Experimental study on strength and permeability of pervious concrete pavement containing fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN THANH TUAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SILICAFUME MASTER’S THESIS Hanoi, 2019 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN THANH TUAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SILICAFUME MAJOR: MASTER IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING CODE: RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Associate Prof Dr KOHEI NAGAI Dr DUONG QUANG HUNG Hanoi, 2019 CONTENTS Acknowledgment Abstract LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Pervious Concrete Pavement 1.2 Scope and Objective CHAPTER 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction of the development of pervious concrete 10 2.2 Overview of pervious concrete uses Fly ash and BFS additives 12 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENT 15 3.1 Methodology 15 3.2 Experimental procedure 15 3.2.1 Compressive and flexural strength test 15 3.2.2 Void ratio test 15 3.3 Matertial preparation 17 3.4 Mixing Proportions and Casting Specimen 24 3.4.1 Proportion 24 3.4.2 Casting Specimen 25 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 RESULTS 28 4.1.1 Compressive Strength of PCPC 28 4.1.2 Permeability of PCPC: 31 4.2 4.2.1 Discussion 33 Combine slag in slurry to make porous concrete 33 4.2.2 4.2.3 Mortar with BFS and SF produces strength pervious concrete 34 Fly ash particle did not significantly enhance strength of porous concrete 35 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Recommendation 38 Reference 39 LIST OF FIGURE Figure 3.1: Mixing PCPC with concrete mixer 25 Figure 3.2: Casting specimen at Lab 25 Figure 3.4: Curing PCPC specimen at Lab 27 Figure 4.1: Testing PCPC at Lab 28 Figure 4.2: The PCPC sample is destroyed after compression 29 Figure 4.3: Crack of PCPC after compression 29 Figure 4.4: Compressive strength development with time 30 Figure 4.5: Testing permeability of PCPC 31 Figure 4.6: Void ratio (%) of PCPC Specimen .Error! Bookmark not defined Figure 4.7: Coefficient of Permeability (mm/s) 33 Figure 4.8: Hydrated Cement Paste 34 Figure 4.9: Cement Hydration Reaction 34 Figure 4.10: Pozzolanic Reaction 35 Figure 5.1: solution for designing PCPC road structure layers 38 LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1: Summary of the research results on PCPC 10 Table 2.2: Typical mix design and properties of existing PCPC in the US (reported by Nation Ready Mix Concrete Association – NRMCA, 2004) 11 Table 3.1 Physical and chemical properties of OPC and GGBS 17 Table 3.2: Mix Proportion of specimens in trial experiment 24 Table 4.1: Compressive strength of PCPC 30 Table 4.2: Void ratio of PCPC 29 Table 4.3: Permeability of PCPC 29 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PCPC : Portland cement Pervious Concrete PCP : Pervious Concrete Pavement NRMACA : National Mixing Concrete Association SP : Super plasticizer SF : Silica Fume FA : Fly Ash BFS : Blast Furnace Slag GGBFS : Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag CSH : Calcium Silicate Hydrate AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI : American Concrete Institute ASTM : American Society for Testing and Materials FHWA : Federal Highway Administration - United States Department of Transportation ACPA : American Concrete Pavement Association NRMCA : Nation Ready Mix Concrete Association Acknowledgment My master thesis was started from my internship at The University of Tokyo in September 2018 It was really a memorable and lucky time in my life Experimental activities at Komaba Campus – The University of Tokyo are very interesting and useful during the internship in Japan under the supervision of Associate Professor Kohei Nagai - University of Tokyo, Japan and Dr Duong Quang Hung - Hanoi Architectural University From the bottom of my heart, I would like to express my gratitude to Associate Professor Kohei Nagai, Dr Duong Quang Hung for giving me helpful advice and dedicated guidance and valuable lectures for conducting research It is difficult to express my gratitude to two talented and respectable professors Professor Nguyen Dinh Duc - Vietnam National University in Hanoi and Professor Hironori Kato – University of Tokyo Two co-directors of the Master in Infrastructure Engineering program - VJU gave me useful advice and orientation in the right direction Also, I would like to send many thanks to Dr Phan Le Binh, lecturer, JICA long term expert who always encouraged me and Dr Tien Dung Nguyen Dung at VJU for his devoted and valuable support Their support is extremely precious and always inspires me to complete the thesis Also, without the