual environments and trying to fit people into some artificial world – how can we help people in their everyday environment, and integrate technology into this? The idea is to understand how information and communication tools start making a difference when they are embedded in a real context, and start being more meaningful for actual people and communities How can technology enhance these environments and activities, rather than replace them? The other schema, Inhabited Information, proposed by a team headed by Tom Rodden (University of Nottingham) took a slightly different perspective It stated: the Internet and the Web already represent a suspended reality, and people want to participate more in these spaces Given that this is a reality, how could it evolve in the future? How could we make it more accessible to the broadest possible public, and make it socially interactive for large groups of people, in meaningful ways? And in similar spirit to the first theme, how can such environments link to the physical everyday world rather than be removed from it? At a later stage, we decided to supplement the research with an emphasis on learning We wanted to explore new relationships between learning and technology The idea was that a lot could be learnt about designing new interfaces by looking at how children interact, play and learn Similar ideas had been experimented in a Lego context by Seymore Papert of the MIT Media Lab In 1997, we decided to have a call on experimental school environments (ese) This centred around learning for very young children, in fact, the 4–8-year-old age range This age range struck us as being particularly challenging because at this stage children don’t have too many of the adult preconceptions of the world, and are still open to new things Young children have a different kind of “language” – a form of communication and expression from which adults can learn a lot From this we wanted to gain insights about how to design meaningful interaction tools for the population at large The header of our call was: The aim of i3-ese, is to research new kinds of IT-based tools designed to enable new approaches to learning, focussing on the age range of to (1997) From each of these programmes we selected a number of individual research projects Together these spanned many universities, research centres and companies across Europe, and involved a mix of people from many walks of life – artists, designers, computer scientists, game companies, technology companies, experimental schools, teachers and children, people in communities, etc At the same time all these different outlooks were united by the common vision: of exploring new relationships between people and technology vii Foreword Grains of the Future In this book you will find some examples of work in particular from the Inhabited Information Spaces Grouping It is interesting to see how some of these ideas are still “futuristic” and others have started to become part of mainstream thinking and made their way into products Some people say that you can find “grains of the future” in the present today – the only problem is, where you start to look? One of the potential advantages of this book is that by looking at the research developments stretching out into recent past, one can identify how some grains developed into trends of the present, and other are still just emerging For those still interested in seeking out “grains of the future”, this book will be a valuable source Jakub Wejchert Information Society DG European Commission Jakub Wejchert grew up in Ireland, with a family background of artists and architects, of Polish origin He studied natural science at Trinity College Dublin, specialising in physics, and holds a doctorate (modelling of non-linear networks) from the same institution Later he worked in the USA with IBM research, working on computer graphics and interface design He joined the European Commission in 1992 At the Future and Emerging Technologies unit, he set up and managed a number of research programmes such as i3 – intelligent information interfaces; i3 – experimental school environments; and the “disappearing computer” He now works as an advisor on vision and strategy to one of the Directors in the Information Society Programme Jakub lives in Waterloo, south of Brussels, with his wife and three sons The opinions expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission viii 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 Acknowledgements 011 The editors would like to acknowledge the European i3 initiative and all the authors of the chapters in this volume for their contributions Much of the work described in this volume would not have taken place without funding from the European Commission We would also like to thank SICS, XRCE and FX Palo Alto Laboratory for supporting our activities within this domain Rosie Kemp and Melanie Jackson of Springer also deserve thanks for their help and support throughout the process of preparing this book for publication 011 011 011 11 ix References Hughes, J A., Prinz, W., Rodden, T and Schmidt, K (eds.) (1997) Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work IEEE1278.1 (1995) Standard for Distributed Interactive Simulation – Application Protocols In I Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Ed.) Ingram, R and Benford, S (1995) Legibility