The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology Edited by George Ritzer and J Michael Ryan © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-405-18353-6 The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology Edited by George Ritzer and J Michael Ryan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2011 # 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007 Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of George Ritzer and J Michael Ryan to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The concise encyclopedia of sociology / edited by George Ritzer and J Michael Ryan p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4051-8353-6 (hardcover : alk paper) – ISBN 978-1-4051-8352-9 (pbk : alk paper) Sociology–Encyclopedias I Ritzer, George II Ryan, J Michael HM425.C66 2011 301.03–dc22 2010036832 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDFs 9781444392630; Wiley Online Library 9781444392654; ePub 9781444392647 Set in 9.5/11pt Ehrhardt by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 2011 Contents Contributors Introduction Acknowledgments Timeline Lexicon Sociology A–Z Index vii xiv xix xx xxxviii 701 Contributors Gabriele Abels, University of Tuăbingen Barry D Adam, University of Windsor Michele Adams, Tulane University Patricia Adler, University of Colorado Peter Adler, University of Denver Michael Agar, University of Maryland Kristine J Ajrouch, Eastern Michigan University Syed Farid Alatas, National University of Singapore Richard Alba, University at Albany Dawn Aliberti, Case Western Reserve University Graham Allan, Keele University Christopher W Allinson, The University of Leeds Jutta Allmendinger, Social Science Research Center Berlin Mats Alvesson, Lunds Universitet Hans van Amersfoort, University of Amsterdam Peter B Andersen, University of Copenhagen Eric Anderson, University of Bath Christopher Andrews, University of Maryland Robert J Antonio, University of Kansas Lemonik Arthur, Rhode Island College Mikaila Mariel Lemonik Arthur, Rhode Island College Elyshia Aseltine, University of Austin at Texas Zeynep Atalay, University of Maryland Lonnie, Athens, Seton Hall University Muhammad Najib Azca, Universitas Gadjah Mada Abdallah M Badahdah, University of North Dakota Hans A Baer, The University of Melbourne Stephen J Bahr, Brigham Young University Alan Bairner, Loughborough University J I (Hans) Bakker, University of Guelph Jack Barbalet, University of Western Sydney Kendra Barber, University of Maryland Eileen Barker, London School of Economics and Political Science Nina Baur, Technial University, Berlin Rob Beamish, Queen’s University Thomas D Beamish, University of California, Davis Frank D Bean, University of California, Irvine Dawn Beichner, Illinois state University David Bell, University of Leeds T J Berard, Kent State University Mabel Berezin, Cornell University Joseph Berger Pierre van den Berghe, University of Washington Yasemin Besen-Cassino, Montclair State University Peter Beyer, University of Ottawa William Bezdek, Oakland University Alex Bierman, California State University, Northridge Nicole Woolsey Biggart, University of California, Davis David B Bills, University of Iowa Sam Binkley, Emerson College Jon Binnie, Manchester Metropolitan University Manuela Boatca, Catholic University of EichstaăttIngolstadt Connie de Boer, University of Amsterdam John Bongaarts, Population Council Kimberly Bonner, University of Maryland Alfons Bora, Bielefeld University Christine A Bose, University at Albany, SUNY Geoffrey Bowker, Santa Clara University Gaspar Brandle, Universidad de Murcia David G Bromley, Virginia Commonwealth University Susan K Brown Clifton D Bryant, Virginia Tech Ian Buchanan, Cardiff University Claudia Buchmann, The Ohio State University Steven M Buechler, Minnesota State University, Mankato Dirk Bunzel, University of Oulu Melissa L Burgess, Marcos Burgos, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York Joseph Burke, Independent Researcher Peter J Burke, University of California, Riverside Tom R Burns, Stanford University Roger Burrows, University of York Ryan Calder, University of California, Berkeley Thomas Calhoun, Jackson State University Peter L Callero, Western Oregon University John L Campbell, Dartmouth College James R Carey, University of California Davis Dianne Cyr Carmody, Old Dominion University Moira Carmody, University of Western Sydney Laura M Carpenter, Vanderbilt University Deborah Carr, Rutgers University Michael C Carroll Allison Carter, Rowan University Chris Carter, University of St Andrews Michael J Carter, University of California, Riverside viii CONTRIBUTORS John M Chamberlain, J K Chambers, University of Toronto Gordon C Chang, University of California, San Diego Jean Francois Chanlat, Universite´ Paris-Dauphine Kathy Charmaz, Sonoma State University Christopher Chase-Dunn, University of California, Riverside David Cheal, University of Winnipeg Roland Chilton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst James L Chriss, Cleveland State University Doris, Chu, Arakansas State University, Jonesboro Peter, Chua, San Jose State University Jeffrey M Clair D Anthony Tyeeme Clark, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Jesse K Clark, University of Georgia Adele E Clarke, University of California School of Nursing Stewart Clegg, University of Technology, Sydney Jay Coakley, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Rodney Coates, Miami University Allan Cochrane, The Open University William C Cockerham, University of Alabama, Birmingham Walker Connor, Trinity College Peter Conrad, Brandeis University Daniel Thomas Cook, Rutgers University Karen S Cook, Stanford University Mamadi Corra, East Carolina University Karen Corteen, University of Chester Zoeă Blumberg Corwin, University of Southern California Lloyd, Cox, Macquarie University Ann Cronin, University of Surrey Graham Crow, University of Southhampton Kyle Crowder, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Gregory J Crowley, Coro Center for Civic Leadership Geoff Cumming, La Trobe University Kimberly Cunningham, City University of New York Graduate Center John Curra, Eastern Kentucky University Steven Dandaneau, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tim Dant, Lancaster University Julia O’Connell Davidson, The University of Nottingham Hartley Dean, London School of Ecomomics and Political Science James Joseph Dean, Sonoma State University Paul Dean, University of Maryland Mary Jo Deegan, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Mathieu Deflem, University of South Carolina Regina Deil-Amen, University of Arizona Gerard Delanty, University of Sussex David H Demo, University of North Carolina, Greensboro Kimy N Dennis, North Carolina State University Rutledge M Dennis, George Mason University Esther Dermott, University of Bristol Steve Derne, SUNY Geneseo Marjorie L Devault, Syracuse University Joel A Devine, Tulane University Mario Diani, Universita` degli studi di Trento James Dickinson, Rider University Andreas Diekmann, Swiss Federal Institute of Techology, Zurich Michele, Dillon, University of New Hampshire Robert Dingwall, Director of Dingwall Enterprises: Consulting, Research, Writing Karel Dobbelaere, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nigel Dodd, The London School of Economics Lena Dominelli, Durham University Gwendolyn Dordick, The City College of New York, CUNY David Downes Rachel Dowty, Louisiana State University Jaap Dronkers, European University Institute John Drysdale, American University Harriet Orcutt Duleep, College of William and Mary Diana Dumais, University of New Hampshire Riley Dunlap, Oklahoma State University Jennifer Dunn, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Jennifer Earl, University of California, Santa Barbara Martha Easton, Elmira College Bob, Edwards, East Carolina University Rosalind, Edwards, London South Bank University Brad van Eeden-Moorefield, Noah Efron, Bar-Ilan University Anne Eisenberg, State University of New York at Geneseo S N Eisendstat, The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute Richard Ekins Tony Elger, University of Warwick David L Elliott, University of Missouri, Columbia Irma T Elo, University of Pennsylvania Chamsy El-Ojeili, Victoria University of Wellington Debbie Epstein, Cardiff University Eugene P Ericksen, Temple University Julia A Ericksen, Temple University Lena Eriksson, The University of York David T Evans, University of Glasgow Dianne Fabii, Rutgers University William W Falk, University of Maryland Xitao Fan, University of Virginia Thomas J Fararo, University of Pittsburgh George Farkas, Cornell University Margaret E Farrar, Augustana College CONTRIBUTORS Anne Fearfull, University of St Andrews Gordon Fellman, Brandeis University Sarah Fenstermaker, University of California, Santa Barbara April Few-Demo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Mark G Field, Harvard University Glenn Firebaugh, Pennsylvania State University Juanita M Firestone, University of Texas, San Antonio David M Flores, University of Nevada, Reno John Foran, University of California, Santa Barbara Marion Fourcade-Gourinchas, University of California, Berkeley Gelya Frank