help of my friends studying at Komaba Campus - University of Tokyo, I would not have accomplished my thesis Therefore, I would like to thank for their help The last, I would like to give special thanks to MIE02-VJU classmates and students from the same course at Vietnam Japan University for supporting and accompanying me throughout my great time at Vietnam Japan University My master thesis is also a gift for my whole family, for my parents, my wife and my lovely children because they were always beside me during the whole time I studied at VJU Sincerely, Tran Thanh Tuan ABSTRACT About 30 years ago, Porous Concrete (PC) was studied for use in the United Kingdom and the United States in some traffic works In Europe and Japan, to reduce noise and improve skid resistance, PC is also used as a very effective application material Research and application development of Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) are widely used in Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC).Fly ash (FA) is very important because it not only increases the surface drainage capacity of transport works but also contributes to reducing pollution as a material of environmental friendliness According to a study in Belgium, for some PC mixtures, the 28-day compressive strength also reaches 31.7 MPa However, the permeability of this mixture has not been specifically reported Therefore, research on PCPC strength and permeability with the use of BFS, FA to replace part of cement and to achieve proper permeability is very promising and essential in the future PCPC is a kind of concrete mixture made from coarse aggregate, small sand content (0-20% by weight of aggregate or no sand, water from 27-43% and binder Pervious concrete with void ratio of 14-30% and rough textured surface In this study, the author has found some mixing proportion of porous concrete using BFS and FA to replace part of cement and reduce the amount of sand used The author carried out the design of various mixing proportion used for PC such as ash, flying ash combined with silica fume The experimental process at the Komaba Lab - Tokyo University finds the results and compares the effect of each of these materials on the strength and permeability of PC When using BFS in combination with silica fume, the mixed concrete resulted in a strength of porous concrete of 29.42 MPa with a permeability of 1,747 mm / s It can be considered for application in a number of projects using porous concrete that can drain in reality such as parking lots, sidewalks, etc CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Pervious Concrete Pavement Today, along with the development of modern construction technologies, advanced and environmentally friendly materials are also focused on sustainable development Concrete is a common construction material in the construction industry in general and technical infrastructure in particular In particular, Portland Cement Pervious Concrete (PCPC) or Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP) is a material that has been researched and applied in recently as an environmentally friendly material According to the National Mixing Concrete Association (NRMCA), porous concrete is a high porosity concrete used for flat surface concrete applications that allows water from rain and other sources to flow through This will reduce the flow from one location and reload the groundwater level These are also called non-fines concrete and are made of Portland cement, coarse aggregates, water, with little or no sand and additives The draining water PCP has many merits, such as good safety driving in rainy days, reducing noise, high anti-slippery performance of the pavement and no accumulated water, no splash and spray in rainy days, increasing the driving safety in rainy days greatly The draining water bituminous pavement obtains widespread applications in Western Europe, US and Japan and so on Porous concrete is used for pavement materials, it can penetrate rainwater at the source, contributing to improved driving safety, noise while reducing traffic, road heat effects in the capital Marketing is also overcome and contributes to sustainable development Evaluating the environmental impact of porous concrete with non-porous or conventional concrete also gives different results Porous pavement makes air, water and temperature penetrate into different parts of the environment, from which they undergo different storage, handling and flow processes Therefore, porous concrete is an environmentally friendly material Figure 3.4 Curing PCPC specimen at Lab The process of conducting experiments has gained many valuable lessons That is understanding the characteristics of porous