Enhancement for Information Visualisation In Proceedings of Visualization’95, Atlanta, GA, November Insley, J., Sandin, D and DeFanti, T (1997) Using Video to Create Avatars in Virtual Reality, Visual Proceedings of the 1997 SIGGRAPH Conference, Los Angeles, CA 08/01/1997–08/01/1997, pp 128 Intel (2003) Intel Graphics Performance Primitives http://developer.intel.com/ design/pca/applicationsprocessors/swsup/gpp.htm Ishii, H., Kobayashi, M and Grudin, J (1992) Integration of Inter-Personal Space and Shared Workspace: ClearBoard Design and Experiments Proceedings of ACM CSCW ‘92 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, pp 33–42 Ishii, H and Kobayashi, M (1993) ClearBoard: A Seamless Medium for Shared Drawing and Conversation with Eye Contact In R M Baecker (ed.), Readings in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-human Collaboration Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, pp 829–836 Ishii, H and Ullmer, B (1997) Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces between People, Bits, and Atoms In Proceedings of ACM CHI’97, pp 234–241, Atlanta Ishii, H., Wisneski, C., Orbanes, J., Chun, B and Paradiso, J (1999) PingPongPlus: Design of an Athletic-Tangible Interface for ComputerSupported Cooperative Play In Proceedings of CHI’99, Pittsburgh Jää-Aro, K.-M., Bowers, J M and Hellström, S.-O (1999) Activity-Oriented Navigation In Hoch et al (1999b), pp 45–52 Jää-Aro, K.-M and Snowdon, D (2001) How Not to Be Objective In: Collaborative Virtual Environments, Springer-Verlag, London, pp 143–159 Jancke, G., Grudin, J and Gupta, A (2000) Presenting to Local and Remote Audiences: Design and Use of the TELEP System, Proc CHI’2000, April, ACM Press, pp 384–391 Johansson, M (1998) Designing an Environment for Distributed Real-Time Collaboration, IWNA ‘98, Kyoto Jones, M.L.W (2000) Collaborative Virtual Conferences: Using Exemplars to Shape Future Research Questions, ACM CVE 2000, San Francisco, September Johnson, B and Shneiderman, B (1991) Tree-Maps: A Space-filling Approach to the Visualization of Hierarchical Information Structures In Second International IEEE Visualization Conference, IEEE Press, San Diego, CA, pp 284–291 Kaplan, S., Leigh Star, S., Tolone, W J and Bignoli, C (1994) Grounding the Metaphor of Space in CSCW: Meta-Structures and Boundary Objects DRAFT MS Kapolka, A., McGregor, D and Capps, M (2002) A Unified Component Framework for Dynamically Extensible Virtual Environments In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE 2002), Bonn, Germany, pp 64–71 Kelly, S U., Sung, C and Farnham, S (2002) Designing for Improved Social Responsibility, User Participation and Content in On-line Communities, 316 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 References ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ACM Press, New York Kharif, O and Salkever, A (2001) A Chat with the Master of P2P in Business Week: Special Report: Peer to Peer August Koleva, B., Schnädelbach, H., Benford, S and Greenhalgh, C (2001) Experiencing a Presentation though a Mixed Reality Boundary In Proc ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (GROUP’01), Boulder, CO, pp 71–80, ACM Press Kreuger, W and Froehlich, B (1994) The Responsive Workbench Computer Graphics and Applications 14(3): 12–15 Kuzuoka, H., Kosuge, T and Tanaka, M (1994) GestureCam: A Video Communication System for Remote Collaboration CSCW 94: Transcending Boundaries, Chapel Hill, NC, ACM Landry, C., Morley, D., Southwood, R and Wright, P (1986) What a Way to Run a Railroad: An Analysis of Radical Failure Comedia, London Lamport, L (1978) Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Communication of the ACM, 21(7): 558–565 Lantermann, E D (1980) Interaktionen – Person, Situation und Handlung, Urban und Schwarzenberg, Munich Lave, J and Wenger, E (1991) Situated Learning Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Lawley, E (1994) The Sociology of Culture in Computer-mediated Communication: An Initial Exploration Rochester Institute of Technology, available at: http://www.itcs.com/elawley/bourdieu.html Leach, N (ed.) (1997) Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory Routledge, London Lee, A., Girgensohn, A and Schlueter, K (1997) NYNEX Portholes: Initial User Reactions and Redesign Implications In Hayne, S and Prinz, W (eds.), Group ‘97 Conference, ACM Press, Phoenix, AZ, pp 385–394 Lee, W., Goto, T., Raupp Musse, S., Aubel, A., Garat, F and Davary, M (2000) Participants: Individual Virtual Humans and Crowds Simulation in Collaborative Virtual Environment, eRENA Deliverable 5.4 Leigh, J., Johnson, A., DeFanti, T et al (1999) A Review of Tele-Immersive Applications in the CAVE Research Network In Proceedings of IEEE VR ‘99, Houston, TX 13–17 March 1999, pp 180–187 Leigh, J., Johnson, A E., Park, K S., Cho, Y J., Scharver, C., Krishnaprasad, N K and Lewis, M J (2000) CAVERNsoft G2: A Toolkit for High Performance Tele-Immersive Collaboration Paper presented at the Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Seoul, Korea Leont’ew, A N (1977) Tätigkeit, Bewtsein, Persưnlichkeit, Klett, Stuttgart Levine, R (1997) A Geography of Time Basic Books, New York Lloyd, D., Steed, A., Bullock, A., Greenhalgh, C and Frécon, E (2001) Making Collaborative Environments Work, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(2), April Lövstrand, L (1991) Being