The history answer book

THE HANDY HISTORY ANSWER BOOK S E C O N D E D I Rebecca Reb a Ferguson Ferguson T I O N About the Author Author of the bestselling first edition of the Handy History Answer Book, Rebecca Ferguson helped develop the Handy Answer Book® series and a number of books for Visible Ink Press during the last 15 years, including titles on noteworthy legal trials, Hispanic/Latino culture, and the Olympics She recently contributed to the Britannica Student Encyclopedia, a part of Britannica Online, as well as The Lincoln Library of American History Her love of history runs deep “History,” Rebecca says, “teaches us to appreciate the scope of human endeavor and experience.” She lives with her husband and young son near Chicago Also from Visible Ink Press The Handy Anatomy Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-190-9 The Handy Answer Book for Kids (and Parents), ISBN 978-1-57859-110-7 The Handy Biology Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-150-3 The Handy Geography Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-062-9 The Handy Geology Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-156-5 The Handy History Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-170-1 The Handy Math Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-171-8 The Handy Ocean Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-063-6 The Handy Physics Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-058-2 The Handy Politics Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-139-8 The Handy Presidents Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-167-1 The Handy Religion Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-125-1 The Handy Science Answer Book®, ISBN 978-1-57859-140-4 The Handy Sports Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-075-9 The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book, ISBN 978-1-57859-196-1 The Handy Weather Answer Book®, ISBN 978-0-7876-1034-0 Please visit us at visibleink.com THE HANDY HISTORY ANSWER BOOK THE HANDY HISTORY ANSWER BOOK S E C O N D E D I T I O N Rebecca Ferguson Detroit THE HANDY HISTORY ANSWER BOOK Copyright â 2006 by Visible Ink Pressđ Photo Credits AP/Wide World: pages 9, 28, 33, 40, 50, 63, 65, 93, 99, 100, 102, 152, 155, 158, 165, 168, 170, 184, 187, 197, 202, 204, 208, 212, 216, 270, 272, 274, 289, 310, 312, 349, 350, 352, 367, 384, 394, 400, 406, 408, 413, 418, 423, 427, 434, 447, 487, 489, 494, 500, 502, 547, 559, 562, 570 Getty Images: pages 18, 42, 108, 122, 176, 242, 333, 342, 441, 464, 534, 545 The Library of Congress: pages 5, 14, 27, 29, 31, 71, 74, 83, 88, 115, 125, 135, 137, 141, 148, 151, 163, 230, 234, 238, 246, 263, 265, 268, 276, 281, 285, 292, 298, 306, 335, 345, 370, 378, 398, 420, 448, 451, 459, 471, 474, 478, 483, 507, 513, 524, 526, 543, 552, 553, 555, 557, 566, 572, 576, 580, 583, 592 Cover images reproduced by permission of AP and Library of Congress This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secrets, unfair competition, and other applicable laws No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended Visible Ink Press® 43311 Joy Rd #414 Canton, MI 48187-2075 Visible Ink Press is a trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet your needs For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, at www.visibleink.com Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: The Graphix Group ISBN: 1-57859-170-8 Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress Printed in the United States of America All right reserved 10 Contents I NTRODUCTION xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii C HRONOLOGY OF SELECTED EVENTS xv ERAS AND THEIR HIGHLIGHTS … Prehistoric Era…Stone Age…Copper Age…Bronze Age…Iron Age…Classical Age…Greek Civilization…Mycenaean Age… The Roman Republic…Holy Roman Empire…The Middle Ages… The Renaissance…European Colonialism…The Enlightenment… The Scientific Revolution…The Industrial Revolution…Era of the World Wars…The Cold War…Early Twenty-first Century RELIGION … 37 Roman Mythology…Greek Mythology…Buddhism…Hinduism… Shinto…The Bible…The Hebrew Bible…Christianity…The Old Testament…Dead Sea Scrolls…The Ten Commandments… Golgotha…Islam…The Koran…Five Pillars of Faith…Mecca… The Crusades…The Catholic Church…Popes…The Reformation… Counter Reformation…Martin Luther…Jesuits…The Puritans…The Protestant Ethic…Mother Teresa…Pope John Paul II EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT … 67 Marco Polo…The Vikings…Christopher Columbus…Cabeza de Vaca…Hernando de Soto…Ferdinand Magellan…Sir Francis Drake…Captain Cook…Lost Colony…Pilgrims…Lewis and Clark…Manifest Destiny…American Immigration…Northwest Passage…Robert Peary…Roald Amundsen…Sir Edmund Hillary…Charles Lindbergh…Amelia Earhart…Space Exploration vii WAR AND CONFLICT … 105 Trojan War…Peloponnesian War…Alexander the Great…Attila the Hun…Genghis Khan…Hundred Years’ War…Joan of Arc…French and Indian War…American Revolution…French Revolution…Napoleon…War of 1812…American Civil War…Spanish-American War…Russian Revolution…World War I…Sino-Japanese War…World War II… Korean War…Vietnam War…Persian Gulf War…War in the Baltics GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS … 219 King Tut…Mayan Empire…Aztec Empire…Roman Empire… Tang Dynasty…Ming Dynasty…Ottoman Empire…Holy Roman Empire…The Romanov Dynasty…Marie Antoinette… Napolean… Boston Tea Party… Declaration of Independence…U.S Constitution…Bill of Rights…The American Presidency… Watergate…The Holocaust…United Nations…G-8…Mahatma Gandhi…Palestine Liberation Organization…Iron