concrete, manufacturing processes to achieve optimal gradation in terms of strength, permeability, and other criteria of PCPC can be considered for practical application 27 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 RESULTS 4.1.1 Compressive Strength of PCPC Figure 4.1 Testing PCPC at Lab 28 Figure 4.2 The PCPC sample is destroyed after compression Figure 4.3 Crack of PCPC after compression 29 Table 4.1 Compressive strength of PCPC mix no 7-day 28-day CT 21.80 22.85 FA 16.37 19.87 SG 21.72 25.48 FA-SF 17.86 20.57 SG-SF 27.64 29.42 Compressive strength (MPa) 35.00 29.42 30.00 25.48 25.00 22.85 20.57 19.87 20.00 7-day 28-day 15.00 10.00 5.00 CT FA SG Mixtures FA-SF SG-SF Figure 4.4 Compressive strength development with time (According to ASTM C39 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens) 30 4.1.2 Permeability of PCPC: 4.2 DISCUSSION Figure 4.5 Testing permeability of PCPC Table 4.2 Void ratio of PCPC – Vr determine by Equation of Park and Tia (chapter 3) mix no Average value CT 13.4 FA 13.7 SG 12.4 FA-SF 14.6 SG-SF 13.4 31 Void ratio Vr % 15.0 14.6 14.0 13.4 13.7 13.0 13.4 12.4 12.0 11.0 10.0 CT FA SG Mixtures FA-SF SG-SF Figure 4.6 Void ratio (%) of PCPC Specimen - Vr determine by Equation in Chapter Table 4.3 Permeability of PCPC – k determine by Equation of Park and Tia (chapter 3) mix no average value (mm/s) CT 1.715 FA 2.039 SG 2.093 FA-SF 2.224 SG-SF 1.747 32 Coefficient of Permeaability k mm/s 2.500 2.224 2.039 2.000 2.093 1.747 1.715 1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 CT FA SG FA-SF SG-SF Mixtures Figure 4.7 Coefficient of Permeability (mm/s) – k determine by Equation in Chapter 4.2 Discussion From the results shown above, porous concrete with 30% BFS (by volume of cement) possess adequate void (more than 13%) and permeability (more than 0.1cm/s) for pavement application 4.2.1 Combine slag in slurry to make porous concrete It is better to incorporate slag in the mortar to make porous concrete better due to lower water demand to increase continuous space In general, the strength of porous concrete depends on void ratio and permeability The higher the void ratio is, the higher the permeability is and the lower the strength is However, porous concrete with slag (SG) and slag and silica fume (SG-SF) give the highest strength, but void ratio and permeability are not the lowest This is because of reasons as following: lower water demand of mortar with slag compared with mixture containing fly ash can be a reason Slag in the mortar decreases viscosity and yield value of mortar, a suitable value of viscosity increases the coating of mortar to aggregate and increase the ratio of continuous void as well as uniform distribution of void inside porous concrete 33 4.2.2 Mortar with BFS and SF produces strength pervious concrete When combining BFS and SF, it will produce porous concrete with the highest intensity in experimental aggregates due to the rheological properties of the dough and better consumption of Ca (OH) by the pozzolanic reaction from silica Cement hydration reaction occurs first when in concrete mixture: Figure 4.8: Hydrated Cement Paste Figure 4.9: Cement Hydration Reaction 34 Pozzolanic reaction after cement hydration Figure 4.10 Reaction Combination of slag and silica fume in porous concrete improves strength significantly, whereas porous concrete Pozzolanic with Fly ash and silica fume decreases compressive strength compared with control porous concrete The finely spherical shape of Fly ash particle and extremely high surface area of Silica fume increase the water demand and increase the viscosity of paste Moreover, it is proposed that amount of Ca(OH)2 released from hydration products is not enough to be consumed fully by pozzolanic reaction from Fly ash and silica fume Thus, certain amount of fly ash and silica fume remaining in the paste created weak zone in the paste As a consequence, it decreases strength of porous concrete In contrary, adequate amount of silica fume in porous concrete with slag and silica fume consume Ca (OH) fully Also Slag itself is a cement material and its low water demand decreases viscosity of paste, which gives a mortar with optimum viscosity and yield value to coast to aggregate Thus, the void is distributed uniformly as well as compressive force is distributed uniformly through the mortar inside porous concrete This increases strength 4.2.3 Fly ash particle does not significantly enhance strength of porous concrete Porous concrete with Fly ash particle did not considerably improve strength It can be estimated that Nano-particle with ultra-fine size cause flocculation The smaller the size of particle is, the higher the surface energy is Therefore, if