Boris, Frankel, The University of Melbourne Adrian Franklin, University of Tasmania Judith J Friedman, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Irene Hanson Frieze, University of Pittsburgh Catarina Fritz, Minnesota State University, Mankato Hongyun Fu, Tulane University Stephan Fuchs, University of Virginia Steve Fuller, University of Warwick Caroline Fusco, University of Toronto Karl Gabriel, Westfaălische Wilhelms-Universitaăt Muănster Gloria Gadsden, East Stroudsburg University Larry Gaines, California State University, San Bernardino Andrew Gamble, University of Cambridge Markus Gangl, University of Wisconsin-Madison Robert Garner, University of Leicester Nicolas Garnham, University of Westminster Rosemary Gartner, University of Toronto Gil Geis, University of Califonria, Irvine Gary Genosko, Lakehead University Linda K George, Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development Simone Ghezzi, Universita` di Milano-Bicocca Wayne Gillespie, East Tennessee State University Stephanie Gilmore, Dickinson College Giuseppe Giordan, University of Padova Evi Girling, Keele University Henry A Giroux, McMaster University Richard Giulianotti Norval D Glenn, The University of Texas at Austin Julian, Go Boston University Ernest Goetz, Texas A&M University Ralph Gomes, Howard University Erich Goode, New York University Lyn Gorman, Charles Sturt University Kevin Fox Gotham, Tulane University Royston Greenwood, University of Alberta Julie Gregory, Queen’s University ix Arthur L Greil, Alfred University Sean Patrick Griffin, Penn State Abington Axel Groenemeyer, University of Dortmund David, Grusky Stanford University Stephen Obeng Gyimah, Queen’s University Joanna Hadjicostandi, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Catherine Hakim, London School of Economics John R Hall, University of California, Davis Lesley A Hall, Wellcome Library Matthew Hall, Pennsylvania State University Peter M Hall, University of Missouri Thomas D Hall, DePauw University Karen Bettez Halnon, Penn State Abington Laura Hamilton, Indiana University Martyn Hammersley, The Open University David J Harding, University of Michigan Simon Hardy, University of Worcester Austin Harrington, University of Leeds Dave Harris, University of College Plymouth St Mark and St John Anthony Ryan Hatch, Georgia Stage University Keith Hayward, University of Kent Brian Heaphy, The University of Manchester Sue Heath, University of Southampton John Heeren, California State University, San Bernardino Karen A Hegtvedt, Emory University Laura Auf der Heide, Cornell University Scott, Heil City University of New York, Graduate Center Gert Hekma, University of Amsterdam Thomas Henricks, Elon University Stuart Henry, San Diego State University Robin K Henson, University of North Texas Sabine Hering, University of Siegen Donald J Hernandez, State University of New York at Albany Purseay P M A R Heugens, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Annette Hill, University of Westminster Michael R Hill, University of Nebraska, Lincoln Matt Hills, Cardiff University Daniel Hillyard, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Wendy Hilton-Morrow, Augustana College Michelle J Hindin, Johns Hopkins University Susan W Hinze, Case Western Reserve University Randy Hodson, Ohio State University Douglas B Holt, Said Business School University of Oxford Burkart Holzner, University of Pittsburgh Allan V Horwitz, Rutgers University Janet Hoskins, University of Southern California James House, University of Michigan x CONTRIBUTORS Jeffrey Houser Andrea N Hunt, NC State University Stephen Hunt, University of West of England Ray Hutchison, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Mark Hutter, Rowan University Michael Indergaard, St John’s University Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan Keiko Inoue Paul Ingram, Columbia University Stevi Jackson, University of York Martin M Jacobsen, West Texas A&M University Rita Jalali, International Consultant Lynn Jamieson, The University of Edinburgh James M Jasper, CUNY Graduate Center Alayna Jehle, R & D Strategic Solutions Richard Jenkins, University of Sheffield Chris Jenks, Brunel University Elyse Jennings, University of Michigan Laura Jennings, University of South Carolina Upstate Paul Jones, University of Liverpool Joan R Kahn, University of Maryland Vasiliki Kantzara, Panteion University of Social and Political Science Susanne Karstedt, University of Leeds Walda Katz-Fishman, Howard University Tally Katz-Gerro, University of Haifa Erin Kaufmann Douglas Kellner, Columbia University Russell Kelly, University of Trier, Germany Markus Kemmelmeier, University of Nevada, Reno Anne Kerr, University of Leeds Ann H Kim, York University Michael S Kimmel, SUNY at Stony Brook Dave King, University of Liverpool William J Kinney, University of St Thomas Susan Kippax, University of New South Wales Roger E Kirk, Baylor Univesity Sharon Kirmeyer, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sunita Kishor, ICF Macro Peter Kivisto, Augustana College Christian Klesse, Manchester Metropolitan University Andrew Kliman, Pace University Wolfgang Knoebl, Goettingen University Nikos Kokosalakis, Panteion University Mark Konty, Eastern Kentucky University Marek Korczynski, Loughborough University Joseph Kotarba, University of Houston Robert Kozinets, Schulich School of Business Robert van Krieken, University of Sydney Mary M Kritz, Cornell University Amy Kroska, University of Oklahoma Catherine Krull, Queen’s University Abdi M Kusow, Oakland University Craig D Lair, Gettysburg College Siegfried Lamnek, Rainhart Lang, Technical University of Chemnitz Beryl Langer, La Trobe University Lauren Langman, Loyola University Chicago Patti Lather, Ohio State University Abraham D Lavender, Florida International University Ian Law, University of Leeds Jacob Lederman, The City University of New York Susan Hagood Lee, Boston University Dirk vom Lehn, King’s College London Terri LeMoyne, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga Patrica Lengermann Athena Leoussi, University of Reading Ron J Lesthaeghe, University of Michigan Jack Levin, Northeastern University Don Levy, Southeast Missouri State University Tyson E Lewis Victor Lidz, Drexel University College of Medicine John Lie, University of California, Berkeley Jan Lin, Occidental College Amy Lind, University of Cincinnati Michael Lipscomb, Winthrop University Sonia Livingstone, London School of Economics Omar Lizardo, University of Notre Dame Omar Lizardo Elizabeth Long, Rice University Charles F Longino Jr Michael Lovaglia David W Lovell, University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy Ray Loveridge, Saăd Business School, University of Oxford John Loy, University of Rhode Island Steve Loyal, University of College Dublin Chao-Chin Lu, Brigham Young University Jeffrey W Lucas, University of Maryland Glenn Lucke, University of Virginia Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer, University of Siegen Richard Machalek, University of Wyoming Vicky M MacLean, Middle Tennessee State Universisty Michael Macy, Cornell University Jennifer Smith Maguire, University of Leicester Joseph, Maguire Loughborough University Matthew C Mahutga, University of California, Riverside Regan, Main Dominic Malcolm, Loughborough University Evans Mandes, George Mason University Peter Manning, Northeastern University Barry Markovsky, University of South Carolina Randal Marlin, Carleton University Heather Marsh, University of Maryland Randy Martin, New York University CONTRIBUTORS Mark Mather, Population Reference Bureau Ross Matsueda, University of Washington Steffen Mau, University of Bremen Allan Mazur, Syracuse University Doug McAdam, Stanford University E Doyle McCarthy, Fordham University Charles McCormick, University of Albany Peter McDonald, The Australian National University PJ McGann, University of Michigan Patrick J W McGinty, Western Illinois University Brian McNair, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Clark McPhail, University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign Michelle Meagher, University of Alberta Barbara F Meeker, University of Maryland Dominique Meekers, Tulane Univesity Robert F Meier, University of Nebraska at Omaha Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Dan E Miller, University of Dayton Toby Miller, University of California, Riverside Monica K Miller Andrew Milner, Monash University Joya Misra, University of Massachusetts Tariq Modood, University of Bristol Linda D Molm, The University of Arizona Jesu´s Romero Mon˜ivas, San Pablo-CEU Christopher D Moore, Lakeland College Laura M Moore, Hood College Yuri Jack Gomez Morales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia David H Morgan, Keele University Thomas J Morrione, Colby College Marietta Morrissey, University of Toledo Ross Mouer, Monash University Siamak Movahedi, University of Massachusetts, Boston Anna S Mueller, University of Texas Carol Mueller, Arizona State University Chandra Mukerji, University of California, San Diego Albert M Muniz, DePaul University Paul T Munroe, Towson University Peter Murphy, Monash University Stephen L Muzzatti, Ryerson University Joane Nagel, University of Kansas Nancy A