Selectively Aware with the Khronika System, In Bannon, L., Robinson, M and Schmidt, K (eds.), 2nd European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 265–277 Luff, P., Hindmarsh, J and Heath, C C (eds.) (2000) Workplace Studies: Recovering Work Practice and Informing System Design Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 317 References Lynch, M (1991a) Pictures of Nothing? Visual Construals in Social Theory Sociological Theory 9(1): 1–21 Lynch, M (1991b) Science in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction: Moral and Epistemic Relations Between Diagrams and Photographs Biology and Philosophy 6: 205–226 MacColl, I., Millard, M., Randell, C., Steed, A., Brown, B et al (2002) Shared visiting on EQUATOR City Proc 4th International conference on collaborative virtual environments (CVE 2002), Bonn, Germany, pp 88–94 ACM Press Macedonia, M R and Brutzman, D P (1994) MBone Provides Audio and Video Across the Internet, IEEE Computer, 27(4): 30–36 Macedonia, M R., Zyda, M J., Pratt, D R., Barham, P T and Zeswitz, S (1994) NPSNET: A Network Software Architecture for Large Scale Virtual Environments Presence Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 3(4) Macedonia, M R., Zyda, M J., Pratt, D R., Brutzman, D P and Barham, P T (1995) Exploiting Reality with Multicast Groups: A Network Architecture for Large Scale Virtual Environments Paper presented at the IEEE Virtual Reality Annual Symposium, RTP, North Carolina, 11–15 March Maher, M.L., Simoff, S.J and Cicognani, A (2000) Understanding Virtual Design Studios, Springer Verlag Manohar, N and Prakash, A (1995) The Session Capture and Replay Paradigm for Asynchronous Collaboration, In Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work – ECSCW’95, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 149–164 Mariani, J and Rodden, T (eds.) (1999) The Library Abstract eSCAPE Demonstrator eSCAPE Esprit Project 25377, Deliverable 4.1 Marratech (2003) http://www.marratech.com Marsh, J., Pettifer, S., and West, A (1999) A Technique for Maintaining Continuity of Perception in Networked Virtual Environments Proc UKVRSIG’99 Salford University Press Massey, D (2003) http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/picturephone.html McGrath, A (1998) ACM SIGGROUP Bulletin, 19: 21–24 Miller, D C., Pope, A C and Waters, R M (1989) Long-Haul Networking of Simulators Paper presented at the Tenth Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference, Orlando Minar, N and Hedlund, M (2001) A Network of Peers: Peer-to-Peer Models Through the History of the Internet Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies A Oram, O’Reilly & Associates Mira Lab (2003) http://miralabwww.unige.ch/ Morrison, A., Ross, G and Chalmers, M (2002) A Hybrid Layout Algorithm for Sub-Quadratic Multidimensional Scaling In: Proc IEEE Information Visualisation, Boston, pp 152–160 Murray, C D., Bowers, J M., West, A J., Pettifer, S R and Gibson, S (2000) Navigation, Wayfinding and Place Experience within a Virtual City Presence: Teloperators and Virtual Environments, 9: 435–447, MIT Press Munro, A., Hook, K and Benyon, D (1999) Footprints in the Snow In Munro, Hook and Benyon (eds.), Social Navigation of Information Space, pp 1–14, Springer Nardi, B., Schwartz, H., Kuchinsky, A., Leichner, R., Whittaker, S and Sclabassi, R (1993) Turning Away from Talking Heads: The Use of Video-as-Data in Neurosurgery Proc INTERCHI ‘93, Amsterdam, 22–29 April, ACM 318 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 References ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Netscan: A Social Accounting Search Engine http://netscan.research microsoft.com Noriega, P and Sierra, C (1999) Towards a Formal Specification of Complex Social Structures in Multi-agent Systems, 1624 in Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp 284–300 Springer-Verlag Norman, S J., Staff, H., Schwabe, D and Wallen, L (1998) Extended Performance Staging: Background and Evaluation In Bowers et al (1998c), chapter Nöth, W (1995) Handbook of Semiotics Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN Oliveira, M., Crowcroft, J and Slater, M (2000) Component Framework Infrastructure for Virtual Environments In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE’2000), San Francisco, CA, pp 139–146 Pankoke-Babatz, U and Syri, A (1997) Collaborative Workspaces for Time Deferred Electronic Cooperation, In Hayne, S and Prinz, W (eds.), GROUP ‘97: International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, ACM Press, Phoenix, AZ, pp 187–196 Pankoke-Babatz, U (2000) Electronic Behaviour Settings for CSCW AI and Society, 14(1): 3–30 Patterson, J F., Day, M and Kucan, J (1996) Notification Servers for Synchronous Groupware In Ackermann, M S (ed.), Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’96), ACM Press, Boston, MA, pp 122–129 Pettifer, S (ed.) (1999) eSCAPE Systems, Techniques and Infrastructures eSCAPE Esprit Project 25377, Deliverable 5.1 Pettifer, S., Cook, J Marsh, J., and West, A (2000) Deva3: Architecture for a Large-scale Virtual Reality System In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium in Virtual Reality Software and Technology 2000, pp 33–39 ACM Press Pettifer, S., Cook, J and Mariani, J (2001) Towards Real-time Interactive Visualisation Virtual Environments: A Case Study of Q-space In Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Reality 2001, pp 121–129 ISTIA Innovations Laval, France Plaza, E., Arcos, J L., Noriega, P and Sierra, C (1998) Competing Agents in Agent-mediated Institutions Personal Technologies, 2: 212–220 Polycom (2003) http://www.polycom.com/products_services/products_groups/ 0,1422,pw-186–186–72,00.html Prinz, W (1999) NESSIE: An Awareness Environment for Cooperative Settings, In Bødker, S., Kyng, M and Schmidt, K (eds.), ECSCW’99: Sixth Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Copenhagen, pp 391–410 Project Oxygen (2003) http://oxygen.lcs.mit.edu/E21.html Prussak, L (1997) Knowledge in Organizations, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford Raja, V (1998) The Cybersphere, http://www.vr-systems.ndtilda.co.uk/sphere1 htm Randell, C and Muller, H (2001) Low Cost Indoor Positioning System In Proc UbiComp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing, pp 42–48, Springer Ratnasamy, S., Handley, M., Karp, R and Shenker, S (2001) Application-level Multicast using Content-Addressable Networks In Proceedings of the Third 319 References International Workshop on Networked Group Communication (NGC ‘01), London Reynolds, C (1987) Flocks, Herds, and Schools: A Distributed Behavioral Model Computer Graphics, 21(4): 25–34 Richardson, T., Stafford-Fraser, Q., Wood, K R and Hopper, A (1998) Virtual Network Computing, IEEE Internet Computing, 2(1): 33–38 Rinman, M.-L (2002) Forms of Interaction in Mixed Reality Media Performance – A Study of the Artistic Event DESERT RAIN, Fil.lic thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, TRITA-NA-0214 Rivera, K., Cooke, N J and Bauhs, J A (1996) The Effects of Emotional Icons on Remote Communication, CHI Conference Companion, April Roberts, D J (1996) A Predictive Real Time Architecture for Multi-User, Distributed, Virtual Reality Unpublished PhD, University of Reading, Reading, UK Roberts, D J., Lake, T W and Sharkey, P M (1998) Optimising Exchange of Attribute Ownership in the DMSO RTI Paper presented at the Simulation Interoperability Workshop, SISO, Orlando, USA Roberts, D J., Strassner, J., Worthington, B G and Sharkey, P (1999) Influence of the Supporting Protocol on the Latencies Induced by Concurrency Control within a Large Scale Multi User Distributed Virtual Reality System Paper presented at the International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Simulation (VWSIM), SCS Western Multi-conference ‘99, San Francisco, CA Robertson, G., Czerwinski, M and van Dantzich, M (1997) Immersion in Desktop Virtual Reality In Proceedings of UIST’97, pp 11–19, ACM Press Robinson, M., Pekkola, S., Korhonen, J., Hujala, S., Toivonen, T and Saarien, M.J O (2001) Extending the Limits of Collaborative Virtual Environments In Snowdon, D., Churchill, E F and Munro, A J (eds.), Collaborative Virtual Environments: Digital Places and Spaces for Interaction Springer Verlag, London, pp 21–42 Rorty, R (1991) Essays on Heidegger and Others: Philosophical Papers Volume Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Rosen, E (1996) Personal Videoconferencing, Manning Publications Co Roseman, M and Greenberg, S (1996) TeamRooms: Network Places for Collaboration, In Ackermann, M S (ed.), Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’96), ACM Press, Boston, MA, pp 325–333 Sack, W (2000) Conversation Map: A Content-Based Usenet Newsgroup Browser, Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces New Orleans, LA, ACM Press Salem, B and Earle, N (2000) Designing a Non-verbal Language for Expressive Avatars In Proceedings of CVE 2000, San Francisco, CA, pp 93–101, ACM Press Salvador, T (1998) Communities, Schumanities SIGGROUP Bulletin 19(2): 37–39 S¸andor, O., Bogdan, C and Bowers, J (1997) Aether: An Awareness Engine for CSCW In Hughes et al (1997), pp 221–236 Sartre, J P (1965) The Psychology of Imagination The Citadel Press, New York SAS (2002) SAS press release 10th April 2002, “Personal meetings lead to more business” available from http://www.scandinavian.net/EC/Appl/Core/ Templ/PRView/0,3463,SO%253D0%2526CID%253D434109%2526MKT%25 3DSE,00.html 320 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 References ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Saussure, F de (1983) Course in General Linguistics Trans Wade Baskin McGraw-Hill (Originally published in 1906.) Savolainen, R (1995) Everyday Life Information Seeking: Approaching Information Seeking in the Context of “Way of Life” Library and Information Science Research 17: 259–294 Schäfer, K., Brauer, V and Bruns, F (1997) A New Approach to HumanComputer Interaction: Synchronous Modeling in Real and Virtual Spaces In Proceedings of the DIS’97, Amsterdam Schindler Jr, G E (ed.), Bell Laboratories RECORD, Vol 47, No 5, May/June 1969, available online at http://www.bellsystemmemorial.com/pdf/picturephone.pdf Schlichter, J H., Koch, M and Bürger, M (1998) Workspace Awareness for Distributed Teams In Conen, W and Neumann, G (eds.), Coordination Technologie for Collaborative Applications – Organisations, Processes and Agents, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, pp 197–218 Schmidt, K and Bannon, L (1992) Taking CSCW Seriously: Supporting Articulation Work CSCW 1(1): 7–40 Schreer, O and Kauff, P (2002) An Immersive 3D Video-Conferencing System Using Shared Virtual Team User Environments, ACM CVE 2002, Bonn, Germany Schutz, A (1970) On Phenomenology and Social Relations University of Chicago Press, Chicago Schwabe, D and Stenius, M (2000) The Web Planetarium and other Applications in the Extended Virtual Environment EVE In Proceedings of the 16th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics, Budmerice, Slovakia, 3–6 May Segall, B and Arnold, D (1997) Elvin Has Left the Building: A Publish/subscribe Notification Service with Quenching, In AUUG, http://www.dstc.edu.au/ Elvin/, Brisbane, Australia Sharkey, P M., Roberts, D J., Tran, F D and Worthington, B G (2000) PING – Platform for Interactive Networked Games: IST Framework V Shaw, J (1997) PLACE – A User’s Manual: From Expanded Cinema to Virtual Reality Hatje Cantz Shaw, J., Staff, H., Row Farr, J., Adams, M., vom Lehm, D., Heath, C., Rinman, M.