super-plasticizer is not enough to disperse flocculation, Nano-particle itself agglomerate together and they act as nucleation side to attract other particle (cement & slag of fly ash) surrounding them to hydrate (size of Fly ash is one thousand less than that of 35 cement) A large agglomeration in the center of hydration particles was not reacted fully and remains between hydration products This causes weak space in the paste Moreover, increase in the water demand occurs when the certain amount of water is entrapped in agglomeration, which increases viscosity of mortar and decreases the cost of mortar to aggregate As a result, agglomeration of Fly ash particle that is not dispersed well does not significantly increase the strength of porous concrete Conclusion The results show that mixing proportion with Slag gives the highest compressive strength with 25.48 MPa TCVN 10797: 2015 requires Compress strength pavement > 9.5 MPa In addition, Permeability coefficient of porous concrete is in the range of 1.7-2.2 mm/s Previous research using slag as a recycled material in thermoelectric production has not shown the appropriate intensity and permeability, but this study has achieved At the same time, other indicators of porous concrete such as abrasion and durability can be added for practical applications Therefore, PCPC using Slag, Silica fume has great potential for application in medium and small strength concrete structures such as sidewalks, parking lots 36 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion Firstly, combining blast furnace slag and silica fume improves the significant strength of porous concrete, retaining the appropriate void ratio and permeability According to Vietnam Standards TCVN 10797: 2015 standard Requires compressive strength> 9.5 MPa According to the results of this study, mixing proportion PCPC containing BFS and SF results in 28 days compressive strength test: 29.42 MPa and permeability coefficient: 1.747 mm/s Therefore, empirical classification results in the research topic are satisfactory with the original research objectives, which can be considered for practical application The use of silica fume as well as fly ash has a tremendous effect because it reduces dust and water pollution due to the large amount of fly ash and slag emitted from thermal power plants in Vietnam today In addition, the application of porous concrete using slag, fly ash, silica fume will reduce the amount of cement as a binder in concrete leading to the production of PCPC as an environmentally friendly material, contributing to the sustainable development Secondly, the rheological properties (viscosity and yield value) of mortar are important factors, affecting the continuous void, permeability and strength of porous concrete When using SF mixed with PCPC mixture, it is necessary to add SP to increase the workability of concrete Finally, fly ash does not significantly improve the strength of porous concrete without being evenly dispersed by super plasticity PCPC mixing proportion containing FA not considerably increase PCPC strength but have a higher permeability coefficient than mixing proportion containing BFS and SF 37 5.2 Recommendation Challenges of Portland cement pervious concrete PCPC has the advantages that environmental friendly materials are gradually increasing in practical applications However, there are still some limitations that occur when using PCPC, thus providing solutions to address those challenges It is a matter of strength and durability, maintenance, most importantly congestion, construction capacity problems, restrictions on heavy vehicles and costs Early failure affecting the industry can often be linked to a substandard mixed design The mixture is missing in the amount of cement materials in the mixture Besides, the use of PCPC in cold climates will be hampered by the lack of a viable freezethaw resistant mix design So, solving these challenges requires reasonable approaches to developing design, construction and maintenance strategies Figure 5.1: solution for designing PCPC road structure layers PCPC pavement is only part of the entire system, although this is a very important part and will be discussed more fully later Below the pavement layer is the reservoir system, there may be some pieces including the filter layer at the top and bottom of the reservoir layer The reservoir system may be sized to store and store certain design storm events or it may simply be a pipe to allow water to flow into the soil below or be moved out Therefore, consideration of hydrological factors plays an important role in system design through reservoir systems, and is more fully developed The lower floor is the foundation 38 for the