Naples, University of Connecticut Victor Nee, Cornell University Sarah Nettleton, University of York Leonard Nevarez, Vassar College Brett Nicholls, University of Otago Gillian Niebrugge, American University Donald A Nielsen, College of Charleston Franc¸ois Nielsen, University of North Carolina Natalia, Nikolova, University of Technology, Sydney xi Takako Nomi, University of Chicago Samuel Nunn, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis Richard E Ocejo, John Jay College of Criminal Justice - CUNY Jarron M Saint Onge, University of Houston Anthony J Onwuegbuzie, Sam Houston State University Terri L Orbuch, Oakland University James D Orcutt, Florida State University W Edward Orser, UMBC An honors University in Maryland Anthony M Orum, University of Illinois at Chicago Timothy J Owens, Purdue University Enzo, Pace, University of Padova Esperanza Palma, University of Autonoma Metropolitan Azacapotzalco Sangeeta Parashar, Montclair State University Patricia Parker, North Carolina State Vincent N Parrillo, William Paterson University Ray Paternoster, University of Maryland Vrushali Patil, Florida International University Michael Quinn Patton, Utilization-Focused Evaluation George Pavlich, University of Alberta Jennifer Pearson, Wichita State University Cynthia Fabrizio Pelak, The University of Memphis Anssi Peraăkylaă, University of Helsinki Robin D Perrin, Pepperdine University Nick Perry, University of Auckland Frances G Pestello, University of Dayton Thomas Pettigrew, Universtiy of California, Santa Cruz Mary Pickering, San Jose State University Michael Pickering, Loughborough Jan Nederveen Pieterse, University of California, Santa Barbara Tyrone S Pitsis, University of Technology, Sydney Rebecca F Plante, Ithaca College Jennifer Platt, University of Sussex Ken Plummer, University of Essex Massimiliano A Polichetti, Civil Servant under the Italian Ministry for Culture Francesca Polletta, University of California, Irvine Karen Polonko, Old Dominion University Suet-ling Pong, Pennsylvania State University Henry N Pontell, University of California, Irvine Silvia Posocco, Birkbeck College, University of London Brian Powell, Indiana University, Bloomington Jason L Powell, Liverpool University Joel Powell, Minnesota State University, Moorhead Beverly M Pratt, University of Maryland Harland Prechel, Texas A&M University Peter Preisendoărfer, University of Mainz xii CONTRIBUTORS Stella Quah, National University of Singapore Matt Qvortrup, Robert Gordon University Sara Raley, McDaniel College Francesco Ramella, Urbino University ‘‘Carlo Bo’’ Sheetal Ranjan, William Paterson University Mark K Rank, Washington University in St Louis Lisa Rashotte, University of North Carolina, Charlotte William K Rawlins, Ohio University Anne Warfield Rawls, Bentley College Larry Ray, University of Kent Michael Reay Andreas Reckwitz, University of Konstanz Jo Reger, Oakland University D A Reisman, Nanyang Business School Larissa Remennick, Bar-lian University PJ Rey, University of Maryland Cecilia L Ridgeway, Stanford University Cathering Riegle-Crum Arnout van de Rijt, State University of New York, Stony Brook George Ritzer, Universtiy of Maryland, College Park Polly Rizova, Willamette University Tracy Roberts, University of Maryland Roland Robertson, University of Aberdeen Paul Rock, London School of Economics Richard G Rogers, University of Colorado Deana A Rohlinger, Florida State University Chris Rojek, Brunel University Paul Roman, University of Georgia Christopher Rootes, University of Kent Jennifer Rothchild, University of Minnesota, Morris Nicole Rousseau, Kent State University David Rowe, University of Western Sydney Karen Rowlingson, University of Birmingham Janet M Ruane, Montclair State University Martin Ruef, Princeton University Joseph D Rumbo, James Madison University Philip Rumney, University of West of England Leila J Rupp, University of California, Santa Barbara Barbara Ryan, Widener University J Michael Ryan, University of Maryland, College Park Michael T Ryan, Dodge City Community College Nicholas Sammond, University of Toronto Jimy M Sanders, University of South Carolina Stephen K Sanderson, University of California, Riverside Diana Santillan, The George Washington University Roberta Sassatelli, University of Milan Sharon L Sassler, Cornell University R Keith Sawyer, Washington University Lawrence A Scaff, Wayne State University Thomas L Scheff, University of California, Santa Barbara Teresa L Scheid, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Scott Schieman, University of Toronto Hubert Schijf Kathryn S Schiller, University at Albany, State University of New York Lucia Schmidt, Universitaăt Bielefeld Mark A Schneider, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Kurt Schock, Rutgers University Claudia W Scholz Juliet Schor, Boston College Jonathan E Schroeder, University of Exeter Hans-Joachim Schubert, Niederrhein University of Applied Science Russell K Schutt, University of Massachusetts, Boston Gerhard Schutte, University of Wisconsin, Parkside Thomas A Schwandt, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Jennifer Schwartz, Washington State University Joseph Scimecca, George Mason University Melissa Scopilliti Jerome Scott, Community educator & organizer, Atlanta, GA (retired) Sheila Scraton, Leeds Metropolitan University Dusko, Sekulic, Faculty of Law Eve Shapiro, University of Connecticut, Storrs Yossi Shavit, Tel Aviv University Benjamin Shepard, New York City College of Technology of the City University of New York Diane S Shinberg, University of Memphis Yuichi Shionoya, Hitotsubashi University Cynthia Siemsen, California State University, Chico Alexandra E Sigillo, University of Nevada, Reno Daniel Silver, University of Toronto Brent Simpson, University of South Carolina Barbara Sims, Penn State University, Harrisburg John Sinclair, The University of Melbourne Leslie Sklair, London School of Economics James Slevin, University of Roskilde Michelle Smirnova, University of Maryland David Norman Smith, University of Kansas Gregory W H Smith, University of Salford Irving Smith, United States Military Academy Melanie Smith, University of Greenwich Philip Smith, Yale University David A Snow, University of California Patricia Snyder, University of Florida Jessica Sperling, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York Lyn Spillman, University of Notre Dame Steven Stack, Wayne State University Mark Stafford, Texas State University James Ronald Stanfield, Colorado State University 712 INDEX hybridity 295–6 hyperreality 26, 296, 551–2 hypotheses 211–12, 296–7 hypothesis testing 612, 648 hypothetico-deductivism 211–12 iconic signs 532, 549 id 236 ideal self 304 ideal type 298, 686 ideational acculturation identification theory 590–1 identity 70, 244, 266–7, 289, 298–304, 424, 528, 562–6, 585 identity claiming 303 identity control theory (ICT) 301–2, 304 identity politics 301, 302–3 identity theory 3, 303–4 ideological hegemony 304–5 ideological knowledge 340 ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) 25 ideology 25, 305–6, 367 illegal migration 402–3 illiteracy 358–9 imagination, sociological 598–9 imagined communities 306–7 immigration 14, 19, 60, 195–7, 307–8, 497; see also migration imperialism 71, 108, 269, 309–10, 421, implosion 26, 310 impression management 301 impressions 6, 310–11 in-groups and out-groups 320, 470 incidence of disease 191 income inequality 256–7, 311–13, 463–4, 595, 622–4, 689 income mobility 312–13 independent variables 678 Index of Homophobia 289 indexical signs 532, 549 India, caste system 50 indigenous movements 313 indigenous peoples 313–14, 621 individual secularization 525 individualism 314–15, 494–5, 506, 593, 616 individualization theory 218–19, 356–7, 497–8, 699 induction and observation in science 315–16 inductivism 184–5, 211–12 Industrial Revolution 316–17 industrial society 317, 457 industrial sociology 317 industrialization 59, 60, 213–14, 317–18, 338 inequality 49–50, 318–19, 622–4, 685; see also income inequality; stratification infant mortality rate 129 inferential statistics 612 infertility 319–20 infibulation 220 influence, social 563 informal economy 196–7 information approach to risk 505–6 information management techniques 618 information technology 78, 633–4; see also Internet informed consent 193 Ingham, G 411 Inglehart, Ron 523 injustice 563–4 Innis, Harold 381 inorganic solidarity 602 insanity 363 Institut fuăr Sozialforschung (Institute for Social Research) 102–3 Institute for Social Research 29 institution 124, 321–2, 350, 382, 590, 653–4 institutional discrimination 622 institutional ethnography 29 institutional family 214 institutional/occupational (I/O) model 405 institutional racism 491 institutional reflexivity 498 Institutional Review Boards and sociological research 322 institutional structure 628 institutional theory, new 322–3, 365 institutionalism 322, 323, 447 institutionalization 187 institutionalized state, cultural capital 105 instrumental aggression instrumental v value-rational action 336 integral variables 676 integrative medicine 76 intellectual property 323–4 intention Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society (IUS) 405 interaction 269–70, 324–5, 386, 507, 