-L., Taylor, I and Benford, S (2000) Staged Mixed Reality Performance, “Desert Rain” by Blast Theory, eRENA Deliverable 7b.3 Shneiderman, B (1983) Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages Computer 16(8): 57–69 Singhaland, S K and Cheriton, D R (1996) Using Projection Aggregation to Support Scalability in Distributed Simulation Paper presented at the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems ICDCS´96 Slater, M., Pertaub, D.-P and Steed, A., (1999) Public Speaking in Virtual Reality: Facing an Audience of Avatars IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(2): 2–5 Slater, M., Howell, J., Steed, A., Pertaub, D.-P., Garau, M and Springel, S (2000a) Acting in Virtual Reality Paper presented at the ACM Collaborative Virtual Environments Slater, M., Sadagic, A., Usoh, M and Schroeder, R (2000b) Small Group Behaviour in a Virtual and Real Environment: A Comparative Study Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(1): 37–51 321 References Slater, M., Steed, A and Chrysanthou, Y (2001) Computer Graphics and Virtual Environments: From Realism to Real-Time Addison Wesley Publishers, Harlow Smith, M (2000) Invisible Crowds in Cyberspace: Measuring and Mapping the Social Structure of USENET, Communities in Cyberspace, Routledge, London Snowdon, D., Greenhalgh, C and Benford, S (1995) What You See is Not What I See: Subjectivity in Virtual Environments Paper presented at the Framework for Immersive Virtual Enviroments (FIVE’95), QMW University of London, UK Snowdon, D., Fahlén, L and Stenius, M (1996) WWW3D: A 3D Multi-user Web Browser In Proceedings of WebNet’96, San Francisco, CA, October Snowdon, D., Churchill, E F and Munro, A J (2001) Collaborative Virtual Environments: Digital Spaces and Places for CSCW: An Introduction In Snowdon, D., Churchill, E F and Munro, A J (eds.), Collaborative Virtual Environments Digital Places and Spaces for Interaction Springer Verlag, London, pp 3–17 Snowdon, D and Grasso, A (2002) Diffusing Information in Organisational Settings: Learning from Experience In Proceedings of ACM CHI2002, Minneapolis, MN, April, pp 331–338 Sohlenkamp, M., Prinz, W and Fuchs, L (2000) AI and Society – Special Issue on CSCW, 14: 31–47 Ståhl, O (1992) Tools for Cooperative Work in the MultiG TelePresence Environment In Proceedings of the 4th MultiG Workshop, StockholmKista, Sweden, pp 75–88 Ståhl, O., Wallberg, A., Söderberg, J., Humble, J., Fahlén, L., Bullock, A et al (2002) Information Exploration Using The Pond In Proceedings of CVE’02, Bonn Star, S L (1992) The Trojan Door: Organisations, Work, and the “Open Black Box” Systems Practice 5: 395–410 Star, S L and Griesemer, J R (1989) Institutional Ecology, “Translations” and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39 Social Studies of Science 19: 387–420 Steed, A and Frécon, E (1999) Building and Supporting a Large-scale Collaborative Virtual Environment In Proceedings of 6th UKVRSIG, University of Salford, UK, pp 59–69 Steed, A., Frécon, E., Avatare, A., Pemberton, D and Smith, G (1999) The London Travel Demonstrator, In Proceedings of VRST’99 – Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, University College London, UK, pp 50–57 Steed, A., Mortensen, J and Frécon, E (2001) Spelunking: Experiences using the DIVE System on CAVE-like Platforms In B Frohlicj, J Deisinger, and H-J Bullinger (eds.), Proceedings of Immersive Projection Technologies and Virtual Environments 2001 Springer-Verlag, Vienna, pp 153–164 Steffik, M., Bobrow, D G., Foster, G., Lanning, S and Tatar, D (1987) WYSIWIS Revised: Early Experiences with Multiuser Interfaces Transactions on Office Information Systems, (2): 147–167, ACM Press Stenius, M., Frécon, E., Fahlén, L., Simsarian, K and Nord, B (1998) The Web Planetarium Prototype – Visualising the Structure of the Web In Mariani, J., Rouncefield, M., O’Brien, J and Rodden, T (eds.), eSCAPE Deliverable 322 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 References ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 3.1 Visualisation of Structure and Population within Electronic Landscapes, Esprit Long Term Research Project 25377, Lancaster University, pp 117–125 Stephenson, N (1992) Snowcrash, Bantam, New York Storrs Hall, J., Utility Fog: The Stuff that Dreams are Made Of, http://discuss foresight.org/~josh/Ufog.html Strong, R and Gaver, B (1996) Feather, Scent, and Shaker: Supporting Simple Intimacy In M S Ackerman (ed.), Proceedings of the ACM 1996 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work New York, ACM, p 444 Stults, R (1986) MediaSpace, Technical