reservoir section, and can be separated by a geotextile layer Not all of these classes / parts are present in most applications, but each layer serves a function in such an idealized part 39 REFERENCES ACI 522.1-13 Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement ASTM C192, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test ASTM C39 / C39M - 18 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ASTM C618 - 19 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete Beeldens, A., Van Gemert, D., and Caestecker, C (2003) Pervious Concrete: Laboratory Versus Field Experience International workshop on concrete roads, Istanbul, Turkey C Artelt, E., Garcia (2008) “Impact of superplasticizer concentration and of ultra-fine particles on the rheological behavior of dense mortar suspension“, Cem Concr Res 38(2008) 633-642 Darshna shah, Bhavsar, J J., and Jayeshkumar Pitroda, (2013) “Pervious concrete: New Era for Rural Road Pavement”-, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume Issue 8- August 2013,pp.3495-3499 Elsayed (2011) “Influence of Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Super Pozz and High Slag Cement on Water Permeability and Strength of Concrete”, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 5, No Ferguson, B K (2005) Porous Pavements Taylor and Francis Group New York https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228841934 Husain N Hamdulay, Roshni J John, D R Suroshe (2015) “Effect of Aggregate Grading and Cementitious By-Product on Performance of Pervious Concrete”-, International Journal of Innovation Research in Science Engineering and Technology- Volume Issue 8- August 2015,pp.6890-6897 John T Kevern, PE, LEED AP (2011) Design of Pervious Concrete Mixtures, National Pervious Concrete Pavement Association, Inc Kajio, S., Tanaka, S., Tomita, R., Noda, E., and Hashimoto, S (1998) Properties of Pervious Concrete with High Strength, International workshop on Concrete Roads, Lisbon, pp 171-177 Kosmatka (2002) Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Portland Cement Association Chanh, N.V., Duy, N.H., and Huan, P.N (2005) POROUS CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY FOR ROADSIDE AND PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION 40 Olek, J, Weiss, W.J, Neithalath, N., Marolf, A., Sell, E and Thornton, W.D (2003) “Development of quiet and durable porous Portland cement concrete paving materials.” Final Report SQDH 2003-5, Purdue University, September, 172 pp Park S, and Tia, M (2004) “An Experimental Study on the Water-Purification Properties of Porous Concrete.” Cement and Concrete Research, p 177-184 Paul D Tennis (2004) Pervious Concrete Pavements ISBN 0-89312-242-4 Inc PCA Serial No 2828 EB302.02 RAMADHANSYAH Putra Jaya (2014) A Review of Porous Concrete Pavement: Application sand Engineering Properties Sukamal Kanta Ghosh, Ananya Chaudhury, Rohan data, D.K.Bera (2015) “A Review of Performance of Pervious Concrete Using Waste Material”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology- Volume Issue 13- December 2015,pp.105-115 Sukamal Kanta Ghosh, Ananya Chaudhury, Rohan Datta, D.K.Bera (2015) “A REVIEW ON PERFORMANCE OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE USING WASTE MATERIALS” IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 |pISSN: 2321-7308 Suleiman, M T (2006) Effect of Compaction Energy on Pervious Concrete Properties Suleiman, M T., Kevern, J., Schaefer, V R., and Wang, K (2006) “Effect of Compaction Energy on Pervious Concrete Properties.” National Ready Mix Concrete Association, Nashville, TN, May 23-25 Tamai, M, and Yoshida (2003) “Durability of Porous Concrete.”, American Concrete Institute Tennis, P.D, M L., Lemming, D.J Akers (2004) Pervious Concrete Pavements Special publication by the Portland Cement Association and the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Yang, J., and Jiang (2003) “Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete pavement materials”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol 33, 2003, pp 381-386 Young’s (2005) Pervious Concrete (EPA 2000) 41 ... The study on strength and permeability of PC containing fly ash, slag and silica fume is to achieve the following goals: - To investigate the effect of fly ash and Blast furnace slag, silica fume. .. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY TRAN THANH TUAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FLY ASH, BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND SILICAFUME... ABBREVIATIONS PCPC : Portland cement Pervious Concrete PCP : Pervious Concrete Pavement NRMACA : National Mixing Concrete Association SP : Super plasticizer SF : Silica Fume FA : Fly Ash BFS : Blast Furnace