638–9 interactional justice 563 interactional perspective, socialization 588 interactionism 638–9 interdependence, chains of (Elias) 179 inderdisciplinarity 600 interests approach to science 518 intergenerational social mobility 614–15 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) 259 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 260 internal labor market 344 internal migration 401 internal validity, experiments 208 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 499 International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) 554 International Association of Schools of Social Work 583 International Association of Social Workers 583 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 695–6 International Bill of Rights 294 International Council of Social Welfare (ICSW) 582–3 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 294 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 294 INDEX International Criminal Court 122 International Development Association (IDA) 695, 696 international gendered division of labor 325–6 International Lesbian and Gay Association 267 international migration 402 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 170, 246, 258–9, 325–7, 419, 610, 695 international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) 259, 425 International Relations (IR) 259 International Relief Organization (IRO) 583 Internet 17, 51, 88–9, 117–19, 267, 324, 364, 429–30, 651, 681–6 interpersonal relationships 327–8 interpretive methods, social psychology 577 interpretive research 483–4 interpretive social science 395–6 intersectionality 223, 226, 374, 300, 328–9 Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) 329 intersexuality 329–30, 656 intersubjectivity 330–1 intertextuality 462 interval measurement 485, 613, 678–9 interviews 331, 338, 577 intimacy 331–2 intraclass correlation (ICC) 501 introspection 479 Iowa School 324, 341–2, 638 IQ tests 487 Iraq war protests 268 Islam 46, 64, 220, 332, 334, 414, 415 isolated relationships 401 item response theory 501 ‘‘jack off ’’ clubs 512 Jacobs, Jane 60, 333 Jacobson, Lenore 531 James, William 350, 399, 427, 469, 479, 529 Jameson, Frederick 458 Jamieson, Lynn 331 Janowitz, Morris 54, 405 Japan 50, 59, 156, 257, 413 Japanese-style management 333–4 jazz 451 jealousy 181 Jeanette Rankin Brigade 492 Jefferson, Gail 90 Jefferson, Thomas 392 Jenness, V 139 Jessop, Bob 421 Jevons, William 171, 172 Jhally, Sut 73 jihad 334 Jim Crow 61, 62, 440, 491 Joas, Hans 469, 629 Johnson, Lyndon B 7, 242, 452, 680 Johnson, R B 397 Johnson, Virginia 540, 547, 691 Johnson Commission (1970) 455 Jubilee 2000 258 713 Judaism 334–5 jus sanguinis 58–9 jus soli 58, 59 justice 267–8, 563–4 Kaldor, M 683 Kant, Immanuel 106, 192, 194, 336–7, 481 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss 251 Katz, Ned 193 Kautsky, Karl 372 Kefalas, M 667 Kehily, M 289 Keller, S 77 Kelley, Harold H 21, 465 Kelling, G 95 Kellner, D 310, 643 Kennedy, John F 62, 242, 406, 452 Keohane, R O 259 Kertzer, David 507 Kessler, S 246 Keynes, John Maynard 173, 242, 421, 516 Khald un, Ibn 337, 446 King, Martin Luther 62, 567 Kinsey, Alfred 38, 291, 337–8, 540, 542, 547, 691 kinship 338–9 Kirk-Duggan, Cheryl 691 Kirkpatrick, C 249 Kitsuse, J 299 Kitt, A 589 Knapp, Georg Friedrich 411 knowledge 339–41, 518–21 knowledge societies 340 knowledge workers 541 Knox, John 553 Kohn, Hans 417 Kohn, Richard 405 Kornhauser, William 375 Korsch, Karl 103, 149, 501 Kotarba, J A 589 Kowinski, W S 86 Koyre´, Alexandre 40 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von 38, 547, 691 Kremen, E 229 Ku Klux Klan 277 Kuhn, Manford 324, 341–2, 527, 638, 646 Kuhn, Thomas 342, 394, 437, 457, 461, 480, 498, 521, 599, 642 Kulik, C 564 Kundera, Milan 400, 401 Kunovich, S 250 Kuznets, Simon 453 Kyoto Protocol 261 labeling 343–4, 376, 390, labor 163, 346–7, 372, 633, 673, labor force 403–4, 596–7, 620, 635–6 labor movements 567 labor theory of value 372 laboratory experiments/studies 209–10, 520 Lacan, Jacques 532, 631 714 INDEX laăcisation 525 laissez-faire economics 173 laissez-faire leadership 350 Landrum–Griffin Act (USA, 1959) 662 landscapes of consumption 86 language 27–8, 347–8, 382, 515, 529, 532, 597–8, 608, 638 langue 347, 348, 532 Lash, Scott 498 late modernity 409 latent content 89 latent trait theory, criminology 100 latent variables 677 Latin America 2, 258, 454 Latour, Bruno 3, 4, 419, 468–9, 520, 642–3 Laurie, N 221 law, sociology of 348–9 Law, John 3, 419, 520 Lawler, E J 466, 467, 468 Lazarsfeld, Paul 178, 646 leadership 349–50 learned helplessness learning 143, 243, 564–5 Leavis, F R 384 Lee, J 360 Lefebvre, Henri 60, 85, 155, 203, 261, 296, 604, 668, 672 legal leadership 349 legal-rational authority 448 legal system and capitalism 47 legitimacy 23, 350, 448 leisure 82–3, 351 leisure class 351–2 Lemert, Edwin M 144, 145, 299, 343, 400 Lemkin, Raphael 254 Lemonnier, Charles 513 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 67, 74, 149, 309, 610 Lenski, Gerhard 555 Lerner, Daniel 362 lesbian and gay families 352–3, 513–14 lesbian feminism 353–4, 492 lesbian identity 298–9 lesbian movement see gay and lesbian movement lesbian separatism 353 lesbianism 221, 244, 290, 354, 370, 545 Levi-Strauss, Claude 164, 290, 348, 416, 532, 561, 578, 626, 631, 636, 646 Levine, Judith 547 Levine, Martin 291 Levy, Marion 239 Levy-Bruhl, Lucien 164 Lewin, Kurt 274, 478, 480 Lewis, Oscar 116–17, 216 liberal feminism 223, 354–5 liberal model, state–economy relations 611 liberalism 315, 355–6, 419, 610, 652 liberatory feminist pedagogy 227 Licklider, J C R 682 life course 11, 100, 121, 217–18, 356–7, 576 life expectancy 129, 215, 413 lifecycle 356 lifestyle 357–8, 658 lifestyle theory of crime 680 lifeworld 358 Likert, Rensis 478 Lincoln, Y 674 Lindsay, Almont 592 line of fault 29 linguistic microsociology 400 linguistic poststructuralism 462–3 linguistic structuralism 462 linguistic turn 347, 498 Link, B 617 Linnaeus, Carl 487, 521 Linton, Ralph 613–14 Linz, Juan Jose´ 219 Lippitt, Ron 274 Lippmann, Walter 449 Lipset, S M 219 Liska, A 670 literacy/illiteracy 358–9 literary poststructuralism 462 Liu, Thomas J 68 local control, experimental design 208 Lock, Margaret 692 Locke, John 63, 121, 184, 192, 593, 610 logical positivism 456, 457 logocentrism 123, 359 Lombroso, Cesare 99 London Women’s Liberation Workshop 492 lone parent families 359–60 Longino, H 556 longitudinal surveys 126, 634 looking-glass self 91, 182, 360, 400–1, 530, 591–2, Loomis, Charles 509 Lopez, J 628 Lorenz curve 256 Los Angeles School 54–5 Lott, John 275 Love 38, 218, 360–1 low-consensus deviance 138 Luckmann, Thomas 240, 341, 358, 399, 443, 508, 517, 519, 561, 628 ludic elements of sport 607 ludus 360 Luhmann, Niklas 240, 593, 600, 639, 659 Luka´cs, Georg 103, 149, 213, 304, 306, 501 Lukes, Steven 464, 507 Lundy, G 209 Luther, Martin 314, 644, 645 Luxemburg, Rosa 309 Lyman, Sanford Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois 458 MacCannell, Dean 670 MacDonald, A P 289 Mach, Ernst 456 Machiavelli, Niccolo` 81, 610 Machung, Anne 293 MacKinnon, Catherine 455 Macnaghten, P 419 INDEX macrosociology 362–3 macrostructural theory 35 Maddison, Angus 453 madness 363–4 Maine, Henry Sumner 348, 475 Maines, David 393, 469 maintaining elections 178 Maistre, Joseph de 82, 593 male marriageable pool hypothesis of urban poverty 667 male rape 364 Malinowski, Bronislaw 239, 560 Malthus, Thomas Robert 120, 130, 168, 364–5, 452 managed care 365 management 365–6 management theories 322–3, 333–4, 366–7 Managua Declaration of the Organization of American States 294 Mandel, Ernest 345, 421 mania and love 360 manifest variables 677 Mann, Michael 362 Mannheim, Karl 179, 340–1, 367, 496, 518, 699 March, J G 433 Marcuse, Herbert 103, 106, 305, 367–8, 384, 421, 496, 519, 643, 652 Marger, M N 152 marginal utility theory 171–2 marginalization, outsiders 368–9 marginalized masculinity 281–2 market-driven approach, global/world cities 261–2 market socialism 586 markets 172, 369–70 Marres, Noortje 643 marriage 68, 215, 370–1, 513, 544 Marsden, P V 684 Marshall, Alfred 172, 445 Marshall, S L A 405 Marshall, T H 59 Martin, Emily 692 Martindale, D 298 Martineau, Harriet 371 Marx, Karl 13, 15, 24–5, 29, 41, 47, 60, 65–7, 72–4, 81–5, 96–100, 103–6, 115, 148–9, 155, 168, 186, 202–5, 210–13, 231, 240, 257–9, 281, 301, 306, 316–17, 341–8, 362–8, 371–8, 399–411, 420, 446, 470, 476, 500–1, 504, 513–17, 553–5, 561, 579, 585–6, 599–600, 605, 610, 633, 642–6, 673–5 Marxism 42, 63, 81, 96–7, 103, 114–15, 148–9, 168–9, 174, 261, 276, 304–5, 340, 362–8, 374–5, 385, 420–1, 441–6, 450, 458, 464, 476, 480, 500, 558, 579, 593, 609–10, 631, 639–40, 666 Marxist feminism 227, 228, 586–7 Maryanski, Alexandra 31 masculinities 220–3, 250, 281–2, 290, 542–4 mashups 686 Maslow, Abraham 350, 523 Mason, J 339 mass culture and mass society 375 mass media 375–6, 383–5; see also media mass society 375, 384, 385 715 Massey, Douglas S 31, 209, 667 master status 300, 376 Masters, William 540, 547, 691 mastery and self-efficacy 529 masturbation 141, 512 material acculturation material culture 376–7 materialism 373, 377–8 materialist feminism 223 mathematical economics 173 mathematical sociology 52, 378 matriarchy 378–9 matrix of domination 379 Matthew