Report, Xerox PARC Suchman, L A (1982) Systematics of Office Work Office Studies for KnowledgeBased Systems, Digest Office Automation Conference, San Francisco, 5–7 April Suchman, L A (1987) Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Humanmachine Communication, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Suchman, L A and Trigg, R H (1991) Understanding Practice: Video as a Medium for Reflection and Design In Greenbaum, J and Kyng, M (eds.), Design at Work Lawrence Erlbaum, London and New Jersey, pp 65–89 Suchman, L (1997) Centers of Coordination: A Case and Some Themes In Resnick, L B., Säljö, R., Pontecorvo, C and Burge, B (eds.), Discourse, Tools, and Reasoning: Essays on Situated Cognition Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 41–62 Sudnow, D (ed.) (1972) Studies in Social Interaction Free Press, New York, pp 229–258 Swan, J., Newell, S., Scarbrough, H and Hislop, D (1999) Knowledge Management and Innovation: Networks and Networking Journal of Knowledge Management, 3: 262–275 Thompson, G (1972) Three Characterizations of Communications Revolutions Computer Communication: Impacts and Implications: International Conference on Computer Communication S Winkler, New York Törlind, P., Stenius, M., Johansson, M and Jeppsson, P (1999) Collaborative Environments for Distributed Engineering, CSCWD’99 – Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design 99, Compiègne, France, 29 September–1 October Townsend, A.M., Hendrickson, A.R and DeMarie, S.M (2002) Meeting the Virtual Work Imperative, CACM 45(1) Tramberend, H (2001) Avango: A Distributed Virtual Reality Framework Paper presented at the Afrigraph, ACM Underkoffler, J and Ishii, H (1999) Urp: A Luminous-Tangible Workbench for Urban Planning and Design In Proceedings of the ACM Conference Computer–Human Interaction (CHI99), pp 386–393 Ullmer, B., Ishii, H and Glass, D (1998) MediaBlocks: Physical Containers, Transports, and Controls for Online Media In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH’98, Orlando Valin, S., Francu, A., Trefftz, H and Marsic, I (2001) Sharing Viewpoints in Collaborative Virtual Environments In Proceedings of HICSS-34, Hawaii, IEEE VR Lab (2003) http://vrlab.epfl.ch/ 323 References Waters, R C., Anderson, D B., Barrus, J W., Brogan, D C., Casey, M A., McKeown, S G., Nitta, T., Sterns, I B and Yerazunis, W S (1997) Diamond Park and Spline: A Social Virtual Reality System with 3D Animation, Spoken Interaction, and Runtime Modifiability Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6(4): 461–480 Watsen, K and Zyda, M (1998) Bamboo – A Portable System for Dynamically Extensible, Real-Time, Networked, Virtual Environments In Proceedings of the Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’98), Atlanta, GA, pp 252–259 Wei-Chao, Chen, Towles, H., Nyland, L., Welch, G and Fuchs, H (2000) Toward a Compelling Sensation of Telepresence: Demonstrating a Portal to a Distant (static) Office, IEEE Visualization 2000, pp 327–333 Weiser, M (1991) The Computer for the Twenty-first Century, Scientific American, 265(3): 94–10 Weiser, M (1994) Creating the Invisible Interface (abstract) In Proc ACM User Interface Software and Technology, p Williamson, K (1998) Discovered by Chance: The Role of Incidental Information Acquisition in an Ecological Model of Information Use Library and Information Science Research, 20(1): 23–40 Wisneski, C., Ishii, H., Dahley, A., Gorbet, M., Brave, S., Ullmer, B and Yarin, P (1998) Ambient Displays: Turning Architectural Space into an Interface between People and Digital Information In Streitz, N A., Konomi, S and Burkhardt, H.-J (eds.), Cooperative Buildings – Integrating Information, Organization, and Architecture Springer – LNCS, pp 22–32 Wittgenstein, L (1958) Philosophical Investigations 3rd edn, trans G.E.M Anscombe, Oxford University Press Xiong, R., and Donath, J (1999) PeopleGarden: Creating Data Portraits for Users Proceedings of the 12th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp 37–44 ACM, New York Yamazaki, K., Yamazaki, A., Kuzuoka, H., Oyama, S., Kato, H et al (1999) Gesture Laser and Gesture Laser Car: Development of an Embodied Space to Support Remote Instruction In Bodker, S., Kyng, M and Schmidt, K (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work – ECSC W’99, 12–16 September, Copenhagen, Denmark Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 324 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 Index 011 011 011 A abstract landscape, 27 access model, 46 accountability, 143 activity landscape, 171, 172 activity-based navigation, 193 Activity-oriented Navigation, 178 affordances, 29, 30, 31 agent-mediated institution, 105 aggregate, 17 aggregation, 250 AlphaWorld, 116 Amazon.com, 55, 61 Ambient interfaces, 201, 203 Aotea Youth Symphony, 96 Apache, 78 appropriated, 74 architectural collaboration, 115 artefact, 27 attention, 71 audio communication, 130 audio feedback, 51 augmented reality, 36, 72, 101 Auld Leaky, 77 Aura, 249, 258 authenticity, 166 autonomous, 104, 170 avatar, 236, 253 Avatar-centred Navigation, 176 avatars, 133, 197, 199 AwareBots, 201, 203 awareness, 101, 102, 171, 184, 186, 189, 203, 204, 206, 246, 249 awareness service, 104, 105 011 11 B banner advert, 20, 22 BEAD, 51 Behaviour, 41, 103 blacklist, 22 Blink, 160, 161, 164 boid flock model, 54 boundary architecture, 34 