Curtain… Office of Homeland Security LAW AND FAMOUS TRIALS … 291 Roman Law…Code Napolean…International Law…Geneva Conventions…U.S Supreme Court…Racial Segregation…Salem Witch Trials…John Peter Zenger…Dred Scott Decision…Susan B Anthony…Mata Hari…Scopes Monkey Trial…Billy Mitchell…Al Capone…Nuremberg Trials…Alger Hiss…Rosenbergs…Roe v Wade… ABSCAM…Gang of Four…Nicolae Ceausescu…Beltway Sniper… 9/11 Conspirators ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS … 319 Capitalism…Adam Smith…Monetary Systems…Federal Reserve… ATMs…The Euro…American Tobacco Industry…Navigation Acts…Gold Rush…Oil Industry…Textile Industry…Bonanza Farms…Bessemer Steel…Department Stores… Black Friday…Robber Barons…New York Stock Exchange… Assembly Line…New Deal…Auto Industry…Computer Industry… Income Tax…NAFTA…Y2K…Enron viii N NAACP See: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Nader, Ralph, 401 Nader’s Raiders, 401 NAFTA See: North American Free Trade Agreement Nagasaki, Japan, 167 Naismith, James, 592–93 Nanking Massacre, 155–56 Napoleon III, 449 Napoleon Bonaparte Brumaire Coup d’État, 124–25 burning of Moscow, 127 characteristics of, 273–74 Code Napoleon, 293 controversy surrounding, 243–44 Embargo Act, 355 Grand Army, 237 guerrilla warfare, 183 Hundred Days, 243 Napoleonic Wars, 125–26, 142 ousted as head of France, 12 Trafalgar, 126–27 War of 1812, 127–28 Napoleonic Wars, 125–26, 142 NASA See: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) The Nashville Network (TNN), 587 Nashville, Tennessee, 135 Nation, Carry, 383 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 101–2 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 299, 375 National Bank Act, 323–24 National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 243, 581–82, 583 National Labor Relations Board, 392 National Organization for Women (NOW), 388 National Road, 330 National Union Party, 256 National Woman’s Party (NWP), 386 Nationalism, 363–64 NATO See: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Natural disasters ancient societies’ interpretation of, 403 blizzards, 414 Dust Bowl, 415–16 earthquakes, 404–6, 406 (ill.) floods, 412–14, 413 (ill.) Hurricane Katrina, 409–11 hurricanes, 409–12 tropical storms, 409 tsunamis, 407–9, 408 (ill.) volcanoes, 403–4 Natural history DNA, 495 Leakeys, 494–96 theory of evolution, 493–94 Natural law, 476 Natural resources “black gold,” 333–34 Comstock Lode, 332 diamond mining, 334 gold rush, 332, 333 (ill.) Navigation Acts, 329–30 Nazis and Nazism, 154, 155 (ill.) Einstein, Albert, 489 holocaust, 273 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 476 Nuremberg trial, 307–8 rise of, following Treaty of Versailles, 28 NBC See: National Broadcasting Company (NBC) Neanderthal Man, Nehru, Jawaharlal, 280–81 Nelmes, Sarah, 443 Nelson, Byron, 594 Nelson, Horatio, 126–27, 355 Neolithic Age, Nero, 54, 224 Nesmith, Michael, 586 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 180 Netherlands, 85 Neutral countries during World War II, 169 Nevada del Ruiz, Colombia, volcano, 404 New Amsterdam, 85 INDEX Big Band era, 571 bluegrass, 571 blues, 570–71 Brahms, Johannes, 566–67 country, 571 jazz, 569–70, 570 (ill.) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 564–65 notating system, 564 Presley, Elvis, 572, 572 (ill.) rock and roll, 572–73 Schoenberg, Arnold, 567–68 Stravinsky, Igor, 568–69 Wagner, Richard, 567 Music Television (MTV), 584, 586–87 Muslims, 48–52 Mussolini, Benito, 156, 157, 479, 490 My Lai Massacre, 178 Mycenaean Age, Mycenaeans, 7–8 Myers, Michael “Ozzie,” 313–14 Mythology, 37–38 627 628 New Deal, 351–53, 352 (ill.) New France, 81 New Hampshire, 249 New Jersey, 249 New Kingdom, New Netherlands, 85 New Orleans, 410, 411 New Plymouth, 84 New Spain, 81 New Stone Age, New Sweden, 85 New World America, 73–74 Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, 75 Cabot, John, 76–77 Cabot, Sebastian, 77 Columbus, Christopher, 70–72, 71 (ill.) conquistadors, 72–73 Cortés, Hernán, 74 (ill.), 74–75 de Soto, Hernando, 76 European discovery of plants, 73 Europeans introduce animals to, 73 Montezuma, 74 (ill.), 74–75 Seven Cities of Cíbola, 75–76 Vikings, 69–70 New York, 249 New York City, 85 New York Stock Exchange, 346 Newberry, Julia, 417 Newcomen, Thomas, 501 Newman, Paul, 582 Newspapers, 522–23 Newsreels, 579 Newton, Isaac calculus, 486 Halley, Edmund, 485 law of gravity, 483 law of inertia, 473 laws of motion, 486 scientific revolution, 26 Niagara movement, 375 Nicaraguans, 270–71 Nicholas II (pope), 53 Nicholas II (tsar), 144, 146–47, 231, 296 Nichols, Terry L., 200 Nicias, 106 Nicklaus, Jack, 594 Niepce, Joseph-Nicéphore, 553 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 475–76 Night of Terror, 385–86 Nightingale, Florence, 447 (ill.), 447–48 Nijinsky, Vaslav, 569, 573 Nineteenth Amendment, 253, 385 Ninth Amendment, 251 Nixon, Richard, 269, 309 No drama, 561 Nobel, Alfred, 488 Noble, Edward J., 582 Nonviolence movement, 377–78, 378 (ill.) Noonan, Fred, 97–98 Nordic Games, 590 Norgay, Tenzing, 96 Norman Conquest, 111–12 Normandy, France, invasion of, 163 (ill.), 164 Normandy, House of, 232 Normans, 17, 18 (ill.) Norodom Sihamoni, 174 Norodom Sihanouk, 174 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 359 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 30, 171, 188, 210–11 North Carolina, 249 North, Oliver, 270 North Pole, 95 North Vietnam, 175–77 Northern Ireland, 193, 194, 195 Northwest Passage, 94–95 Novel, 539–40 NOW See: National Organization for Women (NOW) Noyce, Robert, 513 Nuclear accidents, 434 (ill.), 