effect 379–80 Matusitz, J 682 Matza, David Mauss, Marcel 84–5, 321, 336, 560, 561, 636, 637 Mauthner, N 498 Mayo, Elton 277 McAdam, Doug 447 McCall, George J 303, 304, 341 McDonaldization 84, 264, 271, 366, 380, 495–6, 533 McIntosh, M 542 McKenzie, Robert 54 McKinlay, J B 692 McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act (USA, 1987) 288 McLuhan, Marshall 296, 381 McNamara, Robert 696 McPartland, Thomas 342 McQuillan, J 320 Mead, George Herbert 29, 36, 182, 253, 269, 274, 301–3, 324, 341, 347, 360, 381–2, 399, 407, 444, 469, 471, 509, 519, 527–8, 530, 548–9, 550–3, 576, 589–93, 629, 638, 646, 683 Mead, Margaret 110 mean 133, 383 meaning making 2–3, 112–13, 175, 201, 357, 433, 585 measures of centrality 382–3 mechanical materialism 377–8 mechanical society 69, 70 mechanical solidarity 603–4, 663 media 5, 17, 50–1, 118, 178, 185, 282–3, 305, 375, 381, 385–7, 375, 383–5, 449, 480–1, 551–2, 588–90, 608, 632; see also mass media median 132–3, 383 mediated interaction 386 mediation 386–7 medical genetics 253, 254 medical sociology 387–8 medicalization 141–2, 243, 692 medicine 278–9, 388–9, 587–8, 592, 600–1 megalopolis 663 Meese Commission (1986) 455 Melucci, Alberto 70 Memmi, A 649 memos, grounded theory 272 Menger, Carl 171, 172 mental disorder 124, 389–90 mental health 10, 559 716 INDEX mental illness 270, 363–4, 388–91 meritocracy 391–2 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 39 Merriam, Charles 54 Merton, Robert K 16, 45, 99, 124, 143, 238–40, 379, 392–3, 508, 518–20, 531, 573, 624, 628–9, 642, 646 mesostructure 393 meta-analysis 394 metatheory 151, 394–5 methodological individualism 315 methods 395–7 metropolis 397–8, 663 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) 398, 663 metrosexual 398 Mexico 22, 258, 504–5 Meyer, J W 175, 321, 322 Michels, R 447 Michigan model, elections 178 micro-credit 247 micro-macro links 362, 393, 398–400 microsociology 362, 400–1 Mies, Maria 325 Migration 59, 80, 129, 149–50, 286–7, 401–4, 499, 621, 657–8, 402–3; see also immigration Milgram, Stanley (experiments) 19, 23, 254, 404–5, 478 military sociology 405–6 Mill, James 41 Mill, John Stuart 171, 285, 339, 513, 610 Miller, Herbert 650 Millett, Kate 539 Milligan, M 604 Million Man Marches 222–3 Mills, C Wright 2, 162, 180, 239, 398, 406, 447, 466, 572, 598–9, 646 mind 407 minimal group paradigm 562 minority influence 563 miscegenation 488, 534 missing data 676 mission hate crimes 277 Mitchell, J 587 mixed methods research 397 mobility, horizontal and vertical 407–8 mode 132, 382–3 modeling and observational learning 565 Modelski, G 259 ‘‘modern synthesis’’ 120 modernity 26, 64, 114, 196, 240–1, 254, 368, 375, 408–9, 431, 513, 549, 617, 693 modernization 128, 134, 169, 409–11, 497–8 modernization theory 186, 214, 246, 317, 362, 447, 502 Modified Attitudes Toward Homosexuality 289 Mohanty, C T 329 Mohanty, Satya 631 Mol, Annemarie 643 Molm, Linda 466, 467–8 monetarism and neoliberalism 419 money 263, 411, 496 money form of value 205 Montchre´tien, Antoine de 445 Montesquieu, Baron de 446 Montgomery Bus Boycott 62 Montgomery Improvement Association 62 Moore, Barrington, Jr 239, 447, 556 Moore, J C 209 Moore, Wilbert 239, 619, 620, 625 moral assumptions embedded in sport 581 moral economy 411–12 moral order moral panics 51, 137, 369, 412–13 morality 426 More, Thomas 73 Morelly, Etienne-Gabriel 73 Moreno, Jacob Levi 274, 601, 646 Morley, David 185 mortality 129, 413–14, 596–7; see also death and dying Mosca, Gaetano 180, 446 Moses, Robert 333 Moskos, Charles C 405 motherhood 414 Mott, Lucretia 224 Mouzelis, Nicos 627, 629 Mueller, J H 612 multiculturalism 414–15 multinational corporations (MNCs) 658–9 multiphrenic self 301 multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) 396 multiple modernities 409 multiple standards theory 207 multivariate analysis 415 multivariate statistics 613 Murphy, R 418–19 Mussolini, Benito 219 Myrdal, Gunnar 661 MySpace 429, 430 mysticisms 58 myth 415–16 Nagel, Ernest 630 Naples, Nancy 320 Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) 305 Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon Bonaparte) 667 Napster 324 narrative and identity 301 Nash Equilibrium (NE) 243 nation-state 123, 172, 257, 417–18 National Assessments of Adult Literacy 358 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 61 National Black Feminist Organization 34 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 76 National Center for Education Statistics 358 National Council on Compulsive/Problem Gambling 243 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 94, 494 National Health Services (NHS) 280, 592 National Institute of Mental Health 363 INDEX National Literacy Act (USA, 1991) 358 National Organization for Women (NOW) 237, 355, 535–6 National Rifle Association 275 National Survey of Families and Households 249 nationalism 417, 418 nationalist feminisms 649 natural experiments 209 Natural History School, revolutions 504 natural selection 120 nature 4, 115, 418–19 nature versus nurture debate 245 Nayak, A 289 Nazi Germany 21 Nee, V 308 needs v values 675 negative dialectics 374 negative euthanasia 202 Negativland 116 neglect, child 56 negotiation, collective identity 70 Negri, A 309 neighborhood effects 664 neo-capitalism 296 neoclassical economics 171–2, 173, 210 neocolonialism 71 neofunctionalism 238, 240, 625 neo-institutional theory 433 neoliberalism 173, 258–9, 262, 263, 419–20 neo-Marxism 362, 374, 410, 420–2, 584, 610, 666 Network Exchange Theory (NET) 204, 571 network society 324 network theory 571, 626 networks 75, 422, 433, 566–7 Neugarten, B L 66 new economic sociology 176 new home economics 292 new institutional economics 173–4, 445 new institutional theory (NIT) 322–3, 365, 447 new media 383, 384 new religious movements (NRMs) 422–3 new reproductive technologies 423 new social movement theory (NSMT) 70, 423–4 new urbanism 424–5 new wars 683 New York v United States (1908) 95 newspapers 383–4 Newton, Esther 221 Newton, Sir Isaac 521 Newton, T 594–5 NGO/INGO 265, 425 Nietzsche, Friedrich 106, 234, 252, 425–6, 520 nihonjinron 334 Nixon, Richard 455 Nolan, Patrick 555 nominal level measurement 485, 613, 678 non-cooperative games 243 non-foundationalist epistemology 192 non-governmental organizations see NGO/INGO non-participant observation 428–9 717 nonprobability sampling 90 normalization 234 normative definitions of deviance 142, 143 normative organizations 431 norms 426–7, 439, 675 Notestein, Frank 128 nuclear family 214, 216, 217 Nye, J 259 O’Dea, Thomas 28, 58 O’Neill, John 517 O’Reilly, T 685 Oakely, A 292 Oakeshott, Michael 82 Obama, Barack 350 objectification 428 objectified state, cultural capital 105 objective class consciousness 304 objective social class 65 objectivism 428 objectivity 428 observation 315–16, 428–9 observational learning 564–5 observer effect 184 occupational deviance 136 occupational stratification 614 Offen, Karen 693 Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC) Ogburn, William F 54, 109, 214 Ohmae, K 262 Oldenburg, R 604 Olympic Games 545, 580–1, 607–8 one-worldism 266 online social networking 429–30 Onwuegbuzie, A J 397 operant conditioning 27, 479, 565 operationalization 676 opinion leaders model 178 opinion polls 481 Opp, K.-D 426 Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR-OP) 294 ordinal level measurement 485, 613, 678 organic society 70 organic solidarity 154–5, 602, 603–4, 663 organization theory 34–5, 432–3 organizational forms 432–3 organizational hierarchy 448 organizational institutionalism 447 organizational justice 564 organizations 430–2 organized crime 96 Orientalism 199, 433–4 Origen 644 orthodox moral universe 541 Orthodoxy 434–5 otherness/othering 300 out-groups 320, 470 outliers 383, 435 outsider-within 435–6 718 INDEX outsiders 368–9 outsourcing 436 Owen, Robert 585 Pager, Devah 300, 491 Pakulski, J 106 panel designs, surveys 634 panic peddling 35 Panopticon 234–5, 437, 633 paradigms 342, 394, 437 Pareto, Vilfredo 81, 172, 180, 312, 369, 446 Pareto deficient Nash Equilibrium 243 Park, Robert E 2, 54, 60, 124, 168, 196, 368, 438–9, 550, 638, 646, 650, 664, 672 Parker, S 351 Parks, Rosa 62 parole 348 Parren˜as, R S 326 Parsons, Talcott 81, 145, 164, 175, 214, 217–18, 238–9, 274, 321, 324, 338, 362, 376, 387, 392, 399, 426, 431, 502, 439–40, 508, 512, 546, 550, 558, 561, 572, 579–80, 593, 600, 625, 628, 639, 646 participant observation 428–9 participatory democracy in social movements 568–9 party-identification 178–9 Pasko, L 146 passing 440–1 passionate love 361 pastoral theology 645 Patient Self-Determination Act (USA, 1990) 121 patriarchal ideology 223 patriarchy 146, 378, 441–2, 539, 544, 587 patriotism 417, 418 Paxton, P 250 peace 48–9, 697 peace movements 17–18 Pearce, Diana 228 Pearson, Karl 92, 395 Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient 92, 395 pedagogy 101, 226–7, 442 peers and socialization 590 Peirce, Charles S 347, 469, 515, 532, 549 Pellegrin, Roland J 405 Penley, C 452 period effects period fertility rates and analyses 230 period prevalence of disease 191 Perrow, C 433 person identities 302, 303 personal distance 558 personal reactivity 429 personal wealth 318 persuasion 563 Peru, populism 454 Pharaonic circumcision 220 Phelan, J 617 