boundary object, 271, 286 brain activity, 91 “broken” link, 14 C CAPIAs, 106 CARE HERE, 94 CARESS, 92, 94 Causal ordering, 242, 245 causality, 242, 244 CAVE, 236 challenges of teleconferencing, 124 chance encounter, 196 characteristics, 40 Charles Rennie Mackintosh, 72 City project, 72, 76 city’s meaning, 75 cityscape, 27, 29 ClearBoard, 275 client/server, 39 closed world, 71 cluster, clustering, 17 coherent perception, 38 collaborate, collaboration, 115 Colour coded, 35 Common goals, 281 common sense, 103 Common sense knowledge, 102 community, 272 Community Place, 165 compound link, 19 Computer Supported Co-operative Work, 271 COMRIS, 102, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 conceptions of space, 73 Concurrency control, 244 conference calls, 127 conference centre application, 106 Consistency, 242, 243 container, 17 325 Index context, 75 context aware, 103 context of use, 71 contextualisation, 76 continuative computing, 103, 104, 110 control rooms, 274 conversational orientation, 30 co-operation, 3, 274 co-presence, 150 costly, 32 creative process, 89 creels, 62 crowd, 154, 171 CSCW, 77, 271, 274, 277, 281 Cultural context, 152 CWall, 22 CyberDance, 153 Cyberspace, 11, 74, 116 Cyc, 103 cyclist, 29 D dead reckoning, 213, 242 decontextualised information spaces, 73 delivery service, 104, 105 Desert Rain, 154 design, 287 desktop-VR, 22 DEVA, 26, 39, 40, 44, 47 disability, 89 Dispersed Avatars, 178 distributed computing, 278 distributed file sharing, 278 Distributed Legible City, 29 DIVE, 12, 16, 20, 26, 57, 66, 123, 211, 212, 215, 218, 223, 224, 252, 255, 256, 266 DocuDrama, 184, 198, 199, 205 Domain Name System (DNS), 283 Doors of Perception, 47 dual space, 104 E ecosystem metaphor, 51, 54 electronic, 50 electronic arenas, 151, 152 electronic landscape, 25, 27 Embodiment, 118, 126 Emoticons, 118, 119 emotive communication, 237 Enforced, 42 Equator, 72, 78 EQUIP, 77 eRENA, 151, 152, 153, 155 eSCAPE, 11, 12, 25, 26, 27, 29, 33 326 e-scape, 25, 33 ethnographic, 179 ethnographic studies, 26, 28, 31 expectations, 30 experience, 32 experience design, 152 expression amplifier, 92 EyesWeb, 91 F facial expression, 236 familiar structure, 35 FDP, 15, 22 feedback loop, 95 field of view, 134, 135 filter, 43 Firewalls, 264 flocking algorithm, 55 flocking behaviour, 250 fly, 28 focus, 171, 249 focused engagement, 71 Force Directed Placement (FDP), 15 Four Senses, 96 G game show, 166, 168 GestureCam, 277 Gnutella, 273 Grokster, 278 Groove, 278 groundplane, 27, 36, 47, 168, 176 groupware, 272 H haptic feedback, 143 Head Mounted Display, 236 head-set, 22 Hearing ANd Deaf Sign Singers, 96 heart rate, 91 Heaven and Hell {-} Live, 165, 168 Heidegger, 75 heterogeneity, 81 heterogeneity of media, 76 hierarchical database, 213 hot spots, 178 HTML, 12 HTTP, 58, 77 human{-}computer interaction, 151 human-like representation, 135 hybrid objects, 82 hyperlink, 27 hyperlinking, 36 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 11 Index ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● I icon, 12 Imbued, 42 immersive, 11, 37, 237, 238 implementing virtual worlds, 37 Indian Ocean, 280 informal interactions, 134 information creatures, 52 Information gathering, 109 infrared, 91, 95 infrared movement sensors, 90 Inhabited Television, 164, 165, 170 Innate, 42 input devices, 31 Instant Messenger, 279 Intelligibility, 179 interactional breakdowns, 86 Interactive painting, 95 interest landscape, 109 interest management, 246 intimacy, 276 introspection, 42 K KaZaA, 278 L LAN, 271 landscape, 35 Large scale participation, 152 large screen, 22 LEADS, 17 legibility, 17 Legible City, 29 LEGO Mindstorm, 202 LEGO Mindstorms, 201 Level of Detail, 251, 258 level of detail (LOD), 12 level-of-detail (LOD), 17 levitate, 28 light collage, 97 Lightwork, 154, 155, 158, 160 Limewire, 278 line of sight, 143 Linux, 93 local area networks, 271 Löcales, 248, 249 LOD, 17 Loom project, 293 M Mackintosh Interpretation Centre, 72 marked-up text, 12 Masaki Fujihata, 33 MASSIVE, 26, 123 MASSIVE 2, 249 MASSIVE 3, 245 MASSIVE-2, 17, 135, 168 mass-participatory, 166 MAVERIK, 38 MAX, 91 MBone, 120, 265 Media rich, 152 mediation services, 104 Memory Theatre VR, 48 metaphors, 31 Microsoft, 12 MIDI, 89, 91, 93 MIDI bass, 90 migrate, 45 migrating, 44 Mixed reality, 151 modify existing artefacts, 32 mood, 96 MOOs, 116, 118 Morecambe, 31 Morpheus, 278 MUDs, 116, 118 multi-agent systems, 104 multicast, 213, 224, 254, 259, 263 multiple simultaneous touches, 64 multiple users, 14 muscle tension, 91 mutual availability, 147 N Nanotechnology, 99 Napster, 273 natural language generation, 108 navigable, 34 navigate, 194, 196 navigating, 24 navigation, 53, 152, 176 NetMeeting, 120 Netscan, 291, 292, 294 Netscape, 22 Netscapes, 12 Network Address Translation (NAT), 283 neuropsychologists, 99 nimbus, 171, 249 Nuzzle Afar, 33, 35 O object, 39 object behaviour, 241 Object-centred Navigation, 177 objective reality, 38 objectivity, 234 OpenGL, 26, 49 327 Index organising concept, 271 Out of this World, 166, 168, 170, 177 out of view, 138 outlined field-of-view, 135 own content, 32 P P2P, 272 Panoramic Navigator, 36 PaRADE, 245, 255 parallelisation, 19 parrot, 108 patch data, 96 pathways, 27 pedestrian areas, 28 peer-to-peer, 39, 213, 272 PeopleGarden, 293 perceptions, 38 Performer, 49 peripheral awareness, 184, 196, 205 peripheral lenses, 135, 146 