434–35 Nuclear annihilation, 491–92 Nuclear energy, 488–92 Nuclear fission, 490 Nuclear near-meltdown, 431–32 Nuon Chea, 175 Nuremberg trial, 307–8 Nureyev, Rudolf, 574 “Nutcracker Man,” 496 O O-rings, 427–28 Oath of the Tennis Court, 122–23 Octavian, 110, 222, 223 Odyssey (Homer), 8, 9, 530–31 Office of Homeland Security See Department of Homeland Security Oil, 333–34 O’Keeffe, Georgia, 554 Oklahoma City bombing, 200 Old Kingdom, 5–6 Old Stone Age, Old Testament, 41–42 Olds, Ransom Eli, 504 O’Leary, Mrs., 417 Olympic Games, 10, 589–91 On the Road (Kerouac), 399 Onizuka, Ellison, 426 Operation Falcon, 299 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 215–16, 216 (ill.) Oppenheimer, J Robert, 490–91 Opportunity (spacecraft), 102 Orbits, 485 Oregon Country, 133 P Page, William Tyler, 477 Paine, Thomas, 477–78, 478 (ill.) Paleolithic Age, Palestine, 47, 180, 281–82, 364 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 179, 181, 282–83 Paley, William S., 582 Palmer, Arnold, 594 Pandora’s box, 38 Panic of 1873, 344 Pankhurst, Emmeline, 386–87 Pankhurst, Richard Marsden, 387 Papal state, 20 Paper, 520–21 Paper money, 321 Papyrus, 520 Paré, Ambroise, 444 Paredes y Arrillage, Mariano, 131 Park Row Building, 560 Parliament, 239–40 Parnell, C S., 192 Parris, Samuel, 300 Parry, Milman, 531 Parthenon, (ill.), 554–55 Passion play, 562–63 Pasteur, Louis, 340, 439, 442–43, 445–46 Pathé, Charles, 579 Pathé, Emil, 579 Pathfinder (spacecraft), 101 Patriot Act, 287–88 Paul, Alice, 384, 385, 386 Paul (apostle), 16 Paul III (pope), 59, 60 Paul VI (pope), 56 Pavlov, Ivan, 458, 459 Pavlova, Anna, 573 Pavlov’s dogs, 458 Pax Romana, 11, 110 PBS See Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Peace of Augsburg, 61–62 Peace of Westphalia, 61 Pearl Harbor, 158 (ill.), 160–61 Peary, Robert E., 95 Peasants, 19 Peasants’ Crusade, 52 Peasants’ War, 116–17 Peloponnesian War, 106–7 Pendulum theory, 474 Penicillin, 446 Pennsylvania, 249 Pennsylvania airplane crash (September 11, 2001), 203 Penny newspapers, 522–23 Pentagon, 203 Pepin III the Short (king), 16, 20, 227 Peres, Shimon, 283 Perestroika, 32 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 129 Pershing, John, 144, 307 Persian Gulf War, 185–86 Personal computers, 354, 514–15 Peter (apostle), 54 Peter III (king), 119 Peter the Great, 231 Petrarch, 23 Petroleum, 333–34 Petronas Towers, 559–60 Pharnaces II, 110 Philip Augustus, 17 Philip II (Macedonian king), 107 Philip II (Spanish king), 234, 235 Philip IV (king), 115 Philip the Handsome, 229 Philippines, 78, 142 Phillips, Jack, 422 Philosophy Aristotle, 467, 468 Bacon, Sir Francis, 470–71, 471 (ill.) communism, 478 Confucius, 464 (ill.), 465 definition, 463 Descartes, René, 472 doctrine of idols, 471–72 emergence of, 463 empiricism, 472–73 epicurean, 467, 469 existentialism, 474–75 facism, 479 and government, 476–79 Hegelian dialectic, 474, 474 (ill.) Islamic, 469–70 Kant, Immanuel, 473–74 Marxism, 478 Middle Ages, 469–70 natural law, 476 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 475–76 Paine, Thomas, 477–78 Plato, 466–67 Scholasticism, 470 social contract, 476–77 socialism, 478 Socrates, 464–66 Taoism, 463–64 “Theory of Forms,” 467 Phipps, James, 443 Phlegm, 438 Phoenician alphabet, 8–9, 520 Photography, 553–54 Physics E=mc2, 488 INDEX Organ transplants, 451–52 Organon (Aristotle), 468 Orlando, Vittorio, 151 Ornitz, Samuel, 578 Osiris, 562 Osman I, 228 Ostrogoths, 14 Otis, Elisha, 560 Otto I (emperor), 12, 21 Ottoman Empire, 228 Ottoman Turks, 129–30 629 630 laws of motion, 486 quantum theory, 488 Picasso, Pablo, 551–52, 552 (ill.), 573, 575 Pieces of eight, 321–22 Pilâtre de Rozier, JeanFranỗois, 505 Pilgrims, 8384 Pirrie, Lord William James, 420 Pisarro, Camille, 549 Pitt, William, 120 Pittman, Robert, 586 Pius XII (pope), 64 Pizarro, Francisco, 73, 222, 229 Plague, 455, 562–63 Planck, Max, 488 Planetary motion, 486 Planets, 482–83, 485 Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 389 Plantagenet, House of, 232, 233 Plastic, 354 Plato as great Greek philosopher, 9, 469, 471 Pythagorean tradition, 527 and Socrates and Aristotle, 466 theory of forms, 467 Western thought, 464 Plautus, 561 Plessy v Ferguson, 298, 299, 525 PLO See Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Pneumonic plague, 455 Poet laureate, 535–36 Poetics (Aristotle), 468 Poetry, 542 Poindexter, John, 270 Poitier, Sidney, 582 Poker, 588 Pol Pot, 174 Poland, 32, 157, 366, 367 (ill.) Polio vaccine, 450–51, 451 (ill.) Political movements antiapartheid movement, 368–69 Biko, Stephen, 368–69 Indian reform movement, 365 May Fourth movement, 365–66 nationalism, 363 Solidarity, 366, 367 (ill.) Tiananmen Square, 369 Zionism, 364–65 Polk, James K., 131, 133 Poll tax, 253, 380 Polo, Marco, 68–69 Polytheistic religion, 37, 41 Pompey the Great, 222 Popes, 20–21, 53–54, 57 Population growth, 390 Populism, 390–91 Porta, Giambattista della, 553 Porter, Edwin S., 577 Portugal, 24 Potato blight, 91 Potemkin (movie), 577–78 Powderly, Terence, 393, 395 Powell, Colin, 210 Prague, 118 Prehistoric era, 2–3 ancient Egypt, (ill.), 5–10 Bronze Age, Copper Age, definition, first humans on Earth, 2–3 Iron Age, 4–5 Neanderthal Man, Stone Age, Presidency See American presidency Presidential election of 2000, 272 Presley, Elvis, 572, 572 (ill.) Press conferences, 262 Priestley, Joseph, 26 The Prince (Machiavelli), 536 Princip, Gavrilo, 149 Printing, 521 Privateering, 132 Progressive movement, 391 Prohibition, 253 Prokofiev, Sergei, 569, 573 Promised Land, 45–46 Prophet(s), 42, 46 Protestantism, 61 Protestants, 60, 117, 194, 195 Proust, Marcel, 541–42 Prussia, 119, 525 Psychoanalysis, 459–60 Psychology behaviorism, 458–59 Freud, Sigmund, 459 (ill.), 459–60 Jung, Carl Gustav, 460 Pavlov’s dogs, 458 Ptolemaic System, 482 Ptolemy, 482 Public broadcasting, 584 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 584 Public health, 454 Public schools, 524 (ill.), 524–25 Pullman, George W., 396 Pullman Palace Car Company, 396 Punic Wars, 109 Puritans, 62, 84–85 Putin, Vladimir, 191 Pyramids at Giza, (ill.), Pythagoras, 10, 481 Pythagorean theorem, 481 Pythagoreans, 527 Q Quantum theory, 488 R Rabelais, Franỗois, 23 Rabies, 446 Rabin, Yitzhak, 283 Radio, 509–10, 579–80, 580 (ill.) Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 581, 582 Radium, 450 “Rag money,” 322–23 Rahman, Sheik Omar Abdel, 199–200 Railroads, 501–3 Rainey, Ma, 570 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 78, 82, 235 Ramon, Ilan, 428 Ramses II, 6, 44 Randolph, Edmund Jennings, 249 Rape of Nanking, 155–56 Raphael Sanzio, 23, 546–47 Rasputin, Grigory, 146–47 Ravel, Maurice, 573 RCA See: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Read, George, 247 Reagan, Ronald assassination attempt, 268–69 Challenger disaster, 100 Grenada invasion, 185 Iran-Contra affair, 270–71 reparations to victims of Japanese American internment, 162 “tear down this wall” speech, 34 Union Carbide accident, 433 Reaper, 338 Reconstruction carpetbaggers, 259 duration of, 257–58 “forty acres and a mule,” 258–59 Johnson, Andrew, 259–61 scalawags, 259–60 Reconstruction acts, 258 Red Cross, 448 (ill.), 448–49 Red Hot Peppers, 569 Red Terror, 148–49 Redi, Francesco, 442 Reed, Walter, 456 Reformation, 61, 116–17 Reign of Terror, 123–24 Reith, John Charles, 584 Reliance Building, 559 Religion apostles, 47–48 Ark of the Covenant, 45 Becket, Thomas, 54–55 Bible, 41–43, 56–57 Buddhism, 39–40 Catholic Church, 53–54, 55–56 Christians, 51 classification of, 37 Counter Reformation, 58–59 Crusades, 50–52 Dalai Lama, 39, 40, 40 (ill.) Dead Sea Scrolls, 43 Diet of Worms, 59 disciples, 48 Exodus from Egypt, 43–44 Five Pillars of Faith, 49 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 48 Golgotha, 48 Great Awakening, 62 Hinduism, 41 Holy Land, 51 infidel, 55 Islam, 48–49 Jesuits, 59–60 Jesus of Nazareth, 46–48 Jews, 51 John Paul II (pope), 65 (ill.), 65–66 Koran, 49 Mecca, 50, 50 (ill.) messiah, 46 Moses, 44–45, 45–46 Mother Teresa, 63 (ill.), 64–65 Muslims, 51 Ninety-Five Theses, 58 Peace of Augsburg, 61–62 Promised Land, 45–46 prophet, 46 Protestant ethic, 63 Puritans, 62 Reformation, 57–59, 61 St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 60–61 sainthood, 63 Shinto, 41 Sunni and Shiah sects, 49 Ten Commandments, 42 (ill.), 44–45 Ten Plagues, 44 Religious tolerance, 61 Rembrandt van Rijn, 548–49 “Remember the Alamo,” 130 Remick, Lee, 582 Remus, 10 Renaissance advances in medicine, 441 beginning of, 22 characterization of, 22–23 European colonialism, 24–25 greatest minds of, 23 spread from Italy to rest of Europe, 24 time of rebirth, 21–22 Renaissance and the Enlightenment Defenestration of Prague, 118 INDEX Quarrymen, 572 Queen Anne’s War, 120 Queen Elizabeth (movie), 577 631 632 Great Northern War, 118–19 Gunpowder Plot, 117 Peace of Westphalia, 118, 119 Seven Years’ War, 119 Thirty Years’ War, 117–18 Reparations, 381–82 Republican Party, 255 Resnik, Judith, 426 Restoration, 233, 241 Restraint of trade, 358 The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt), 549 Revere, Paul, 121, 122 (ill.), 123 Rhazes, 440 Rhode Island, 249 Richard the Lionhearted, 114, 233, 239 Richardson, John, 552 Ride, Sally K., 100 Ridge, Tom, 287 Rights of Man, 242–43 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay, 568 Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 569 Rizzio, David, 236 Roadmap for Peace, 181–82 Roanoke Island, 82–83 Roaring Twenties, 28 “Robber barons,” 344–46 Robert I (king), 455 Robertson, Lord, 211 Robespierre, Maximilien, 123–24, 477 Robinson, Jackie, 375–76 Robinson, Randall, 381 Roche, Martin, 558 Rock and roll, 572–73 Rockefeller, John D., 344, 345 (ill.), 358 Roderick (king), 15 Roe v Wade, 312 (ill.), 312–13 Roebling, John Augustus, 557 Roebling, Washington Augustus, 557 Roebuck, Alvah C., 344 Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 450 Rogers, Ginger, 564 Rogers, Will, 564 Rogers, William P., 100 Rolfe, John, 328 Roman Catholic Church See Catholic Church Roman Conquest, 108–9 Roman Empire Byzantine Empire, 225 fall of, 109–11 Holy Roman Empire, 11–12 rulers of, 223–24 Roman law, 291 Roman Republic, 10–11, 222–23 Romania, 315–16 Romanov Dynasty, 231–32 Romans, 10–12, 24 Rome, 10 Punic Wars, 109 Roman Conquest, 108–9 sacking of, 109–11 Romulus, 10 Romulus Augustulus, 111 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 264, 266 Roosevelt, Franklin D assassination attempt, 268 Atlantic Charter, 160 distant relative of many presidents, 273 Einstein, Albert, 489–90 fireside chats, 265–66, 580 internment of Japanese Americans, 162 Lend-Lease, 159 New Deal, 352 Pearl Harbor, 161 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 266 Roosevelt, Theodore, 264–65, 273 State of the Union Address, 262 television, 511 United Nations, 276 (ill.), 276–77 World War II, 158 Roosevelt, Theodore, 140–41, 141 (ill.) assassination attempt, 268–69 chautauqua movement, 529 McKinley assassination, 268 meat-packing plant investigation, 401 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 264–65, 273 Russo-Japanese War, 144 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 358 Root, John Wellborn, 558 Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius, 309–10, 310 (ill.) Rosenberg trial, 309–10 Rosenthal, Joe, 166 “Rosie the Riveter,” 353 Rosing, Boris, 510 Rough Riders, 140–41, 141 (ill.) Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 25, 123, 477 Roux, Pierre-Paul-Émile, 446 Rowling, J K., 543–44 Royal houses, 232–33 Royalty See Empires, royalty, and dynasties Rubinstein, Ida, 573 Rudolf I, 229 Rumsfeld, Donald, 216 Ruskin, John, 544 Russia See also Russian Revolution; Soviet Union burning of Moscow, 127 Chechnya, 190–91 Crimean War, 132–33 Romanov Dynasty, 231 S Sabin, Albert B., 451 Sacagawea, 88 Sacco, Nicola, 316 Sacking of Rome, 109–11 Sadat, Anwar, 179, 180 Saffir-Simpson scale, 411 Sagan, Carl, 492 Saint, Eva Marie, 582 St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 60–61 Sainthood, 63 Salameh, Mohammed A., 199 Salem witch trials, 299–300 Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 359 Salk, Jonas, 450–51, 451 (ill.) San Francisco earthquake, 405–6, 406 (ill.) San Juan Hill, 140–41, 141 (ill.) Sanford, John F A., 301–2 Sanger, Margaret Higgins, 389–90 Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral, 22 Santorio, Santorio, 499 Sarnoff, David, 511, 581 Sarobi, Habiba, 213 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 475 Satellite, 485 Saul (king), 281 Saxe-Coborg, House of, 232, 233 Saxons, 16 Scalawags, 259–60 Schempp v Abington Township, 525 Schoenberg, Arnold, 567–68 Scholasticism, 470 The School of Athens (Raphael Sanzio), 547 Schultz, “Dutch,” 307 Schwarz, David, 505 Scientific management, 347–48 Scientific revolution, 25–26 Scipio Africanus, 109 Scobee, Francis, 426 Scoon, Sir Paul, 185 Scopes, John T., 305, 494 Scopes monkey trial, 305–6, 306 (ill.), 494 Scott, Adrian, 578 Scott, Dred, 301–2 Scott, George C., 582 Scott, Robert Falcon, 96 Scott, Winfield, 89 Scott v Sanford, 302 Scottsboro Boys, 317 Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 578 Sears, Richard W., 344 Sears, Roebuck and Company, 343–44 Secession of Southern states, 256–57 Second Amendment, 250 Second Continental Congress, 246 Second National Bank of the United States, 323 Seditious libel, 300–301 Segregation, 375–76 Selden, Henry R., 303 Selective toxicity, 446 Seljuk Turks, 51, 55 Semitic alphabet, 520 Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, 444–45 Separation of church and state, 525 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks Bush, George W., 205 chronology of events, 202–4, 204 (ill.) conspirators trial, 318 deaths from, 205–6 injuries from, 206 9/11 Commission, 206–7 terrorist networks, 36 Serbia, 149, 186–88, 189 Serbia and Montenegro, 187, 188, 190 Serfs, 19 Serling, Rod, 582 Seurat, Georges, 549, 551 Seven Years’ War, 119, 142 Seventeenth Amendment, 253 Seventh Amendment, 251 Seymour, Jane, 234 Shakespeare, William, 534 (ill.) Elizabethan age, 235 fame of, 535 Globe Theatre, 563 Julius Caesar, 222 Renaissance writer, 23 schooling of, 534–45 study of, 534 tragedies, 561 Sharon, Ariel, 181, 283 Shawnee Indians, 136–37, 137 (ill.) Shelley, Mary, 388 Shepard, Alan, Jr., 99 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 346, 358–59, 392 Sherman, John, 324, 358 Sherman, Roger, 247 Sherman, William T., 258 Shiah sect, 49 Shih Huang Ti (emperor), 554 INDEX Russo-Japanese War, 144–45 Russian Revolution See also Russia; Soviet Union Bloody Sunday, 145–46 Bolshevik Revolution, 147–48, 148 (ill.) Rasputin, Grigory, 146–47 Red Terror, 148–49 Russo-Japanese War, 144–45 Rutledge, John, 296 Rwandan genocide, 196–98, 197 (ill.) 633 634 Shinto, 41 Shipwrecks, 420 (ill.), 420–23 Shook, Karel, 575 Siddhartha Guatama, 39, 40 Sièyes, Emmanuel-Joseph, 125 Signac, Paul, 549 Silent Spring (Carson), 401 Silver, 332 Simpson, Nicole, 317 Simpson, O J., 317 Simpson, Wallis, 237 Sinclair, Harry F., 264 Sinclair, Upton, 401 Singh, Vijay, 594 Sinn Fein, 193, 194, 195 Sino-Japanese War, 154–55 Sioux uprising, 137–38 Sirica, John, 269 Sitting Bull, 138–39 Sixteenth Amendment, 253, 346, 356, 357 Sixth Amendment, 251 Skaptar, Iceland, volcano, 404 Skeletons, Skelton, Red, 582 Skilling, Tom, 361 Skinner, B F., 459 Skolsky, Sidney, 578 Skyscrapers, 558–60 Slater, Samuel, 335–36, 337 Slavery American Civil War, 134 in Colonial America, 86 cotton industry, 337 in modern times, 373–74 outlawed in Europe, 373 pre–American Civil War, 371–72 Scott, Dred, decision, 301–2 Thirteenth Amendment, 253, 257 Slidell, John, 131 Slovenia, 187 Smallpox, 443, 456–57 Smith, Adam, 319, 320 Smith, Bessie, 543, 570 Smith, Linda, 374 Smith, Willoughby, 510 Snead, Sam, 594 Social contract, 476–77 Socialism, 478 Socrates, 9, 464–66, 527 Sojourner (spacecraft), 101 Solidarity, 32, 366, 367 (ill.) Somalia, 195–96 Sophocles, 9, 560 Sorbonne, 528 Sosigenes of Alexandria, 497 South Africa, 368–69 South Carolina, 249, 355–56 South Pacific, 80 South Pole, 95–96 South Vietnam, 175–78 Southeast Asia tsunami, 407–9, 408 (ill.) Southern blacks and voting, 379–80 Soviet Union See also Russia; Russian Revolution Allies, 30 arms race, 172 détente, 286 dissolution of, 34 five-year plans, 285–86 forming of, 284 gulags, 275 invasion of Afghanistan, 173 iron curtain, 283–84 leaders of, 284, 285 (ill.) space program, 31 Warsaw Pact, 171–72 Space Apollo 13, 425–26 Challenger disaster, 100–101, 426–28, 427 (ill.) Columbia disaster, 428–29 exploration begins, 98, 99 (ill.) first animal sent into orbit, 98 first man on moon, 99, 100 (ill.) first person in, 98–99 first woman in, 99–100 International Space Station (ISS), 102 (ill.), 103 Mars