phenomenology 20, 39, 201, 240, 278, 330, 399, 480, 442–3, 500, 508, 517, 576 philosophes 295, 553 phonemics 348 phonetics 348 Piaget, Jean 592 Pike, Kenneth 181 Piore, M J 317, 344 place 74, 443–4 plagiarism 137 Plato 73, 147, 192, 339, 592, 597, 691 play 253, 444, 548, 607 Plekhanov, Georgi 149, 187 Plessy v Ferguson (1896) 61, 177, 440, 516 Plummer, Ken 299, 536–7, 540, 546 pluralism 447, 465 point prevalence of disease 191 Polanyi, Karl 152, 268, 412, 444–5 political citizenship 59 political crime 96 political economy 133–4, 170–1, 444–6, 665–6 political globalization 262 political nationalization 417 political process theory, collective action 69 political revolutions 504 political ritual 507 political science 259, 445–6 political sociology 446–8 politics 259–60, 302, 448–9, 539–40, 574–5, 580–1, 642–3 pollution 188, 189, 190 Poole, W C 558 Popitz, H 681 Popper, Karl 461 popular culture 449–52 population 120–1, 125–30, 191, 286–7, 433, 452–4, 487, 663 populism 454–5 pornography 455–6, 543 positional feminist pedagogy 227 positive deviance 456 positive euthanasia 202 positive psychology 350 positive social science 395, 396 positivism 20, 79, 99, 142–3, 192, 200, 456–7, 461, 483, 513, 687 postcolonial feminism 649 postcolonialism and psychology 480 post-disciplinarity 600 post-feminism 225 post-Fordism 232–3 post-industrial city 60 post-industrial society 457 post-Islam 332 post-materialism 187, 523 postmodern culture 457–8 postmodern feminism 458–9 postmodern interviews 331 postmodern sexualities 459 postmodern social theory 25–6, 234, 296, 301, 350, 395–6, 406, 409, 431, 444, 459–61, 477, 480, 498–9, 527, 552, 579, 630, 664 post-nationalism 658 INDEX postpositivism 192, 461–2 post-secular society 503 poststructuralism 15, 164, 441, 462–3, 498, 579, 691–2 Poulantzas, Nicos 421 poverty 12, 116–17, 178, 216–17, 228–9, 257, 288, 463–4, 622–4, 661, 666–7 Powell, W 321, 322–3 power 136, 194, 234–5, 273, 453, 464–6, 503, 546, 609, 616–17 power and prestige theory 206, 207 power-dependence theory 203–4, 465–8 power elite 466 practical rationality 496 practice theory 468–9 pragma love 360 pragmatic acculturation studies 278 pragmatics 347 pragmatism 399, 469–70, 638–9, 650 praxis 470 predictive validity 674 prejudice 470–1 prevalence of disease 191 Price, Marion 464 pride 400–1 primacy effect, impression formation 310 primary groups 320, 471–2 Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs) 398 primary sector, labor market 344 primary socialization 591–2 primatology 32 primitive religion 472 privacy of enterprises 473 private and public 481–2 private institutions 323 private property 475–6 private sphere 203, 223 privatization 472–3, 578 privilege 473–4 probability 52 procedural justice 563, 564 procedural reactivity 429 process sociology 179, 232 profane 511–12 professional deviance 136–7 programmatic structuralism 626 progressive moral universe 541 progressive taxes 641 proletariat 41 Promise Keepers 222 pronatalist policies 230 propaganda 474–5 property 48–9, 475–6 proportional taxes 641 propositional inventories 647 prostitution 476–7, 535 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 15, 271 psychoanalysis 236, 477–8, 583, 590–1, 631 psychodynamic concepts 583 psycholinguistics 347 psychological social psychology 478–9, 576 719 psychologically oriented feminist pedagogy 226–7 psychology 27–8, 479–80, 505–6, 575–8 public choice theory 173 public institutions 323 public opinion 480–1, 552, 590, 634 public and private 481–2 public property 475 public relations 449 public religion 61 public services, underuse of 689 public sphere 203, 223, 482 punishment contingencies 564 pure dyads 166 purposive sampling 514–15 Putnam, Robert D 63, 75, 554 Pygmalion effect 531 qualitative approach to sociology 184 qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) 396 qualitative data analysis (QDA) 78 qualitative methods 483–4, 577 qualitative research 100, 397, 551 qualitative sampling 514–15 qualitative validity 674 quality of life indexes 170 quantitative approach to sociology 184 quantitative methods 483, 484–5 quantitative research 100–1, 397 quantitative validity 674–5 quasi-NGOs (QUANGOs) 425 queer politics 539 queer theory 221, 234, 244, 284, 290, 299, 353, 485–6, 539, 545, 656, 692 questionnaires 485 Quetelet, Adolphe 79 race 2, 7, 35, 61–2, 101–2, 162–3, 198, 222–3, 328–9, 440–1, 473–4, 480, 487–91, 504, 521–2, 661, 680, 690 race relations cycle 196 racial conflict 80 racial diversity 154 racial prejudice 470–1 racism 101–2, 152, 491, 526, 691 Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred R 239, 646 radical behaviorism 479 radical elite theory 447 radical feminism 81–2, 107, 476, 491–2, 542, 586–7, radical social constructionism 499 radical social work 584 radical theories of crime 96–7 radio 384 Radway, Janice 185 Ragin, C 396 Rahman, Fazlur 332 random assignment, experimental design 208 random sample 492–3 range 133 Rankin, Jeanette 492 rape 289, 364, 493–4 ratio level measurement 485, 613, 678–9 720 INDEX rational-choice institutionalism 447 rational choice theories 9, 80, 167, 174, 426, 502, 494–5 rational legal authority 23, 448, 495–6, 687 rationalism 184, 192 rationalization 380, 496–7, 502, 687 Rawls, A 200 Rawls, John 392 Ray, Raka 693 Raymond, Janice G 656 reactivist definitions of deviance 143–4 reactivity, participant and non-participant observation 429 Reagan, Ronald 455, 473 reality TV 451–2 reason 164 Reasoned Action, Theory of 20 recency effect, impression formation 310 reciprocity 426–7, 637 Reckless, W C 97 Red Cross 582 red lining practices 526 Redfield, Robert 54, 509 Redstockings 492 Reed, Jean-Pierre 504 reference groups 497, 589 reflexive ethnography 484 reflexive modernization/modernity 409, 497–8 reflexive turn 498 reflexivity 40, 382, 394, 498–9, 520, 529 refugees 307, 499–500 Regan, T 15 Regets, M 403 registers, demographic data 125–6, 130 regression and regression analysis 500 regressive taxes 641 regulation theory 349, 374, 421 reification 500–1 Reiman, Jeffrey 94, 97 reinforcement contingencies 564 Reiss, A J., Jr 97 relational politics 302–3 relational structure 628 relativism 339, 595–6 reliability 501, 609, 678 religion 18, 28, 58, 61, 174–5, 213, 220, 231, 236, 239, 240–1, 266, 283, 314, 332–5, 354, 363, 393, 422–3, 434–5, 472, 487, 501–3, 507, 511–12, 522, 525, 544–5, 549, 590, 602–8, 626, 632, 644–5, 652, 687–8 replication, experimental design 208 representative dyads 166 repression of social movements 569 repressive hypothesis 503 reproduction 423 reproductive model of socialization 57 reproductivity measures 231 research 137, 194–5, 322, 546–8, 634–5, 645–7 Resistance, Law of 204 resource dependence theory 433 resource mobilization theory 69, 503–4 restorative justice 94 restricted democracies 125 retaliatory hate crimes 277 revolutionary syndicalism 15 revolutions 504–5, 521, 668–9 reward expectations theory 207 Rheingold, H 682 Ricardo, David 41, 73, 171, 452 Rich, Adrienne C 77–8, 284, 290, 353 Rickert, Heinrich 341, 396 Ricketts, W A 289 risk 191, 497–8, 505–6, 597 Rist, Ray 531 rite of passage 356, 506 ritual 270, 506–7, 544 Ritzer, George 86, 268–9, 271, 666, 380, 394, 400, 496, 533, 670 Robertson, J 498 Robertson, R 263, 269 Robinson, Joan 420 Roe v Wade (1973) 1, 225, 355 Rogers, Carl 350 Rohmann, C 437 role 381, 507–8 role identities 302, 303, 304 role-sets 393 role-taking 407, 508–9, 530 role theory 508 Romilly, Samuel 121 Rorty, R 359 Rose, Arnold 375 Rose, N 595 Rosenberg, Morris 527, 528, 529 Rosenberg, R 262 Rosenthal, Richard 531 Ross, P 662 Rossi, Peter H 288 Rostow, W W 317 Roszak, T 92 Rothman, Barbara Katz 692 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 41, 61, 121, 610 routine activity theory of deviance 140 Rowan, B 175, 321, 322 Rowbotham, Sheila 29 Rubin, Gayle 221, 290, 546 Rubinstein, W D 254 Rueschemeyer, D 125 Rural Sociological Society 509 rural sociology 509–10 Rushton, Phillip 480 Russian Revolution 683 Rustin, Bayard 62 Rwandan genocide 254 Ryan, J M 86 Sabel, C F 317 Sacks, Harvey 90, 325 sacred 511 sacred/profane 511–12 safer sex 512 Sagarin, E 456 INDEX Said, Edward 199, 434 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri 78, 377, 513, 585 sales taxes 641 Saltzman, R E 158 same-sex marriage 513–14 sampling 90, 272, 484–5, 492–3, 514–15, 634–5 Sampson, Robert J 488 Sanday, P 289 Sanderson, Dwight 509 Sanderson, S K 125 Sandoval, C 227 Sangren, P S 235 Sartre, Jean-Paul 27, 367 Sassen, S 261 saturated self 301 Saussure, Ferdinand de 347, 348, 462, 515, 532–3, 549, 631 Say, Jean-Baptiste 41, 171 Sayer, Andrew 629 scatterplots 92 Schachter, S 182 Schatzki, Theodore 468 Scheff, Thomas J 147, 364, 390 Schegloff, Emanuel 90 Scheler, Max 340, 341, 367 Schick, Monica 642 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 283, 549 schools 176–8, 284–5, 515–16, 588–90, 646–7, 654–5 Schopenhauer, Arthur 425 Schumpeter, Joseph A 93, 309, 51617, 553 Schuătz, Alfred 29, 517, 298, 324, 358, 399, 443, 551, 561, 628, 646 Schwendinger, Herman 94 Schwendinger, Julia 94 science 3–4, 111, 293, 296, 315–16, 393, 395–6, 410, 428, 445–6, 456–7, 461, 480, 517–20, 599, 609, 642 scientific approach to sociology 184 scientific knowledge 340, 518, 520–1, 556 scientific management (Taylorism) 43, 85, 232, 345, 