Persistence, 251 persistent, 103 pervasive computing, 101 phicon, 174, 175 phicons, 175 physical landscape, 36 Physical sensors, 102, 103 physical space, 104 physical tags, 53 Picturephone, 117 PING, 245, 253, 256, 260, 266 PlaceWorld, 25, 27, 39 plasma display, 56 plug-in, 58, 216, 230 PocketPC(tm), 66 popularity, 36 Populated Information Terrains, 133 portals, 20, 27 Presence, 179 Production management, 153, 169 proprioception, 239 proxy server, 22 pseudo-humanoid, 133 public performance, 89, 152 puppy camera, 172, 174 Q QPIT, 51 Q-SPACE, 15 Quake, 279 328 R radio frequency, 78 realism, 134 Real-time applications, 152 reciprocal perspectives, 147, 148 recommender system, 87 relaxed WYSIWIS, 134 remote collaboration, 81, 87 representation, 133 representations, 285 responsiveness, 237, 242 RFID, 57, 58, 62, 66 ribbons of light, 27 Round Table, 174, 179 S Saussure, 75 scalability, 16, 146, 251 scalable, 241 scenegraph, 238, 241, 253, 257 Script Programming, 219 seamfulness, 87 search engine, 273 searchability, 274 sense-of-presence, 150 seven fat years for CSCW, 271 seven lean years for CSCW, 272 SGI Reality Monster, 93 Shared awareness, 84 shared awareness of location, 82 shared environment, 124, 126 shared location, 84 shared objects, 134 shared visiting experience, 78 shared whiteboard, 121 Shared Workspace, 186 shoal, 55, 59, 61, 63 shutter glasses, 93 Smartmaps, 183, 190, 191, 192, 193 social accounting, 284, 292 Social accounting data, 295, 298 Social contacts, 182 social interaction, 71, 76, 83 social surroundings, 108 social translucence, 293 society of agents, 105 solidity, 143 sonifying, 171 Sony Playstation(r), 97 Spatial awareness, 78 Spatial Interaction Model, 171 spatialised, 224 spatialised audio, 146, 215 speed of movement, 134 Spelunk, 258 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 011 011 011 011 Index ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●● Spline, 255 SQL, 51 structuralist semiotics, 73 subjective perception, 38 subjective view, 39, 228, 245, 258 subjective visualisations, 24 subjects, 39 Symbolic Actions, 194 Symbolic gestures, 196 synchronisation, 47 synomorphy, 181 synthesiser, 96 T tangible artefacts, 72 technological limitations, 37 telephone space, 74 teleport, 177 teleporting, 27 telepresence, 117 tele-workers, 203 tethered viewpoints, 147 text chat, 116 texture, 20 texture mapping, 12 texture maps, 20 The Pond, 51, 52, 216, 219 theatre of work, 186 3D browser, 212 3D world, 93 To the Unborn Gods, 154 Touch Compass, 96 touch screen, 36 touchable interface, 37 touch-sensitive, 56 Tourist Information Centre, 31 trace, 33 Trackballs, 33 traditional media, 72 trails, 27 travellators, 168 tree-map, 192 trigger zones, 80 TWI-AYSI, 92, 94 twines, 40 ultrasonic, 95 ultrasonics, 78 unencumbered interaction, 51 urban design, 75 urban evolution, 28 urban models, 72 Usenet, 283, 291, 292, 294, 296 Utility Fog, 99 V Video avatars, 236, 238 Video imagery, 130 Videoconferencing, 117 view control, 152, 170 Virtual Communities, 271 virtual conferencing, 115, 127 virtual creatures, 61 virtual reality, 275 visual complexity, 17 visual syntax, 34 visualiser, 40, 57, 58 VR Juggler, 77 VRML, 11, 20, 86, 251 VR-VIBE, 51, 216, 218 W wayfinding, 28, 33 wearable computer, 101, 105, 108 web, 12 web browser, 11, 12, 22 web decoration, 20, 22 web page, 27 Web Planetarium, 52, 216, 219 whiteboard, 216 William Gibson, 11 working life, 275 workplace, 73 X XML, 58, 77 Z ZKM, 29, 36, 174 zooming, 61, U ubiquitous computing, 101 Ultima Online, 246 11 329 Out of print titles Mike Sharples (Ed.) Computer Supported Collaborative Writing 3-540-19782-6 Dan Diaper and Colston Sanger CSCW in Practice 3-540-19784-2 Steve Easterbrook (Ed.) CSCW: Cooperation or Conflict? 3-540-19755-9 John H Connolly and Ernest A Edmonds (Eds) CSCW and Artificial Intelligence 3-540-19816-4 Duska Rosenberg and Chris Hutchison (Eds) Design Issues in CSCW 3-540-19810-5 Peter Thomas (Ed.) CSCW Requirements and Evaluation 3-540-19963-2 Peter Lloyd and Roger Whitehead (Eds) Transforming Organisations Through Groupware: Lotus Notes in Action 3-540-19961-6 John H Connolly and Lyn Pemberton (Eds) Linguistic Concepts and Methods in CSCW 3-540-19984-5 Alan Dix and Russell Beale (Eds) Remote Cooperation 3-540-76035-0 Stefan Kirn and Gregory O’Hare (Eds) Cooperative Knowledge Processing 3-540-19951-9 Reza Hazemi, Stephen Hailes and Steve Wilbur (Eds) The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy 1-85233-003-1 Alan J Munro, Kristina Höök and David Benyon (Eds) Social Naviation of Information Space 1-85233-090-2 Mary Lou Maher, Simeon J Simoff and Anna Cicognani Understanding Virtual Design Studios 1-85233-154-2 Elayne Coakes, Dianne Willis and Raymond Lloyd-Jones (Eds) The New Sociotech 1-85233-040-6 1011 2011 3011 4011 611 ... Elizabeth F Churchill and Emmanuel Frécon (Eds) Inhabited Information Spaces Living with your Data With 94 Figures 011 011 011 11 iii David N Snowdon, BSc (hons) MSc, PhD Xerox Research Centre Europe,... and virtual reality (VR) spaces, information visualisation and computer-supported co-operative work (CSCW) 11 Inhabited Information Spaces The term ? ?Inhabited Information Spaces? ?? derived from... Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Inhabited information spaces : living with your data – (Computer supported cooperative work) Human-computer interaction Interactive