Pathfinder, 101 Mars Rover, 101–2 Spain, 24, 81 Spanish-American War, 89 cause of, 140 cession of Philippines, 142 San Juan Hill, 140–41, 141 (ill.) Treaty of Paris, 141–42 Spanish Civil War, 156–57 Spanish Inquisition, 229–30 Sparta, 106 Speer, Albert, 308 Spenser, Sir Edmund, 235, 536 Sperry, Elmer, 496 Spinning mill, 335–36 Spoils system, 262 Spontaneous generation, 442–43 Sports baseball, 591–92, 592 (ill.) basketball, 592–93 football, 593 golf, 593–94 Olympic Games, 589–91 tennis, 594 Woods, Tiger, 593–94 Springsteen, Bruce, 587 Sputnik (satellite), 31, 98, 99 (ill.) Stalin, Joseph, 156 Big Three, 265 characteristics of, 273–74 as dictator, 284, 285 (ill.) Sullivan, Louis Henry, 558, 559 Sultana (ship), 422–23 Sumerians, first schools, 523 Sun Yat-sen, 365–66 Sundials, 497 Sunni sect, 49 Superego, 459 Surgery, 444 Surrealism, 552 Suwa, Gen, Sverdrup, Otto, 95 Sweden, 118–19 Swedish colonial holdings, 85 Swift, Gustavus, 339 Swigert, Jack, 425 Swinton, Alan Campbell, 510–11 The Syndics of the Cloth Guild (Rembrandt), 549 T Tacoma Building, 558–59 Tacoma-Narrows Bridge, 419 Taft-Hartley Act, 392 Taft, William Howard, 273 Taguba, Antonio, 218 Taipei 101 (skyscraper), 559–60, 559 (ill.) Talbot, William Henry Fox, 553 Taliban, 212–13 Talkies, 578 Tamerlane, 113 Tang dynasty, 226 Tangshan, China, earthquake, 404–5 Tanguay, Eva, 563 Taoism, 463–64 Tappan, Arthur, 370 Tappan, Lewis, 370 Tariff of Abominations, 355–56 Tatars, 438–39 Tax Code, 357 Taxes, 356–57 Taylor, Frank, 211 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 347–48 Taylor, Paul, 575 Taylor, Zachary, 131, 273 Taylorism, 347–48 Tchaikovsky, 574 Teapot Dome scandal, 262–64, 263 (ill.) Technicolor movie, 578 Technological failures See Accidents and technological failures Tecumseh, 136–37 Telegraph, 508–9 Telephone, 509 Television, 510–11 cable, 584–87 Cable News Network (CNN), 585–86 digital recorders, 587 first network, 581–82 golden age of, 582 impact of, 580–81 Music Television (MTV), 586–87 networks, 581–82, 583–84, 585 public broadcasting, 584 VCRs, 587 Temperance movement, 382–83 Temüjin, 112–13 Ten Commandments, 42 (ill.), 44–45 Ten Plagues, 44 Tennis, 594 Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 536 Tenskwatawa, 136–37 Tenth Amendment, 251 Tenure of Office Act, 261 Terence, 561 Tereshkova-Nikolaeva, Valentina, 99–100 Terrorism Al Qaeda, 211–12, 212 (ill.) anthrax, 207–10, 208 (ill.) INDEX Eastern Europe, 283 five-year plans, 285–86 gulags, 275 Nuremberg trial, 308 United Nations, 276 (ill.), 276–77 World War II, 159 Standard Oil Company, 358 Standard time, 498–99 Stanley, Francis, 504 Stanley, Freelan, 504 Stanton, Edwin, 261 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 383, 384 Starley, James, 503 Starr, Kenneth, 271 Starr, Ringo, 572 State of the Union Address, 261–62 Statue of Liberty, 93 Steam engine, 501 Steel, 340–41 Steinbeck, John, 415 Stem cell research, 453–54 Stephen (House of Blois), 232–33 Stephen II (pope), 16, 54 Stephenson, George, 502 Stevens, Wallace, 38 Stevenson, Adlai, 304 Stieglitz, Alfred, 554 Stone Age, Stone, Lucy, 384 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 370 Strait of Magellan, 78, 80 Straus, Isidor, 421 Strauss, Johann, 576 Strauss, Levi, 332 Strauss, Richard, 573 Stravinsky, Igor, 568–69, 573 Stuart, House of, 232, 235–36 Stuyvesant, Peter, 85 Sudan, 198–99 Sudetenland, 157 Süleyman the Magnificent, 228 635 636 bombing of buildings, 200–201 Madrid commuter train bombing, 201, 202 (ill.) NATO’s response to 9/11 attacks, 210–11 Oklahoma City bombing, 200 September 11, 2001, attacks, 202–7, 204 (ill.) Taliban, 212–13 twenty-first century, 35–36 U.S.-led military strikes on Afghanistan, 213–14 War on Terror, 210, 214 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 214–15 World Trade Center attacks (2001), 202–7, 204 (ill.) World Trade Center bombing (1993), 199–200 Test-tube baby, 453 Tet Offensive, 177 Texas, Mexican War, 130–31 Texas War of Independence, 130 Textile industry, 334–36 Thales, Thaw, Harry, 316 Theater comedy, 561 Globe Theatre, 563 kabuki, 561–62, 562 (ill.) No drama, 561 passion play, 562–63 tragedy, 560–61 vaudeville, 563–64 Theiler, Max, 456 Theistic religion, 37 Theodoric, 14 Theodosius I the Great (emperor), 11, 110, 224, 225 Theogony (Hesiod), Theory of evolution, 493–94 “Theory of Forms,” 467 Theory of relativity, 488 Thermometer, 499 Third Amendment, 250–51 Thirteenth Amendment, 253, 257, 373 Thirty Years’ War, 117–18 Thomas Aquinas (saint), 13, 469, 470 Thomas, E Donnall, 452 Thompson, Uncle Jimmy, 571 Thoreau, Henry David, 529, 542 Three Mile Island, 431–32 Three Pieces (Schoenberg), 567 Thutmose IV (king), 220 Tiananmen Square, 369 Tiberius, 223 Tibet, 39–40 Till, Emmett, 376 Tillich, Paul, 475 Time, 497–99 Time zones, 498–99 Titanic (ship), 420 (ill.), 420–23 Titian, 547 Title IX, 389 Tito, Josip Broz, 187 TiVo, 587 TNN See: The Nashville Network (TNN) TNT See: Turner Network Television (TNT) Tobacco industry, 328–29 Toilet, 499 Tojo, Hideki, 160 Tokyo Rose, 167–68 Tomlinson, Ray, 515 Toomer, Jean, 543 Tostig, 112 Totemism, 37 Toxic waste, 430–31 Trade routes, 327–28 Traditional religions, 37 Trafalgar, 126–27 Tragedy (theater), 560–61 Trail of Tears, 88–90 Trains, 501–3, 502 (ill.) Trajan, 224 Transatlantic flight, 96–97 Transistor, 514 Transplants, 451–52 Transportation airplane, 506–8 airship, 505–6 automobile, 504–5 bicycle, 503–4 hot-air balloon, 505 jet airplane, 507–8 steam engine, 501 trains, 501–3, 502 (ill.) Transvaal, 139 Treaty of Paris, 141–42 Treaty of St Germain, 152 Treaty of Sevres, 152, 