365, 641–2 scientific method 520, 521 scientific paradigms 342, 394 scientific revolution 521–2 scientific socialism 585–6 Scientology 522 scope statements, affect control theory Scott, J 628 Scott, Marvin Scott, W 391 Searle, J 321, 359 Sears, J 289 second demographic transition 130, 522–3 secondary data analysis 523–4 secondary groups 524 secondary sector, labor market 344 sects 58, 422–3, 522 secularization 502, 512, 524–5 secure attachment 361 Sedgwick, Eve K 71, 290 segregation 154, 440, 515–16, 526 721 Selbin, Eric 504 self 341–2, 381–2, 526–8, 529, 530, 551, 631 self-concept 67, 211, 527, 528–30 self-control theory of deviance 140, 143 self-efficacy 527, 528, 529 self-esteem 527, 528–30 self-fulfilling prophecy 124, 137, 531 self-perception theory 67 self-restraint 179 self-serving bias 531–2 Seligman, M E P 350 semiotics 26, 185, 347, 462, 515, 532–3, 549 Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention 224, 355 Senior, William 171 sense making in theories 212 sentiments 6, 207 separate spheres 156, 473 servant leadership 350 service work 533 Settlement Movement 578 Sewell, William 509 sex and gender 533–4 Sex and the City 283 sex education 534 sex panics 534–5 sex ratio 127 sex reassignment 656 sex research 546 sex segregation in education 248 sex structure of population 126, 127 sex tourism 535 sex work feminists 476–7 sex workers 476–7, 535 sexism 249, 471, 535–6, 691 sexual abuse of children 55–6, 57 sexual assault 493–4 sexual citizenship 291, 536–7 sexual deviance 536, 537–8 sexual harassment 538 sexual health 538–9 sexual identities 193, 299 sexual politics 539–40 sexual practices 12, 512, 540 sexual scripting/narrative 291, 540 sexuality 38–9, 57–8, 62, 119, 691–2, 266–7, 337–8, 459, 474, 503, 540–6 sexuality research 546–8 Shalin, Dmitri 469 shame 400–1 Shapiro, S 659 share ownership 47 Shaw, M 254 Shayne, Julie 504 Sherif, Muzafer 478 Shibutani, Tamotsu 584, 585, 589 Shils, Edward 405, 507 Shott, S 182 Shove, Elizabeth 377 sick role 141 Sigerist, Henry E 278–9 722 INDEX significant others 548 signficant speech 381 significant symbol 347, 549 signs 111, 462, 515, 532–3, 549–50 Simmel, Georg 2, 60, 152, 240, 269, 273, 336, 369, 396, 408, 411, 444, 481, 496, 550–1, 560, 570–1, 582, 593, 600, 618–19, 625–6, 628, 646, 672, 675 Simmons, J L 303, 304, 341 Simon, Julia 453 Simon, William 284, 291, 338, 459, 540, 546 Simpson, George E 392 Simpson, Mark 398 Simpson, O J 93 simulation 26, 551–2 sin 94 Singer, J 182 Singer, P 15 situated knowledges 227 situational analysis 585 situational deviance 138 situational identity 300, 304 situational improprieties 270 situational leadership theory 349 situationists 552–3 Skarlicki, Daniel 564 Skinner, Burrhus Frederic 27, 479 Skocpol, Theda 362, 447, 504, 556, 683 slavery 224, 621, 622 Small, Albion W 14, 54, 550, 650 small group behavior 35 Smelser, Neil 239, 240, 561 Smith, Adam 41, 73, 170–1, 175, 315, 317, 410, 419, 452–3, 553, 560, 610, 633 Smith, Anthony D 417 Smith, Dorothy E 29, 158, 203, 223, 227, 274, 441, 517, Smith, M P 658 snowing 202 soccer 554 social action 519 social acts 381, 382 social behavior paradigm 394 social capital 177, 178, 197, 554–5 social change 555–6, 589 social citizenship 59 social cognition 556 social comparison theory 556–7 social constraint 179–80 social construction 519, 642 social constructivism 137, 240, 284, 399, 540–1, 574 social contract 661 social control 13, 95, 97, 135–43, 557–8 Social Darwinism 199 social definition paradigm 394 social differentiation 551 social disorganization 140, 143, 573 social distance 558–9 social epidemiology 191, 559 social epistemology 340, 559 social exchange theory 560 social exclusion 368 social fact 394–5, 561–2, 626 social goods 85 social harm 96 social identity theory 23, 341, 342, 562–3 social inequality among children 57 social influence 563 social institutions 48–9, 628 social insurance system, health care delivery 280 social integration and suicide 632 social interaction model 2, 591 social justice, theories of 563–4 social learning theory 97–8, 564–5, 591 social movement research, ecological problems 167 social movements 15, 17, 61–2, 70, 92, 187–8, 447, 503–4, 565–9 social network analysis 75, 570 social network sites (SNSs) 429–30, 686 social network theory 430, 570–2 social objects 381 social order 2, 572–3 social pathology 573 social personality 508 social problems 573–5 social production 223 social psychology 182, 209–10, 300–1, 478–9, 571, 575–8 social question 573 social revolutions 504 social role 508 social services 578 social settlement movement 224 social structure 114, 432, 578–9, 626, 687 social surplus 633 social system 439, 579–80 social theory 459–61, 580–1 social type (Simmel) 582 social welfare system, USA 228 social work 582–4 social workers 578, 583, 584 social worlds 584–5 socialism 15, 74, 585–6 socialist feminism 227, 586–7 socialist medicine 587–8 socialization 56–7, 223, 375, 507–8, 588–92, 597, socialized medicine 592 sociation 269, 551 societal deviance 138 society 39–40, 375, 381–2, 500, 592–5 sociobiology 32 sociocultural relativism 595–6 socioeconomic status (SES) 596–7, 632 sociogenesis of civilization 179 sociolinguistics 347, 597–8 sociological imagination 598–9 sociological poststructuralism 463 Sociological Research OnLine 43 sociological social psychology 576 Sociologists for Women in Society (SWS) 224 Sociology (British Sociological Association) 43 INDEX sociology 10–13, 48, 79, 107, 163–6, 173–4, 189–91, 205–6, 231–2, 295, 340–1, 348–9, 374–5, 378, 387–9, 405–6, 446–8, 501–3, 509–10, 518–21, 542, 556, 599–601 sociometry 601–2 solidarity 154–5, 602–4, 663 Sombart, Werner 47 Sony 385 Sorel, Georges 271 Sørenson, Aage 210 Sorokin, Pitirim 392, 555, 646 sources of evaluation theory 207 South Africa, apartheid era 50, 488 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 62 Soviet model, health care delivery 280, 587–8 Soviet Union 74, 148–9, 156, 418 space 263, 443, 604–5, 650–1, 669–70 Spain, authoritarianism 22 Spearman, Charles 212 species-being 605 Spencer, Herbert 239, 295, 362, 513, 555, 579, 600, 624–5, 646 Spengler, Oswald 555 spin/spin doctors 449 Spinoza, Baruch 192 spirituality 502, 503 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty 193, 619 spoiled identity 528 sponsored mobility systems 654 sport 37–9, 246, 267, 545–6, 554, 580–1, 605–9 Srole, Leo 16 staatvolk 417–18 Stacey, Margaret 464 staged authenticity 670 Stalin, Joseph 148, 149 standard deviation 133, 679 standardization 609 standpoint theory 107, 227–8, 480, 631 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 224, 319, 355 Star, Susan L 585 Star Trek 452 Stark, Werner 341 Starr, Paul 388 state 417, 447, 590, 609–12 state-corporate crime 96 state crime 96 state monopoly capitalism 421 statist model, state–economy relations 611 statistical discrimination 622 statistical significance testing 612 statistics 52, 132–3, 164–5, 415, 484–5, 500, 612–13 status 34, 105, 273, 393, 507, 613–15, 617, 634 status characteristics theory 206, 207, 273 status construction theory 207, 615–16 status cues theory 207 status legitimation theory 207 Steele, Claude M 68 Stepnisky, J 86 stereotyping and stereotypes 300, 471, 489, 616–17 Stevens, S S 678 723 stigma 5, 7, 12, 150, 300, 302, 376, 390, 543, 617–18, 689 Stirner, Max 15 Stone, G P 182 Stone, S 656 Stones, Rob 627 Storge love 360 Stouffer, Samuel 405 strain theory 16, 69, 99 stranger, the 582, 618–19 strategic essentialism 619 strategy 51 stratification 120, 174, 177–8, 318–19, 619–25 Straus, Robert 388, 601 Strauss, Anselm L 272, 356, 584, 585, 638 Strauss, Leo 82 streaming 654 Strenk, A 580 stress, mental disorder arising from 390 strikes 662 Strong Program 520 Strong Structuration Theory 627–8 structural adjustment programs 325 structural approach to social influence 563 structural assimilation 196 structural functionalism 164, 167, 175–6, 238–40, 250–78, 285, 362, 387, 392, 399, 431, 479, 508, 512, 555, 573, 579–80, 588, 593, 619–20, 624–5, 646, 699 structural realism 491 structural social identity theory 341, 342 structural social psychology 576–7 structural variables 676–7 structuralism 462–3, 584, 625–7, 631, 646–7 structuralist psychology 479 structuration theory 627–8 structure and agency 40, 105, 628–9 structured interviews 331 Stryker, Sheldon 303–4, 341, 342 student movements 629 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 62 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 568 subaltern 619, 649 subculture 92, 114, 584, 629–30, 671 subjective class consciousness 304 subjective social class 65 subjectivity 630–1 subordinated masculinity 281–2 substantive democracies 125 substantive rationality 496 substitutes, leadership 350 suburbs 631–2, 663, 667 suicide 16, 165, 632–3 Sullivan, Henry Stack 548 Sumner, William Graham 198, 320, 426 Sunnah circumcision 220 super-ego 236 superstructure and base 24–5, 373 supra-individual dyads 166 surface acting 183 surplus value 633, 673 724 INDEX surveillance 437, 633–4 survey experiments 209 survey research 634–5 surveys 125, 126, 130, 577, 676 sustainable consumption 86–7 sustainable development 87, 134, 168 sustenance base 188 Sutherland, Edwin 93, 94, 98, 99, 139, 143 Swanson, Guy 626 sweatshops 635–6 Sweden, income inequality and income mobility 312 Sweezy, Paul M 420, 421 Swidler, A 341 Sykes, Gresham symbolic classification 636–7 symbolic exchange 637 symbolic interaction 6, 36–7, 135, 182–3, 218, 240, 269, 278, 285, 328, 347, 324, 387, 399, 527, 576, 584, 589, 638–9, 646, 650 symbolic signs 532, 549 symbolic systems 164 symbols, significant 549 Symons, Donald 540 syndicated organized crime 96 system theories 218, 506, 639–40 systemic paradigm of social work 584 Szasz, Thomas 364 tactics 51 Taft, P 662 Tajfel, Henri 562 Tannenbaum, Frank 144 Tashakkori, Abbas 397 task-centered social work 583 tastes 153 taxes 641 Taylor, Charles 480, 527, 630–1 Taylor, Frederick Winslow 85, 345, 641–2 Taylor, Graham 54 Taylor, Peter J 261 Taylor, R W 682 Taylorism 43, 85, 232, 345, 365, 641–2 Technology 17, 44, 109, 594–5, 267–8, 384, 410, 423, 453, 590, 621–4, 642, 651, 657–8, 661; see also information technology technopolitics 642–3 Teddlie, Charles B 397 telephone sex 512 television 384, 386, 451–2 terrorism 643–4, 696 Thatcher, Margaret 473 theology 644–5 theoretical rationality 496 theoretical research programs 206, 645–6 theoretical sampling, grounded theory 272 theory 164–5, 211–12, 646–9 theory-driven experiments 209 Thevenot, Laurent 628 Thibaut, John W 465 thick description 245 third world and post colonial feminisms/subaltern 648 Thomas, Dorothy Swain 650 Thomas, William I 54, 123–4, 196, 394, 396, 531, 550, 638, 646–50 Thompson, E P 67, 107, 110, 412 Thompson, John 386 Thompson, Warren 128 Thrasher, Frederick 54 thrill hate crimes 277 Thurstone, Louis Leon 478 Thye, Shane 468 Tilly, Charles 565, 566 time, use of 127–8, 251–2 time diaries 127–8 time–space 152–3, 263, 650–1 Tiryakian, Edward 205 Titmuss, R 688 Tocqueville, Alexis de 63, 314, 651 tolerance 652 Toănnies, Ferdinand 60, 75, 369, 509, 524, 652–3, 663 Toronto School 381 tort 93 total fertility rate (TFR) 230 total institutions 590, 653–4 Touraine, Alain 565 Tourism 255, 267, 269, 535, 670–1 tourist gaze 670 Toynbee, Arnold 555 tracking 177, 178, 654–5 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 697 tradition 655 traditional authority 23, 495, 687 traditional leadership 349 trait theory, leadership 349 traits 7, 675 transaction analysis, social work 584 transaction cost theory 433 transactional leadership 349, 350 transference (psychoanalysis) 477 transformational leadership 349, 350 transgender, transvestism, and transsexualism 539, 545, 655–6 transition economies 656–7, 660 transnational corporations (TNCs) 257, 258 transnational lifestyle 658 transnationalism 657–8 transnationals 658–9 trend designs, surveys 634 triads 166, 551 triangulation 396, 577 TRIPs 697 true score theory 501 trust 324, 325, 659–60 trustworthiness 659 Tsurumi, Kazuki 186 Turner, Bryan S 105, 268, 388, 434 Turner, Jonathan 31, 400, 646 Turner, Ralph H 508 Turner, Victor 506, 507 INDEX Tuskegee syphilis experiments 322 Twenty Statements Test (TST) 342, 527 two-step hypothesis, elections 178 Tylor, Edward B 472, 595 typology construction 647 ultimate attribution error 532 underclass 464, 661 underdevelopment 410 undocumented migration 402–3 unemployment 632, 661 unequal exchange theory 210 UNESCO 186 Unger, Roberto 447 UNICEF 583 Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) 494 unions 662 United Kingdom 1, 24, 43, 51, 107, 111–12, 294, 352, 359, 360, 473, 534, 539, 554, 578, 592, 630, 662, 665 United Nations 56, 108, 122, 151, 170, 186, 225, 229, 229, 247, 254, 294, 425, 499, 513, 536, 583 United States of America (USA) 1–7, 10, 14, 16, 19, 24, 34–5, 46, 51, 55, 59–62, 65–6, 68, 75–6, 83–5, 93–5, 101–3, 108, 110–11, 117, 121–8, 154–8, 161, 173, 177, 180, 184, 188, 189, 195–6, 201, 215–17, 224–5, 228–9, 242–3, 247–50, 255–7, 261, 264, 274–5, 280, 288–91, 294, 307–9, 312, 314, 319, 322–6, 335, 355–6, 358–9, 363, 371, 380, 389, 398, 403, 405, 434, 440, 455, 463–4, 473–4, 488–9, 491, 494, 502, 505, 509, 514–16, 523, 526, 533–4, 541, 547, 551–2, 573–4, 578, 582, 615, 622, 624, 629–32, 641, 644, 651–5, 662–8, 680, 685, 691, 693 univariate statistics 613 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 151, 294 universal functions 639 universal rights theory 268 unrestricted democracies 125 unstructured interviews 331 Untouchables 50 upward mobility 407–8 urban 662–4 urban development 397–8 urban ecology 54, 55, 438, 664–5 urban policy 665 urban political economy 665–6 urban poverty 666–7 urban renewal and redevelopment 667–8 urban revolution 668–9 urban space 669–70 urban tourism 670–1 urbanism 77, 424, 671 urbanization 59–61, 74, 671–2 Urry, John 262, 263, 419, 594, 670 use-value 672–3 utilitarian organizations 431 utopias 340, 367 Utrecht studies 23 725 validity 609, 674–5, 678 value 205, 372, 633, 672–5 value neutrality 428 value-rational faith 23 value-rational v instrumental action 336 value system 579 values 495, 675–6 Van Gennep, Arnold 506 Vance, C S 193 Vanhanen, T 125 variable-sum games 243 variables 613, 676–8 variance 133, 679 Veblen, Thorstein 73, 82–5, 153, 171, 351–2, 357, 444, 553, 637 Venezuela, populism 454 verstehen 679–80 vertical mobility 408 Via Campesina 258 victimization 9, 94, 146, 158, 680 Vidal, Gore 38–9 Vienna Circle 456, 457, 642 Vietnam War 17 Vincent, George E 54 violence 55–6, 158, 681 violent crime 274–5, 277, 681 Virchow, Rudolf 278 virtual communities 681–2 virtual identities 118 virtual sexuality 119 vital registration systems, demographic data 126, 130 von Hentig, Hans 680 Vuillemin, Jules 40 Wagner, Richard 425 Walby, S 587 Waldby, C 293 Walker, Alice 691 Walker, S 489 Wallerstein, Immanuel 155, 169, 170 Walras, Leon 171, 172 war 17, 683–4, 696, 697 Warner, Michael 486 Warner, W Lloyd 65–6, 507 warning paradox 505 Washington, Booker T 438 Washington Consensus 170, 326, 420 waste products 188, 189 Watson, James 293 Watson, John B 27, 407, 479 weak ties (strength of) 684 wealth 318, 684–5 Web 2.0 429–30, 685–6 Weber, Alfred 367 Weber, Marianne 179 Weber, Max 23, 28, 35, 44, 47, 52–3, 60, 65–6, 73, 81, 115, 169, 174–5, 179, 184, 195, 240, 276, 298, 301, 316–17, 321, 336, 341, 348–9, 357–8, 362, 367, 369, 371–2, 378, 380, 399, 406, 410, 411, 425, 431–3, 439, 442, 444, 446, 448, 464–5, 495–6, 726 INDEX 501–2, 517, 519, 550, 553, 561, 599, 600, 610, 614, 628, 646, 679, 683, 686–8 Weick, K E 433 Weil, Eric 40 Weinberg, George 288 Weiner, Bernard 21 welfare dependency 117, 578, 688–9 welfare state 683, 689–90 welfare underuse 689 well-being 10, 11, 170 Wellman, Barry 75 West, Candace 157–8 West, S G 678 Westphalian sovereignty 260 White, Robert 274 White Aryan Resistance 277 white-collar crime 98 whiteness 690–1 Whyte, W W 274 Wicksell, Knut 172 Wicksteed, Philip 172 Wieser, Friedrich 172 wikis 686 Wildavsky, A 506 Wilkins, Maurice 293 Willer, David 466, 571 Williams, Raymond 107, 105, 110, 111, 114, 418 Williams, W 289 Willis, Paul 421 Willis, Susan 73 Wilson, E O 32 Wilson, J Q 95 Wilson, William Julius 54, 488, 667 Wimberly, R C 61 Winch, Peter 480 Winner, Langdon 643 Wirth, Louis 54, 60, 438, 672 Wissenschaft 521 within-nation income inequality 311 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 468, 520, 549 Wittig, Monique 284, 290 Wolfe, Alan 427 Wolfe, D M 292 Wolfensohn, James 696 Wolff, Kurt 517, 550 Wollstonecraft, Mary 245 womanism 691 women 5, 15, 26–7, 29, 34, 38, 54, 81–2, 107–8, 145–6, 165–6, 178, 183, 203, 220–1, 402–3, 504, 620–1, 690–3; see also feminism; gender women in development (WID) 246, 247, 649 women’s liberation theory of deviance 146 women’s movements 34, 203, 246, 319, 567, 693–4; see also feminism Wood, Ellen 309 Woolcock, M 554 Woolgar, Steve 520 Woollacott, J 282 work 4, 42–3, 251–2, 351, 533, 694–5 workplace and socialization 590 World Bank 108, 170, 176, 246, 258–9, 325–6, 425, 463–4, 695–6 world cities 261–2 world conflict 696–7 World Health Organization (WHO) 150, 191, 538–9, 583 World Social Forum 258, 268, 425 world-systems theories 131, 134, 174, 325, 362, 410 World Trade Organization (WTO) 258, 259, 263, 697–8 World Values Survey 250 Wright, Erik Olin 421 Wundt, Wilhelm 200, 479 Wuthnow, R 61 xenophobia 199 Yale Law School 98 Yamagishi, Toshio 467 Yoon, Jeongkoo 468 Young, Iris Marion 359 Young, Jock 5, 376, 412 Young, Michael 392, 507 Young Hegelians 231 youth/adolescence 13, 589, 699 youth cultural studies 699 youth transitions approach 699 Yugoslavia, ethnic cleansing 196 Zadeh, Lofti 52 Zanna, M P 67–8 Zapatistas 258, 504, 505 Zelizer, V 411 zero population growth 121 zero-sum games 243 Zimbardo, Philip 95, 700 Zimbardo prison experiment 19, 23, 254, 700 Zimmerman, Don 157–8 Zinn, Baca 328 Znaniecki, Florian 396, 646, 650 zoo-semiotics 347 Zorbaugh, Harvey W 54 Zukin, Sharon 61, 86, 115 ... of the topics listed under each of the broad headings in the Lexicon yields a further sense not only of that sweep, but also of the enormous depth of work in sociology Thus, the coverage of the. .. Using The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology One way of gaining an impression of the expanse of sociology is, of course, to read every entry in this concise encyclopedia Since few (save the co-editors)... leading to the loss of jobs in some areas of the world and to the creation of others elsewhere around the globe), it is also the case that globalization is the outcome of the actions of various