153 Treaty of Trianon, 152 Treaty of Versailles, 28, 152, 153 Trevithick, Richard, 501–2 Trial by battle, 293 Trial by ordeal, 292–93 Trials ABSCAM, 313–14 Anthony, Susan B., 302–3 Beltway sniper cases, 317–18 Boynton v Virginia, 298, 379 Brown v Board of Education, 298, 525 Capone, Al, 307 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 315–16 Gang of Four, 314–15 Gideon, Clarence Earl, 311 Hiss, Alger, 309 Hitler’s beer hall putsch trial, 304–5 Leopold and Loeb, 304 Lindbergh baby kidnapping, 316–17 Tudor, Mary, 235 Tudor, Owen, 233 Turkey, 228 Turner Network Television (TNT), 584 Turner, Ted, 584 Tutankhamen, 219–20 Tutsis, 196–98 Tutu, Desmond, 368 Twain, Mark, 540 Twelfth Amendment, 252 Twentieth Amendment, 253 Twentieth-century exploration Earhart, Amelia, 97–98 first nonstop transatlantic flight, 96–97 Mount Everest, 96 North Pole, 95 Northwest Passage, 94–95 South Pole, 95–96 Twenty-fifth Amendment, 253 Twenty-first Amendment, 253, 383 Twenty-first century, characterization of, 35–36 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 253 Twenty-second Amendment, 253 Twenty-seventh Amendment, 254 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 254 Twenty-third Amendment, 253 Twilight, Alexander, 369 Tyler, John, 131, 137 Tyndale, William, 56–57 Typhoid fever, 457 Typhoid Mary, 457 U Ulbricht, Walter, 33 Ulster, 192, 193 Ulysses (Joyce), 541 Unconscious, 460 Underground Railroad, 370, 371 UNESCO See: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) UNICEF See: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) Union Carbide chemical plant (Bhopal, India), 433–34 United Farm Workers, 399 United Nations begins work, 277 bodies and agencies of, 278 forming of, 275–77 number of nations in, 278 role of, 277–78 Security Council, 278–79 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 278 United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 278 United States See also American colonies; U.S Constitution Allies, 30 arms race, 172 Articles of Confederation, 249 barbed wire, 331 Declaration of Independence, 246 (ill.), 246–47, 248 Erie Canal, 330–31 Founding Fathers, 247–48 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, terrorist detainees, 288–90, 289 (ill.) Korean War, 175 INDEX Mata Hari, 303–4 Miranda warning, 311–12 Mitchell, Billy, courtmartial, 306–7 Mudd, Samuel, 302 Nuremberg trial, 307–8 Plessy v Ferguson, 298, 299, 525 Roe v Wade, 312 (ill.), 312–13 Rosenbergs, 309–10, 310 (ill.) Sacco and Vanzetti, 316 Salem witch trials, 299–300 Scopes monkey trial, 305–6, 306 (ill.) Scott, Dred, 301–2 Scottsboro boys, 317 September 11, 2001, conspirators, 318 Simpson, O J., 317 Thaw, Harry, 316 Zenger, John Peter, 300–301 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 397–98, 398 (ill.) Triangular trade, 327–28 Trimble, David, 194 Trojan horse, 105–6 Trojan War, 105 Tropical storms, 409 Truman, Harry S assassination attempt, 268 atomic bomb, 310 Bunche, Ralph, 376 Cold War, 29 Hiss, Alger, 309 V-E Day, 168 Vietnam War, 177 Trumbo, Dalton, 578 “Trust-busting,” 358, 359 Ts’ai Lun, 521 Tsunamis, 407–9, 408 (ill.) Tubman, Harriet, 370, 370 (ill.), 371 Tudor, House of, 232, 233–35 637 Mexican War, 130–32 North American Free Trade Agreement, 359 National Road, 330 Office of Homeland Security, 287 Patriot Act, 287–88 space program, 31 War of 1812, 127–28 World War I, 150–51 Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), 512, 513 (ill.) Universal resource locators (URLs), 515 Universities, 527–28 University of Bologna, 527 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 528 University of Paris, 528 University of Santo Domingo, 528 Urban II (pope), 51–53 Urban VIII (pope), 484 URLs, 515 U.S Constitution See also United States Amendments, 252–54 Bill of Rights, 250–52 ratification of, 250 Virginia Plan, 249 writers of, 250 U.S federal court system, 252 U.S Senate elections, 253 U.S Supreme Court Bill of Rights, 251–52 first chief justice, 296–97 makeup of, 296 role in racial segregation, 297–98, 298 (ill.) Utopia (More), 24 V 638 Vaccines, 443, 450–51 Vail, Alfred, 508 Valens, 14 Valentino, Rudolph, 564 Van Buren, Martin, 262, 273 van der Rohe, Ludwig Mies, 558 Van Duyn, Mona, 536 Van Eyck, Hubert, 548 Van Eyck, Jan, 24, 548 Van Gogh, Vincent, 549, 551 van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 442 Vandals, 15, 110, 111 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 344, 345 (ill.) Vanderbilt, Harold S., 588 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 316 Vassals, 19 Vatican City, 20, 54 Vatican Vergil (illuminated manuscript), 521 Vaudeville, 563–64 VCRs, 587 V-E Day, 168 Veejays, 586 Velde, Henry Van de, 558 “Veni, Vidi, Vici,” 110 Vermont, 249, 369 Vesalius, Andreas, 441 Vespasian, 555 Vespucci, Amerigo, 73–74 Vesta, 38 VH-1, 584 Vice presidency, 253 Victoria (queen), 233, 236, 238, 447 Vidal, Gore, 582 Viet Cong, 176–77 Vietnam War, 400, 400 (ill.) cause of, 175–77, 176 (ill.) comparison with Iraqi war, 217 My Lai Massacre, 178 Tet Offensive, 177 U.S involvement in, 177–78 U.S protests of, 178 Vikings, 17, 69–70 Villa, Pancho, 143, 144 Vincent, John H., 529 Virgil, 521, 531–32, 537 Virginia, 249 Virginia Plan, 249 Visigoths, 14–15, 110, 111 “Viva Zapata,” 143 V-J Day, 168 Volcanoes, 403–4 Voltaire, 25, 232, 537–38 von Bismarck, Otto, 449 von Drais de Sauerbronn, Karl Friedrich Freiherr, 503 von Hindenburg, Paul, 424 von Kahr, Gustav, 304–5 von Mering, Joseph, 449 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 308 von Zeppelin, Ferdinand, 505 Voting age, 254 W Wade, Henry B., 313 Wagner, Richard, 475, 567 Wahhabi Muslims, 49 Waksman, Selman A., 446–47 Waldseemüller, Martin, 73–74 Walesa, Lech, 366 Walker, Alan, 496 Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 346–47 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 493 Waller, Thomas “Fats,” 569 Walsh, Lawrence, 270 Waltz, 575–76 Wampanoag Indians, 84 Wang Hongwen, 314 War, laws and customs, 296 War of 1812, 127–29, 356 War of Reform, 133 War of the Roses, 233 War on Terror, 210, 214 West, Mae, 564 Western Europe and Crusades, 52 Western Hemisphere, 67 Westminster Abbey, 555–56 Whigs, 254–55 Whipple, Henry, 138 White, Byron, 313 White, John, 82, 83 White, Tim, Whitefield, George, 62 Whitney, Eli, 336–37 Whittle, Frank, 507 Widener, Harry Elkins, 421 Wildcat banks, 323 Wildfires, 418 (ill.), 419 Wilkins, Maurice, 495 “Will to power,” 475 William I (king), 232 William III (king), 233, 241 William IV (king), 238 William X (duke), 113 William of Normandy, 111–12 William Pitt the Younger, 237 William the Conqueror, 17, 18 (ill.), 112, 232, 556 William Underwood Company, 340 Wilson, James, 247, 296 Wilson, Woodrow chautauqua movement, 529 monopolies, 359 press conferences, 262 prohibition, 382 Roosevelt, Franklin, supports, over relative Theodore Roosevelt, 265 State of the Union Address, 261–62 Villa, Pancho, 143 women’s suffrage, 385 World War I, 150, 151 Windsor, House of, 232, 233, 236 Wingfield, Walter Clopton, 594 Winthrop, John, 85 Witch trials, 299–300 Witchcraft, 292 (ill.), 293 Wobblies, 395–96 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 388 Woman in an Armchair (Picasso), 552 (ill.) Women workers in World War II, 353 Women’s Franchise League, 387 Women’s rights equal rights amendment (ERA), 388 feminism, 387–88 Friedan, Betty, 388 Night of Terror, 385–86 Pankhurst, Emmeline, 386–87 Paul, Alice, 386 suffragist movement, 383–87, 384 (ill.) Title IX, 389 worldwide women’s suffrage, 387 Women’s Social and Political Union, 387 Women’s suffrage, 253, 302–3, 383–87, 384 (ill.) Woods, Tiger, 594 Woolsey, John, 541 Woolworth chain store, 341 Wordsworth, William, 536, 542 World Health Organization (WHO), 278 World Trade Center, 199–200, 202–7, 560 World War I alliances during, 149–50 atmosphere after, 27–29 beginning of, 149 Big Four, 151–52 effect of Treaty of Versailles on World War II, 153 end of, 151 INDEX Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 344 Warren, Earl, 311, 525 Warren, Robert Penn, 536 Warsaw Pact, 30, 171–72 Washington, Booker T., 375 Washington, D.C., voting rights, 253 Washington, George appoints first Supreme Court chief justice, 296, 297 Articles of Confederation, 249 Continental Congresses, 245, 246 distant ancestor of Franklin D Roosevelt, 273 Founding Father, 247, 248 French and Indian War, 120 hot-air balloon, 505 smallpox, 456–57 State of the Union Address, 261 Water clock, 498 Watergate scandal, 269–70, 270 (ill.) Watson, James Dewey, 495 Watson, John Broadus, 459 Watson, Thomas, 509 Watt, James, 501 Wayne, Anthony, 87, 136 Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 214–15 Weaver, James B., 390 Weber, Max, 63 Weddington, Sarah, 313 Welch, Joseph, 31 Weld, Dwight, 370 Wellman, William, 578 Werner I (count), 229 Wesley, Charles, 63 Wesley, John, 63 West Bank, 178–79, 180, 282–83 West, James W., 451 639 European lines redrawn, 152 (ill.), 152–53 League of Nations, 153 Lusitania, 150, 151 (ill.) Mata Hari, 303–4 United States enters, 150 World War II Allies, 158–59 Anzio, Italy, 162–63 Atlantic Charter, 160 atmosphere before, 27–29 atomic bombs dropped on Japan, 167 Axis, 158 Bataan Death March, 165–66 Battle of Midway, 166 Battle of the Bulge, 164 beginning of, 157–58 code talkers, 167 D Day, 163, 163 (ill.) division of Germany after, 170 end of, 168, 168 (ill.) Enola Gay, 167 first U.S troops in, 161 Frank, Anne, diary of, 169 internment of Japanese Americans, 162 Iwo Jima, 166 Lend-Lease, 159–60 MacArthur, Douglas, 164–65 mainland attacks on U.S., 161–62 Munich Pact, 157 neutral countries during, 169 Normandy, 163 (ill.), 164 640 Pearl Harbor, 158 (ill.), 160–61 “Rosie the Riveter,” 353 Tokyo Rose, 167–68 Treaty of Paris, 142 United Nations, 275–77 V-E Day, 168 V-J Day, 168 World Wide Web, 515 WorldCom, 361 Wozniak, Steve, 514 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 558 Wright Brothers (Orville and Wilbur), 504, 506–7 Writing, 519–20 Written language alphabet, 520 beginning of writing, 519–20 books, 521 Gutenberg, Johannes, 522 illuminated manuscript, 521–22 muckraking journalism, 523 newspapers, 522–23 paper, 520–21 penny newspapers, 522–23 printing, 521 Wrought iron, WTBS, 584 Wycliffe, John, 56, 62 Wye accord, 180 X Xerxes (king), 454 X-ray, 450 Y Y2K, 361 Yao Wenyuan, 314 Year 2000, 361 Yellow bile, 438 Yellow fever, 455–56 Yellowstone volcano, 403 York, House of, 232, 233 Yuan Shih-k’ai, 365 Yugoslavia, 171, 186–88, 189 Z Zapata, Emiliano, 143, 184 Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), 183–85, 184 (ill.) Zawahiri, Ayman al, 212 Zeami, Motokiyo, 561 Zen, 40 Zenger, John Peter, 300–301 Zeno, 527 Zeppelins, 506 Zero population growth movement, 390 Zeus, 38 Zhang Chunquiao, 314 Zimmermann, Arthur, 150 Zionism, 364–65 Zola, Emile, 542, 550 Zuni, 76 Zwingli, Huldrych, 63 Zworykin, Vladimir, 511 When didd history to y begin? b i ? HISTORY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS A Why was the Medici family m important m ortant to Renaissance art? Who W was a Rasputin? u n Whoo was the first f r t woman wo a to circumnavigate the globe? 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